Penicillium chrysogenum: Beyond the penicillin.

Almost one century after the Sir Alexander Fleming's fortuitous discovery of penicillin and the identification of the fungal producer as Penicillium notatum, later Penicillium chrysogenum (currently reidentified as Penicillium rubens), the molecular mechanisms behind the massive production of penicillin titers by industrial strains could be considered almost fully characterized. However, this filamentous fungus is not only circumscribed to penicillin, and instead, it seems to be full of surprises, thereby producing important metabolites and providing expanded biotechnological applications. This review, in addition to summarizing the classical role of P. chrysogenum as penicillin producer, highlights its ability to generate an array of additional bioactive secondary metabolites and enzymes, together with the use of this microorganism in relevant biotechnological processes, such as bioremediation, biocontrol, production of bioactive nanoparticles and compounds with pharmaceutical interest, revalorization of agricultural and food-derived wastes or the enhancement of food industrial processes and the agricultural production.

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic Malone appendicostomy: a 6-year perspective.

PURPOSE: A robotic-assisted laparoscopic approach to appendicostomy offers the benefits of a minimally invasive approach to patients who would typically necessitate an open procedure, those with a larger body habitus, and those requiring combined complex colorectal and urologic reconstructive procedures. We present our experience performing robotic-assisted appendicostomies with a focus on patient selection, perioperative factors, and functional outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent a robotic-assisted appendicostomy/neoappendicostomy at our institution was performed. RESULTS: Twelve patients underwent robotic-assisted appendicostomy (n = 8) and neoappendicostomy (n = 4) at a range of 8.8-25.8 years. Five patients had a weight percentile > 50% for their age. Seven patients underwent combined procedures. Median operative time for appendicostomy/neoappendicostomy only was 185.0 min. Complications included surgical site infection (n = 3), stricture requiring minor operative revision (n = 2), conversion to an open procedure due to inadequate appendiceal length (prior to developing our technique for robotic neoappendicostomies; n = 1), and granuloma (n = 1). At a median follow-up of 10.8 months (range 1.7-74.3 months), 91.7% of patients were consistently clean with antegrade enemas. DISCUSSION: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic appendicostomy and neoappendicostomy with cecal flap is a safe and effective operative approach. A robotic approach can potentially overcome the technical difficulties encountered in obese patients and can aid in patients requiring both a Malone and a Mitrofanoff in a single, combined minimally invasive procedure.

Targeting Trypanothione Metabolism in Trypanosomatids.

Infectious diseases caused by trypanosomatids, including African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), Chagas disease, and different forms of leishmaniasis, are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people worldwide, mainly in vulnerable territories of tropical and subtropical areas. In general, current treatments against these diseases are old-fashioned, showing adverse effects and loss of efficacy due to misuse or overuse, thus leading to the emergence of resistance. For these reasons, searching for new antitrypanosomatid drugs has become an urgent necessity, and different metabolic pathways have been studied as potential drug targets against these parasites. Considering that trypanosomatids possess a unique redox pathway based on the trypanothione molecule absent in the mammalian host, the key enzymes involved in trypanothione metabolism, trypanothione reductase and trypanothione synthetase, have been studied in detail as druggable targets. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings on the molecules inhibiting these two essential enzymes for Trypanosoma and Leishmania viability.

Intradetrusor botox injection and augmentation cystoplasty trends among spina bifida patients at US freestanding children's hospitals.

INTRODUCTION: Intra-detrusor botulinum toxin (Botox) injection is a minimally invasive alternative to augmentation cystoplasty in patients with refractory neurogenic bladder. Botox was first used for neurogenic bladder children two decades ago. However, there are no existing guidelines on indications or use among patients with spina bifida. Furthermore, there are little data regarding its use relative to bladder augmentation and patient volume on a national scale. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the contemporary trends of intra-detrusor Botox injection and augment cystoplasty in free-standing children's hospitals. STUDY DESIGN: We queried the Pediatric Health Information System database to identify spina bifida patients from 2016 to 2019 who underwent intra-detrusor Botox injection and augment cystoplasty based on CPT and ICD-10 codes. Total spina bifida population under care in the free-standing children's hospitals was estimated by all inpatient and ambulatory surgery encounters as denominators to calculate frequency by time for both intra-detrusor Botox injections and augmentation cystoplasty. RESULTS: In total, we included 1924 intra-detrusor Botox injections and 842 augmentation cystoplasties. 1413 (51.1%) patients were female. Median age at surgery was 10.0 (interquartile range 6.98-13.5) years. There was a significant increase in intra-detrusor Botox injection frequency (p < 0.001). While there was an overall decreasing, but not significant, trend for augmentation cystoplasty, there was a significant increase in this procedure during the summer months compared to the rest of the year (p < 0.001, Figure 1). Sensitivity analysis using only first intra-detrusor Botox injection per patient demonstrated similarly significant increasing trend. DISCUSSION: Use of intra-detrusor Botox injection for the management of neurogenic bladder has significantly increased among patients with spina bifida while augmentation cystoplasty has slightly decreased, but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Over time, practice patterns for the treatments of neurogenic bladder among spina bifida children have favored minimally invasive Botox injections while augmentation cystoplasty use has not significantly changed.

