Diabetes and Ramadan: Practical guidelines 2021.

Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam and is obligatory for all healthy Muslims from the age of puberty. Though individuals with some illness and serious medical conditions, including some people with diabetes, can be exempted from fasting, many will fast anyway. It is of paramount importance that people with diabetes that fast are given the appropriate guidance and receive proper care. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and Diabetes and Ramadan (DaR) International Alliance have come together to provide a substantial update to the previous guidelines. This update includes key information on fasting during Ramadan with type 1 diabetes, the management of diabetes in people of elderly ages and pregnant women, the effects of Ramadan on one's mental wellbeing, changes to the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications, and areas of future research. The IDF-DAR Diabetes and Ramadan Practical Guidelines 2021 seek to improve upon the awareness, knowledge and management of diabetes during Ramadan, and to provide real-world recommendations to health professionals and the people with diabetes who choose to fast.

Carbimazole-Induced Jaundice in Thyrotoxicosis: A Case Report.

Carbimazole is a commonly used antithyroid drug in thyrotoxicosis. It is generally well tolerated, and its side effects include allergic skin reactions, gastrointestinal upset, agranulocytosis, and hepatotoxicity. Hepatitis is a rare but serious side effect. Here we report a case of carbimazole-induced hepatitis with severe cholestasis that was managed by switching to propylthiouracil. Most of the literature recommends radioiodine or surgery as the definitive treatment for hyperthyroidism in thionamide-induced hepatitis rather than switching to other thionamide. However, substitution of one thionamide for another can be tried as we did in this case, without any increased risk of hepatotoxicity as the mechanism of liver injury differs in both groups. A previously healthy 30-year-old lady who was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis one month earlier that was treated with carbimazole 60 mg daily was admitted to the medical ward with yellowish discoloration of sclera, urine, and pruritus of one-week duration. Systemic examination was unremarkable except for icterus. Investigation showed hyperbilirubinemia and elevated liver enzymes. A probable diagnosis of carbimazole-induced cholestatic hepatitis was made and the drug was discontinued. Other causes of hepatitis and cholestasis were excluded. Attempts to arrange radioiodine or treat the patient surgically were not successful. She was continued on propranolol and later started on steroids and propylthiouracil. The patient's liver function tests (LFTs) started improving gradually. On follow-up, LFTs normalized at four weeks and thyroid function tests (TFTs) showed signs of improvement. The patient was followed up for six months after discharge and was doing well clinically on follow-up; her repeat TFT and LFT were completely normal. Carbimazole-induced hepatitis is exceedingly rare; however, it should be considered in patients with jaundice and thyrotoxicosis. Despite reports of cross-reactivity of the two available antithyroid drugs, switching from carbimazole to propylthiouracil and steroid therapy may be an option if other options of definitive therapy could not be arranged or are contraindicated.

Metformin or insulin: logical treatment in women with gestational diabetes in the Middle East, our experience.

OBJECTIVE: The debate still continues about the preferred modality of treatment of gestational diabetes requiring pharmacological treatment. Insulin was previously considered as the gold standard, but the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence now recommend metformin as the first line drug of choice. The pharmacological management of gestational diabetes mellitus in the Middle East with its high risk population has not been widely published. We aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of using metformin in comparison to insulin, in our group of patients, and to study key associated morbidities. RESULTS: A total of 291 women registered in the clinic during the study period. One hundred and twenty-one (121) were women with gestational diabetes Mellitus requiring medical therapy. Among them, 107 delivered at term. Ninety (84%) women received metformin. Additional insulin was required in 32% of these patients. There was a significant difference in the birth weight of babies in the metformin with insulin group of 207 g (p value 0.04) in favour of metformin. There was no significant difference in maternal or neonatal morbidities between the groups. Metformin was thus found to be a safe, practical and cost effective medication to be offered to our population.

Epidemiology, clinical and complications profile of diabetes in Saudi Arabia: a review.

