Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and vasorelaxant effects of a new pyrazole compound 5-(1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole: role of NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels.

Molecular modification of compounds remains important strategy towards the discovery of new drugs. In this sense, this study presents a new pyrazole derivative 5-(1-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole (LQFM039) and evaluated the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and vasorelaxant effects of this compound as well the mechanisms of action involved in the pharmacological effects. For this, mice were orally treated with LQFM039 (17.5, 35, or 70 mg/kg) prior acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin, tail flick, and carrageenan-induced paw edema protocols. In addition, vascular reactivity protocols were made with aortic rings contraction with phenylephrine and stimulated with graded concentrations of LQFM039. Abdominal writhing and licking time in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin were reduced with LQFM039 without altering latency to nociceptive response in the tail flick test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema showed that LQFM039 reduces edema and cell migration. In addition, the mechanism of action of LQFM039 involves NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels, since this new pyrazole derivate elicited concentration-dependent relaxation attenuated by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one, and blockade of CaCl2-induced contraction. Altogether, our finding suggests anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and vasorelaxant effect of this new pyrazole derivative with involvement of NO/cGMP pathway and calcium channels.

Pharmacological evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of LQFM202: a new piperazine derivative.

Advances have been made in the search for new multi-target modulators to control pain and inflammation. Therefore, compound 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone (LQFM202) was synthesised and evaluated. First, in vitro assays were performed for COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes. Subsequently, adult female Swiss albino mice treated orally with LQFM202 at doses of 25-200 mg/kg were subjected to acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain, carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, carrageenan- or zymosan-induced paw oedema, or pleurisy. LQFM202 inhibited COX-1, COX-2, and LOX-5 (IC50 = 3499 µM, 1565 µM, and 1343 µM, respectively). In acute animal models, LQFM202 (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) decreased the amount of abdominal writhing (29%, 52% and 48%, respectively). Pain in the second phase of the formalin test was reduced by 46% with intermediate dose. LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) reduced the difference in nociceptive threshold in all 4 h evaluated (46%, 37%, 30%, and 26%, respectively). LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema from the second hour (27%, 31% and 25%, respectively); however, LQFM202 (100 mg/kg) decreased the carrageenan-oedema in all hours evaluated (35%, 42%, 48% and 50%, respectively). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) decreased the oedema in all hours evaluated (33%, 32%, 31% and 20%, respectively). In the carrageenan-pleurisy test, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced significantly the number of polymorphonuclear cells (34%), the myeloperoxidase activity (53%), TNF-α levels (47%), and IL-1ß levels (58.8%). When using zymosan, LQFM202 (50 mg/kg) reduced the number of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells (54% and 79%, respectively); and the myeloperoxidase activity (46%). These results suggest antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of LQFM202.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of extract of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent leaves in mice.

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude ethanolic extract of Celtis iguanaea leaves and their active fractions are reported. The oral treatment with crude ethanolic extract (CEE; 100, 300 or 1000 mg/Kg) inhibited the number of writhings in a dose-dependent manner. The intermediate dose also inhibited formalin-induced nociception in both phases. The oral treatment with dichloromethane fraction (DF; 9 mg/Kg) produced antinociceptive effect in both phases of formalin test; however, the treatment with ethyl acetate fraction (EAF; 16 mg/Kg) reduced pain only in the second phase of this test. The oral treatments with CEE (300 mg/Kg) or DF (9 mg/Kg) reduced the nociception induced by capsaicin and pre-treatment with naloxone did not change these effects. The oral administration of CEE (300 mg/Kg), DF (9 mg/Kg) or ethyl EAF (16 mg/Kg) reduced ear edema, leukocytes migration and myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, the oral treatment with CEE (300 mg/Kg) or EAF (16 mg/Kg) reduced the level of Tumor Necrosis Factor - Alpha (TNF-α) in the pleurisy test. In conclusion, the DF showed antinociceptive activity that involves the vanilloid system as well as anti-inflammatory effect and the EAF showed anti-inflammatory activity involving the reduction of TNF-α cytokine.

Mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a new triazole derivative: 5-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-1H-tetrazole (LQFM-096).

