Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccination During Pregnancy in Preventing Hospitalization for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine during pregnancy in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hospitalizations of infants. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective, multicenter, 1:3 case-control (test-negative) study. Symptomatic hospitalized infants less than 6 months of age, with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test between January 3, 2021, and March 11, 2021, were matched by age and time to negative controls, hospitalized with symptoms compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mothers were defined as fully vaccinated who received 2 doses of BNT162b2 with the second given 2 weeks to 6 months before delivery; or partially vaccinated, if they received only 1 dose or 2 doses with the second given more than 6 months or less than 2 weeks before delivery. Severe SARS-CoV-2 was defined as a need for assisted ventilation. RESULTS: We matched 116 SARS-CoV-2 positive infants with 348 negative controls with symptoms compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The effectiveness of fully vaccinated mothers was 61.6% (95% CI, 31.9-78.4) and the effectiveness of partially vaccinated mothers was not significant. Effectiveness was higher in infants 0-2 vs 3-6 months of age. The effectiveness (57.1%; 95% CI, 22.8-76.4) was similar when excluding mothers who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. The OR of severe infection in infants born to unvaccinated vs fully vaccinated mothers was 5.8. CONCLUSIONS: At least 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine administered during the second or third trimester of pregnancy had an effectiveness of 61.6% in decreasing hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants less than 6 months of age.

Risk factors and epidemiology of pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify independent risk factors for cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection. METHODS: The medical records of all patients aged 0-18 years who underwent shunt-related surgery for the treatment of hydrocephalus at the present institution between January 1996 and December 2015 were reviewed. For each case, two randomly selected controls with no shunt infection, matched for year of surgery, were chosen. Demographic clinical and microbiological data were abstracted. RESULTS: A total of 1,570 shunt-related procedures met the inclusion criteria, yielding 68 infections (in 63 patients). The control group consisted of 132 infection-free patients. The average annual infection rate was 4.2% cases per year. The median time between shunt procedures to infection was 19 days (range, 1-2,181). On multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with increased risk for developing an infection included a history of two or more previous revisions (OR, 4.8; 95%CI: 1.5-15.9); and age <5 years (OR, 4.5; 95%CI 1.5-13.4). A neoplastic etiology for hydrocephalus was found to be a protective factor for shunt infection (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A history of shunt revision was the most significant risk factor in the development of subsequent shunt infection. Age >5 years was a protective factor. Future efforts should focus on modalities to optimize revision procedures and reduce the risk of subsequent infection.

Pott's Puffy Tumor in Pediatric Patients: Case Series and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Pott's puffy tumor (PPT) is a rare complication of frontal sinusitis. Although it may occur at any age, the incidence is higher during adolescence. METHODS: We report a series of 10 pediatric patients (9-17 years of age) who presented with PPT in 2 tertiary care pediatric hospitals in central Israel between January 2018 and August 2022 and review the published literature on pediatric PPT. RESULTS: The most common clinical presentations included headache (10 cases), frontal swelling (6 cases) and fever (5 cases). Symptom duration before admission was between 1 and 28 days (median 10 days). The diagnosis of PPT was made by imaging studies at a median of 1 day after admission. All 10 patients underwent computed tomography studies, and 6 patients also underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The overall rate of intracranial complications was 70%. All 10 children were treated with systemic antibiotics and surgical interventions. Streptococcus constellatus group was the most common causal bacteria. All 10 patients recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that a high index of suspicion for PPT should be applied to adolescents presenting with prolonged headache and frontal swelling. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is an appropriate first tool for the evaluation; however, an magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to determine the necessity of intracranial interventional treatments if there is any suspicion of intracranial involvement. Complete recovery can be expected with appropriate antibiotic treatment and surgical intervention in most of the cases.