Diabetes mellitus is emerging as a major public health problem in Saudi Arabia in parallel with the worldwide diabetes pandemic, which is having a particular impact upon the Middle East and the third world. This pandemic has accompanied the adoption of a modern lifestyle and the abandonment of a traditional lifestyle, with a resultant increase in rates of obesity and other chronic non-communicable diseases. The indigenous Saudi population seems to have a special genetic predisposition to develop type 2 diabetes, which is further amplified by a rise in obesity rates, a high rate of consanguinity and the presence of other variables of the insulin resistance syndrome. We highlight the epidemiology, clinical and complications profiles of diabetes in Saudi people. Diabetes is well studied in Saudi Arabia; however, there seems to be little research in the area of education and health care delivery. This is of paramount importance to offset the perceived impact on health care delivery services, to lessen chronic diabetes complications, and to reduce the expected morbidity and mortality from diabetes.

Spontaneous singleton and twin pregnancy in two patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes following treatment with metformin combined with rosiglitazone.

Two women, a Saudi Arab and a Caucasian, aged 28 and 41 years, had a long history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary infertility, which was refractory to various treatment modalities. Both later developed type 2 diabetes, managed initially with metformin; rosiglitazone was added later to improve glycaemic control. Both conceived spontaneously, resulting in singleton and twin pregnancies giving birth to healthy babies. The combination of rosiglitazone with metformin may result in improved fertility with ovulation and spontaneous conception in women with PCOS and type 2 diabetes. Randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the feasibility of this combination to improve fertility in women with PCOS. However, in the absence of any safety data, those women, following counselling, should be warned against the possibility of spontaneous pregnancy and contraceptive measures should be discussed and offered where appropriate.

Consensus-based management of differentiated thyroid cancer in a tertiary care set-up.

INTRODUCTION: This study describes the experience of a tertiary care hospital in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of all human malignancy. Nevertheless, it is the commonest endocrine malignancy constituting 90% of endocrine cancers. It is the commonest cancer in Saudi Arabian women second to breast cancer. This fact makes differentiated thyroid cancer an important tumor and a challenging disease. METHODS: The medical records of patients diagnosed to have differentiated thyroid cancer in King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between 1st January 2000 and 30th September 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. The data included patient's demographic details, clinical diagnoses, co-morbid conditions, relevant investigations, imaging studies, medical and surgical treatment offered, types of surgeries performed, radioactive iodine therapy given, and the complications and outcome of management. Management of these patients follows a clinical care pathway set up by the hospital Thyroid Cancer Group representing various multidisciplinary team members. RESULTS: One hundred and eight medical records were reviewed. Of these, 72 (66.7%) patients were females and 36 (33.3%) were males. Median age for the females was 40 years, and for males 45 years. Ninety patients (83.3%) had a papillary carcinoma, four patients (3.7%) had a follicular carcinoma and fourteen patients (13%) had other types, namely medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and lymphoma. A total of 78 patients underwent various forms of surgery in our hospital and the remaining patients underwent operation in the district hospitals before they were referred to our centre for further management. Complications included bleeding (1.8%), voice changes (4.5%), and hypocalcaemia (3.8%). The overall outcome showed that 99 patients (91.7%) were alive and well at the time of analysis, 4 patients (3.7%) died and 5 patients (4.6%) were lost to follow up. CONCLUSIONS: This hospital-based epidemiological study, the largest one done in the western part of Saudi Arabia, showed that differentiated thyroid cancer behavior and the management approach we adopt is not different from other centres of excellence. In spite of the relatively higher number of redo surgery we performed in these patients, yet the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypocalcaemia are similar to what is published in the literature.

An unusual case of profound hyponatraemia and bilateral adrenal calcifications.

We report a case of a 65-year-old lady who presented with acute confusion and profound hyponatraemia (plasma sodium of 97 mmol/L). Five years earlier she had developed sepsis and was found to have hyponatraemia, thought to be due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The patient was lost to follow-up. The patient was covered with steroids and investigations confirmed primary adrenal failure with flat response of cortisol to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation and very high level of ACTH. Adrenal auto-antibodies were negative and a computed tomography of the adrenals showed bilateral adrenal calcifications, suggestive of previous haemorrhage or infarction. Bilateral adrenal calcification due to haemorrhage/infarction usually does not present with severe hyponatraemia; however, adrenal insufficiency should be excluded in all cases of severe hyponatraemia. In suspected cases, patients should be treated with steroids, even when symptoms or signs are absent, while results of investigations are awaited.