The aim of this study was to design, synthesize and evaluate the potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of 5-[1-(4-fluorphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-1H-tetrazole-(LQFM-096: a new triazole compound) as well as to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. The oral administration of LQFM-096 (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg) decreased the number of writhing in mice. At the dose of 20 mg/kg, LQFM-096 reduced the licking time at both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin test. Pretreatment with naloxone (3 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (3 mg/kg) attenuated the antinociceptive effect of LQFM-096 in the first phase of the formalin test. At the dose of 20 mg/kg, LQFM-096 also decreased the licking time in the acidified saline-induced and capsaicin-induced nociception. This effect was blocked by naloxone (3 mg/kg) pretreatment prior to the administration of LQFM-096. In addition, LQFM-096 inhibited hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan and PGE2. Naloxone (3 mg/kg) attenuated the effect of LQFM-096 through disinhibition of PGE2-induced hyperalgesia. The anti-inflammatory effect of LQFM-096 was demonstrated in carrageenan-induced oedema or pleurisy as well as CFA-induced arthritis. The hyperalgesia and cellular migration in CFA-induced arthritis were reduced significantly. Altogether, these findings suggest antinociceptive effect of LQFM-096 and implicate the modulation of ASICs/TRPV1 channels by opioid/KATP pathway. The anti-inflammatory effect of LQFM-096 was mediated by a reduction in oedema, leukocytes migration, TNF-α, PGE2 levels and myeloperoxidase activity.

Design, synthesis and pharmacological assessment of new pyrazole compounds.

AIMS: This study investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of new pyrazole compounds LQFM011(5), LQFM043(6) and LQFM044(7) as well as the mechanisms of action and acute in vitro toxicity. MAIN METHODS: The antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test, formalin-induced pain test and the Randall-Selitto test. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using models of paw oedema and pleurisy induced by carrageenan; cell migration, the levels of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity were evaluated. In addition, the ability to inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in vitro and docking in PLA2 were used. Acute oral systemic toxicity in mice was evaluated through the neutral red uptake assay. KEY FINDINGS: The synthesised compounds (5-7), delivered via gavage (p.o.) at 70, 140 or 280 µmol/kg, decreased the number of writhings induced by acetic acid; the three compounds (280 µmol/kg p.o.) reduced the paw licking time in the first and second phase of the formalin test and decreased the nociceptive threshold variation in the Randall-Selitto test. Furthermore, this dose reduced oedema formation, leucocyte migration (specifically through reduction in polymorphonuclear cell movement) and increased mononuclear cells. MPO activity and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α were decreased. Evaluation of PLA2 inhibition via the docking simulation revealed more interactions of LQFM043R(6) and LQFM044(7), data that corroborated the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PLA2 inhibition in vitro. Therefore, LQFM011(5), LQFM043(6) and LQFM044(7) were classified with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) as category 4.

Anti-inflammatory effect of a new piperazine derivative: (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone.

AIMS: This study investigates the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of new piperazine compound (LQFM182) as well as the toxicity acute in vitro. MAIN METHODS: To evaluate the anti-nociceptive activity, the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test, tail flick test and formalin-induced pain test were used. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the models of paw oedema and pleurisy induced by carrageenan and some inflammatory parameters were evaluated, including cell migration, myeloperoxidase enzyme activity and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß cytokines in pleural exudate. The acute oral systemic toxicity of LQFM182 in mice was evaluated through the neutral red uptake (nru) assay. KEY FINDINGS: LQFM182 (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased the number of writhings induced by acetic acid in a dose-dependent manner, and an intermediate dose (100 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced the paw licking time of animals in the second phase of the formalin test. Furthermore, LQFM182 (100 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced oedema formation at all hours of the paw oedema induced by carrageenan test and in pleurisy test reduced cell migration from the reduction of polymorphonuclear cells, myeloperoxidase enzyme activity and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-α. Therefore, it was classified in GHS category 300 < LD50 < 2000 mg/kg. SIGNIFICANCE: Reduction of the TNF-α and IL-1ß levels.

Molecular docking and pharmacological/toxicological assessment of a new compound designed from celecoxib and paracetamol by molecular hybridization.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used worldwide; however, they have several adverse effects, evidencing the need for the development of new, more effective and safe anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. This research aimed to design, synthesize and carry out a pharmacological/toxicological investigation of LQFM-102, which was designed from celecoxib and paracetamol by molecular hybridization. To evaluate the analgesic effect of this compound, we performed formalin-induced pain, hot plate and tail flick tests. The anti-inflammatory effect of LQFM-102 was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw oedema and pleurisy tests. The biochemical markers indicative of toxicity-AST, ALT, GSH, urea and creatinine-as well as the index of gastric lesion after prolonged administration of LQFM-102 were also analyzed. In addition, the interaction of LQFM-102 with COX enzymes was evaluated by molecular docking. In all experimental protocols, celecoxib or paracetamol was used as a positive control at equimolar doses to LQFM-102. LQFM-102 reduced the pain induced by formalin in both phases of the test. However, this compound did not increase the latency to thermal stimuli in the hot plate and tail flick tests, suggesting an involvement of peripheral mechanisms in this effect. Furthermore, LQFM-102 reduced paw oedema, the number of polymorphonuclear cells, myeloperoxidase activity and TNF-α and IL-1ß levels. Another interesting finding was the absence of alterations in the markers of hepatic and renal toxicity or lesions of gastric mucosa. In molecular docking simulations, LQFM-102 interacted with the key residues for activity and potency of cyclooxygenase enzymes, suggesting an inhibition of the activity of these enzymes.

Potential anti-inflammatory effect of LQFM-021 in carrageenan-induced inflammation: The role of nitric oxide.

The pyrazole compound LQFM-021 exhibits vasorelaxant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, it has low toxicity, indicating that this compound may be considered to be a good prototype for the development of new analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory activity of LQFM-021 using a model of carrageenan-induced inflammation as well as the mechanism of action and role of nitric oxide in this effect. Acute treatments with LQFM-021 (30 and 60 mg/kg p.o.) reduced paw edema formation dose-dependently 2 h after carrageenan injection. In the carrageenan-induced pleurisy test, LQFM-021 (30 mg/kg p.o.) reduced the leukocyte (polymorphonuclear) count in the pleural cavity, as well as decreased protein extravasation and myeloperoxidase activity. This dose of LQFM-021 increased the NO (nitrite/nitrate) and IL-4 levels and decreased the TNF-α and IL-1ß levels in the pleural cavity. Moreover, pre-treatment with L-NAME reversed the effect of LQFM-021 on NO, leukocyte migration, and the TNF-α and IL-1ß levels. Additionally, we observed that LQFM-021 showed weak inhibitory activity on cyclooxygenases, but reduced the PGE2 levels in the pleural cavity. Immunoblot analyses showed that LQFM-021 promoted a decrease in COX-2 levels and increase in iNOS levels. In conclusion, we demonstrated that LQFM-021 has marked anti-inflammatory activity by reducing polymorphonuclear recruitment, which is associated with the inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids. In addition, we found that the synthase/release of nitric oxide promoted by LQFM-021 is essential for the anti-inflammatory effect observed.

The gastroprotective effect of Memora nodosa roots against experimental gastric ulcer in mice.

Memora nodosa is popularly known as "caroba" and widely found in the Cerrado regions of Brazil. In traditional medicine, the leaves and stems are used for the healing of external ulcer and the roots for abdominal pain. This study investigated the effect of ethanolic roots extract of Memora nodosa (EMN) on the gastric mucosa of mice. In the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model, the treatments of the animals with EMN at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o., markedly reduced the index of lesions. In the gastric ulcer models induced by ethanol and cold restraint-stress the previous treatment with EMN at dose of 300 mg/kg showed 69% and 43% of protection, respectively. Seven days after food-restriction, the animals treated with EMN (300 mg/kg p.o.) showed reduction in the index of lesion by 65% as compared to control group. The intraduodenal administration of EMN (300 mg/kg) did not alter the gastric acid secretion parameters. The treatment with EMN (300 mg/kg p.o.) did not alter glutathione levels (GSH), but showed an increase of adhered gastric mucus as compared to the control group with lesion. These results showed that EMN has gastroprotective activity probably due with an increase of adhered gastric mucus.

Pharmacological and toxicological evaluations of the new pyrazole compound (LQFM-021) as potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.