A patient with thyrotropinoma cosecreting growth hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with low alpha-glycoprotein: a new subentity?

BACKGROUND: Thyrotropinomas are rare pituitary tumors. In 25 percent of cases there is autonomous secretion of a second pituitary hormone, adding to the clinical complexity. We report a patient with thyrotropin (TSH)-dependant hyperthyroidism along with growth hormone (GH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) hypersecretion but low alpha-glycoprotein (alpha-subunit) concentrations, a hitherto unique constellation of findings. SUMMARY: A 67-year-old Scottish lady presented with longstanding ankle edema, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, uncontrolled hypertension, fine tremors, warm peripheries, and agitation. Initial findings were a small goiter, elevated serum TSH of 7.37 mU/L (normal range, 0.30-6.0 mU/L), a free-thyroxine concentration of 34.9 pmol/L (normal range, 9.0-24.0 pmol/L), a flat TSH response to TSH-releasing hormone, and serum alpha-subunit of 3.1 IU/L (normal, <3.0 IU/L). There was no evidence of an abnormal thyroid hormone beta receptor by genotyping. Serum FSH was 56.8 U/L, but the luteinizing hormone (LH) was 23.6 U/L (postmenopausal FSH and LH reference ranges both >30 U/L) Basal insulin-like growth factor I was elevated to 487 microg/L with the concomitant serum GH being 14.1 mU/L, and subsequent serum GH values 30 minutes after 75 g oral glucose being 19.1 mU/L and 150 minutes later being 13.7 mU/L. An magnetic resonance imaging pituitary revealed a macroadenoma. Pituitary adenomectomy was performed with the histology confirming a pituitary adenoma, and the immunohistochemistry staining showed positive reactivity for FSH with scattered cells staining for GH and TSH. Staining for other anterior pituitary hormones was negative. After pituitary surgery she became clinically and biochemically euthyroid, the serum IFG-1 became normal, but the pattern of serum FSH and LH did not change. CONCLUSION: This case of plurihormonal thyrotropinoma is unique in having hypersecretion of TSH, GH, and FSH with low alpha-subunit. Such a combination may represent a new subentity of TSHomas.

Bone marrow hypoplasia responsive to testosterone therapy in a patient with panhypopituitarism: need for adherence to androgen replacement.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a young Saudi male patient with long-term panhypopituitarism and pancytopenia attributable to poor adherence to androgen replacement therapy, which resolved after institution of testosterone treatment and recurred after another interval of poor adherence to recommended therapy. METHODS: We present the clinical and laboratory data before and after treatment with testosterone. In addition, the corresponding histologic changes in the bone marrow are illustrated. RESULTS: After resection of a hypothalamic glioma, panhypopituitarism developed in a 14-year-old Saudi boy. At age 22 years, he had shunt-related meningitis. He was then noted to have pancytopenia, with a platelet count of 54 x 10(3)/microL, a hemoglobin concentration of 6.9 g/dL, and a leukocyte count of 2.7 x 10(3)/microL. After treatment of sepsis, the pancytopenia persisted. No underlying cause was detected. Bone marrow biopsy showed a hypocellular marrow with dysplastic megakaryocytes. The patient's family indicated that he had not been taking his testosterone therapy. Testosterone decanoate (250 mg) was administered intramuscularly daily for 3 days. His platelet count increased to 74 x 10(3)/microL. Maintenance therapy with testosterone once weekly for 3 weeks and then once every 3 weeks resulted in improved hematologic findings. Repeated bone marrow biopsy after 6 weeks showed normocellular marrow, with disappearance of the megakaryocytic dysplasia. The patient again discontinued his testosterone treatment, and the hematologic abnormalities recurred but were again corrected after supervised testosterone therapy. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the importance of androgen replacement therapy in patients with hypopituitarism, not only for sexual potency, bone strength, and quality of life but also for normal bone marrow function.