Chronic inflammation is a world health problem. There is a need to develop new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs with improved activity and reduced side effects. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the pyrazole compound LQFM-021 after acute and sub-chronic administration in rats submitted to a CFA-induced chronic arthritis model, as well as compare the toxicity of this compound to that of dipyrone, given throughout 7 days. Firstly, we observed that acute oral administration of the higher dose (130 µmol/kg) of LQFM-021 reduced paw lifting time (PET) and edema formation. These effects disappeared on the following day, requiring another dose to maintain the effects. This dose also promoted reduction of the polymorphonuclear recruitment in the synovial fluid. In another experiment, both treatments with LQFM-021, 65 µmol/kg twice a day and 130 µmol/kg once a day, produced a progressive and permanent reduction of the PET and edema, also reducing polymorphonuclear recruitment. However, the single treatment with 130 µmol/kg was more effective than the double treatment with 65 µmol/kg. LQFM-021 did not produce toxicity signs. However, dipyrone (130 µmol/kg once a day) promoted erosion of the epithelial cells and decreased mucus in the gastric mucosa. These data indicate that LQFM-021 produced antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in CFA-induced arthritis in rats. These effects occurred in the absence of apparent toxic effects, indicating that the pyrazole compound LQFM-021 may be considered a good prototype for development of new analgesic/anti-inflammatory drug.

Involvement of the NO/cGMP/KATP pathway in the antinociceptive effect of the new pyrazole 5-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2H-tetrazole (LQFM-021).

The pyrazol compounds are known to possess antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was conducted to investigate the peripheral antinociceptive effect of the pyrazole compound 5-(1-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2H-tetrazole (LQFM-021) and involvement of opioid receptors and of the NO/cGMP/K(ATP) pathway. The oral treatments in mice with LQFM-021 (17, 75 or 300 mg/kg) decreased the number of writhing. In the formalin test, the treatments with LQFM-021 at doses of 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg reduced the licking time at both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of this test. The treatment of the animals with LQFM-021 (30 mg/kg) did not have antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick and hot plate tests. Furthermore, pre-treatment with naloxone (3 mg/kg i.p.), L-name (10 mg/kg i.p.), ODQ (10 mg/kg i.p.) or glibenclamide (3 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the antinociceptive effect of LQFM-021 in both phases of the formalin test. In addition, it was also demonstrated that the treatments of mice with LQFM-021(15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) did not compromise the motor activity of the animals in the chimney test. Only the highest dose used in the antinociceptive study promoted changes in the open field test and pentobarbital-induced sleep test, thus ruling out possible false positive effects on nociception tests. Our data suggest that the peripheral antinociception effects of the LQFM-021 were mediated through the peripheral opioid receptors with activation of the NO/cGMP/KATP pathway.

Estrone-mediated lowering of ROS and NOX4 improves endothelial function in ovariectomized wistar rats.

Estrone (E1) constitutes the primary component in oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs) and serves as the principal estrogen precursor in the female circulation in the post-menopause. E1 induces endothelium-dependent vasodilation and activate PI3K/NO/cGMP signaling. To assess whether E1 mitigates vascular dysfunction associated with postmenopause and explore the underlying mechanisms, we examined the vascular effects of E1 in ovariectomized (OVX) rats, a postmenopausal experimental model. Blood pressure was measured using tail-cuff plethysmography, and aortic rings were isolated to assess responses to phenylephrine, acetylcholine (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside. Responses to ACh in rings pre-incubated with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), or apocynin were also evaluated. Protein expression of SOD, CAT, NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 was determined by Western blotting. E1 treatment resulted in decreased body weight and retroperitoneal fat, increased uterine weight, and prevented elevated blood pressure in the OVX group. Furthermore, E1 improved endothelium-dependent ACh vasodilation, activated compensatory antioxidant mechanisms - i.e. increased SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes activity, and decreased NOX4 expression. This, in turn, helped prevent oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in OVX rats. Additionally, E1 treatment reversed the increased total LDL cholesterol observed in the OVX group. The findings underscore protective effects of E1 on the cardiovascular system, counteracting OVX-related oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in Wistar rats. E1 exhibits promising therapeutic benefits for managing cardiovascular health, particularly in postmenopausal conditions.

Acetone extract from Streptoverticillium sp., a bacterium isolated from Brazilian Cerrado soil, induces anti-inflammatory activity in mice.

The Streptoverticillium sp. Z1 is an actinomycete isolated from the soil under Cerrado vegetation, the extract of this strain was investigated in nociceptive and inflammatory models. The Streptoverticillium extract (ExS) 50 and 100 mg/kg (s.c.) produced a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced abdominal writhings thereby demonstrating an anti-nociceptive effect. In the tail flick test the ExS (s.c.) was inactive. This result implited that ExS does not contain opioid-like compounds with central analgesic properties. In the inflammatory models, ExS 100 and 200 mg/kg (s.c.) were able to inhibit the croton oil-induced ear edema and, ExS 200 and 500 mg/kg (s.c.) inhibited the leukocyte migration on the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. The phospholipase A2 enzymatic assay showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of ExS was not due to direct effect on phospholipase A2 activity. These data suggest that Streptoverticillium sp. produces metabolites with anti-inflammatory effect and that these metabolites are unable to directly inhibit phospholipase A2 enzyme.

Assessment of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antigenotoxic activities of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) in mice.

Ethnobotanical surveys of Cerrado native plants show that leaves of Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sargent (Cannabaceae), popularly known in Brazil as "esporão de galo", are used in folk medicine for body pain, asthma, cramps, poor digestion, urinary infection, kidney dysfunctions, as well as a stimulant and diuretic. This work aimed at evaluating possible C. iguanaea aqueous leaf extract (CALE) cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and antigenotoxicity using the mouse bone marrow micronucleous test. To assess CALE genotoxicity, Swiss mice were orally treated with three different extract concentrations (100, 300, and 500 mgkg-1). To evaluate its antigenotoxicity, the same doses were used simultaneously with a single i.p. dose of mitomycin C (MMC, 4mg.kg-1). The frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) were evaluated 24 h and 48 h after administration except for the negative control (24 h). Genotoxicity was evaluated using the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE), whereas cytotoxicity was assessed by the polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE). The results showed that CALE did not exhibit a significant reduction in the PCE/NCE ratio, neither a considerable increase in the frequency of MNPCE. Nonetheless, CALE reduced bone marrow toxicity (increased PCE/NCE ratio) and decreased the micronuclei frequency induced by MMC. We can conclude that CALE presented no cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, but showed antigenotoxic and anticytotoxic actions under the experimental conditions applied in this study.

Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae (acariçoba) in mice.

The Hydrocotyle umbellata L. is a specimen of the Araliaceae family popularly known as acariçoba. Its indications in folk medicine include treatment of skin ulcers, and rheumatism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract from acariçoba's underground parts (EEA). EEA reduced the nociceptive response of the animals as evaluated in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and in both phases of formalin test. EEA also presented a supraspinal analgesic activity by increasing the pain latency in the hot plate test. Moreover, EEA reduced the leukocytes migration and plasma extravasation to pleural cavity in the carrageenan-induced pleurisy, besides reducing the edema induced by carrageenan until the second hour and also the edema induced by dextran. In conclusion our results showed that EEA of H. umbellata L. presents analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, and that a blockade of activity or reduction in the release of different mediators, such as histamine and serotonin, could be involved in these pharmacologic effects.

atm and p53 cooperate in apoptosis and suppression of tumorigenesis, but not in resistance to acute radiation toxicity.

Mutations in atm and p53 cause the human cancer-associated diseases ataxia-telangiectasia and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, respectively. The two genes are believed to interact in a number of pathways, including regulation of DNA damage-induced cell-cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and radiation sensitivity, and cellular proliferation. Atm-null mice, as well as those null for p53, develop mainly T-cell lymphomas, supporting the view that these genes have similar roles in thymocyte development. To study the interactions of these two genes on an organismal level, we bred mice heterozygous for null alleles of both atm and p53 to produce all genotypic combinations. Mice doubly null for atm and p53 exhibited a dramatic acceleration of tumour formation relative to singly null mice, indicating that both genes collaborate in a significant manner to prevent tumorigenesis. With respect to their roles in apoptosis, loss of atm rendered thymocytes only partly resistant to irradiation-induced apoptosis, whereas additional loss of p53 engendered complete resistance. This implies that the irradiation-induced atm and p53 apoptotic pathways are not completely congruent. Finally-and in contrast to prior predictions-atm and p53 do not appear to interact in acute radiation toxicity, suggesting a separate atm effector pathway for this DNA damage response and having implications for the prognosis and treatment of human tumours.

Post-partum depression: From clinical understanding to preclinical assessments.

Post-partum depression (PPD) with varying clinical manifestations affecting new parents remains underdiagnosed and poorly treated. This minireview revisits the pharmacotherapy, and relevant etiological basis, capable of advancing preclinical research frameworks. Maternal tasks accompanied by numerous behavioral readouts demand modeling different paradigms that reflect the complex and heterogenous nature of PPD. Hence, effective PPD-like characterization in animals towards the discovery of pharmacological intervention demands research that deepens our understanding of the roles of hormonal and non-hormonal components and mediators of this psychiatric disorder.

Heteroaromatic salvinorin A analogue (P-3 l) elicits antinociceptive and anxiolytic-like effects.

Previous studies have attributed the prominent analgesic, hallucinogenic, sedative, and anxiolytic properties of Salvia divinorum to Salvinorin A. However, the overall pharmacological profile of this isolate limits its clinical applications. To address these limitations, our study evaluates the C(22)-fused-heteroaromatic analogue of salvinorin A [2-O-salvinorin B benzofuran-2-carboxylate] (P-3l) in mice nociception and anxiety models while assessing possible mechanism of action. In comparison with the control group, orally administered P-3l (1, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) attenuates acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin-induced hind paw licking, the thermal reaction to the hotplate, and/or aversive response in the elevated plus-maze, open field, and light-dark box; and potentiates the effect of morphine and diazepam at sub-effective doses (1.25 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively) without eliciting significant alterations in relative organ weight, or haematological or biochemical parameters. The in vivo blockade of P-3 l effects by naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor antagonist), naloxonazine (antagonist of specific subtypes mu1 of µ-OR), and nor-binaltorphimine (selective ĸ-OR antagonist) supports initial results from binding assays and the interpretations made possible from computational modeling of the interactions of P-3 l with the opioid receptor subtypes. In addition to the opioidergic mechanism, the blockade of the P-3 l effect by flumazenil suggests benzodiazepine binding site involvement in its biological activities. These results support P-3 l potentially possessing clinical utility and substantiate the need for additional pharmacological characterization.

Evaluation of Gastroprotective Activity of Linoleic Acid on Gastric Ulcer in a Mice Model.

BACKGROUND: Gastric ulcer has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it has been linked to factors such as nutritional deficiency, smoking, stress, and continuous intake of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The search for new anti-ulcer therapeutic agents has been the subject of several studies. Recently, the gastroprotective effect of Celtis iguanaea has been reported, with linoleic acid (LA) responsible for many of the therapeutic effects of this medicinal plant. AIMS: This study aims to investigate the gastroprotective activity and the possible mechanisms in which LA may be involved through different experimental assays in mice. METHODS: The gastroprotective activity of LA was evaluated in the ulcer induced by indomethacin, HCl/EtOH, hypothermic-restraint stress and pyloric ligation. For the investigation of gastroprotective mechanisms, the quantification of the volume (mL), pH and total acidity of gastric secretion were considered. RESULTS: The oral administrations of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of body weight of LA were capable of protecting the gastric mucosa against HCl/ethanol (10 mL/kg p.o.), and oral/intraduodenal treatment administrations of 50 mg/kg LA showed protection from ulcers induced by indomethacin, hypothermic-restraint stress and pyloric ligation. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show the gastroprotective role of LA in gastric mucosal damage induced by all assayed distresses. The observed gastroprotection possibly occurs due to the mediated increase of mucosal defensive factors.

Impact of Pectoralis Nerve Block (PECS) on postoperative pain in patients submitted to mastectomy with lymphadenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Surgery has been traditional treatment and, generally, it´s mastectomy with lymphadenectomy, that can causes postoperative pain. Therefore, we seek to study regional anesthesic techniques that can minimize this effect, such as the interpectoral block (PECS). METHODS: randomized controlled study with 82 patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy with lymphadenectomy from January 2020 to October 2021 in oncology hospital. INTERVENTIONS: two randomized groups (control - exclusive general anesthesia and PECS group - received PECS block with levobupivacaine/ropivacaine and general anesthesia). We applied a questionnaire with Numeric Rating Scale for pain 24h after surgery. We used Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests, and analyzed the data in R version 4.0.0 (ReBEC). RESULTS: in the PECS group, 50% were pain-free 24h after surgery and in the control group it was 42.86%. The majority who presented pain classified it as mild pain (VAS from 1 to 3) - (42.50%) PECS group and (40.48%) control group (p=0.28). Only 17.50% consumed opioids in the PECS group, similar to the control group with 21.43%. (p=0.65). There was a low rate of complications such as PONV in both groups. In the subgroup analysis, there was no statistical difference between the groups that used levobupivacaine or ropivacaine regarding postoperative pain and opioid consumption. DISCUSSION: the studied group had a low rate of pain in the postoperative period and it influenced the statistical analysis. There wasn´t difference in postoperative pain in groups. CONCLUSION: was not possible to demonstrate better results with the association of the PECS block with total intravenous analgesia. Need further studies to assess the efficacy of the nerve block.