Polyamine Metabolism for Drug Intervention in Trypanosomatids.

Neglected tropical diseases transmitted by trypanosomatids include three major human scourges that globally affect the world's poorest people: African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease and different types of leishmaniasis. Different metabolic pathways have been targeted to find antitrypanosomatid drugs, including polyamine metabolism. Since their discovery, the naturally occurring polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, have been considered important metabolites involved in cell growth. With a complex metabolism involving biosynthesis, catabolism and interconversion, the synthesis of putrescine and spermidine was targeted by thousands of compounds in an effort to produce cell growth blockade in tumor and infectious processes with limited success. However, the discovery of eflornithine (DFMO) as a curative drug against sleeping sickness encouraged researchers to develop new molecules against these diseases. Polyamine synthesis inhibitors have also provided insight into the peculiarities of this pathway between the host and the parasite, and also among different trypanosomatid species, thus allowing the search for new specific chemical entities aimed to treat these diseases and leading to the investigation of target-based scaffolds. The main molecular targets include the enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis (ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase), enzymes participating in their uptake from the environment, and the enzymes involved in the redox balance of the parasite. In this review, we summarize the research behind polyamine-based treatments, the current trends, and the main challenges in this field.

In Vitro and Ex Vivo Synergistic Effect of Pyrvinium Pamoate Combined with Miltefosine and Paromomycin against Leishmania.

One of the major drawbacks of current treatments for neglected tropical diseases is the low safety of the drugs used and the emergence of resistance. Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected diseases caused by protozoa of the trypanosomatidae family that lacks preventive vaccines and whose pharmacological treatments are scarce and unsafe. Combination therapy is a strategy that could solve the above-mentioned problems, due to the participation of several mechanisms of action and the reduction in the amount of drug necessary to obtain the therapeutic effect. In addition, this approach also increases the odds of finding an effective drug following the repurposing strategy. From the previous screening of two collections of repositioning drugs, we found that pyrvinium pamoate had a potent leishmanicidal effect. For this reason, we decided to combine it separately with two clinically used leishmanicidal drugs, miltefosine and paromomycin. These combinations were tested in axenic amastigotes of Leishmania infantum obtained from bone marrow cells and in intramacrophagic amastigotes obtained from primary cultures of splenic cells, both cell types coming from experimentally infected mice. Some of the combinations showed synergistic behavior, especially in the case of the combination of pyrvinium pamoate with paromomycin, and exhibited low cytotoxicity and good tolerability on intestinal murine organoids, which reveal the potential of these combinations for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Morfina/ketamina versus morfina en el control del dolor postoperatorio de cirugía renal electiva / Morphine/ketamine versus morphine in postoperative pain control for elective renal surgery

Resumen: Introducción: el dolor agudo postoperatorio demora la recuperación funcional del paciente. Objetivo: evaluar utilidad de la ketamina asociada a morfina administrados en bolos intravenosos en el control del dolor agudo postoperatorio de pacientes sometidos a cirugía renal electiva. Material y métodos: realizamos estudio doble ciego en pacientes con dolor postoperatorio moderado-severo sometidos a cirugía renal electiva. Se conformaron dos grupos: grupo MK administramos morfina 0.05 mg/kg más ketamina 0.2 mg/kg y grupo M morfina 0.05 mg/kg más solución salina a 0.9%. Pacientes con dolor de intensidad moderada-severa según escala analógica visual recibieron dosis de morfina cada 20 minutos hasta lograr dolor ligero, registrándose el consumo total de morfina por paciente. La tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca y respiratoria, saturación de oxígeno y efectos adversos fueron evaluados con la misma periodicidad. Resultados: el grupo MK mostró menor intensidad del dolor con disminución significativa del consumo de morfina. Ambos grupos resultaron ser similares en cuanto a cifras de tensión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria y saturación de oxígeno. Las náuseas y vómitos fueron los efectos adversos de mayor prevalencia, siendo superiores en el grupo morfina. Conclusiones: la asociación morfina-ketamina resultó útil en el control del dolor moderado-severo en pacientes sometidos a cirugía renal electiva.

Abstract: Introduction: acute postoperative pain delays the patient's functional recovery. Objective: to evaluate the utility of ketamine associated with morphine administered in intravenous boluses in the control of acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing elective renal surgery. Material and methods: we conducted a double-blind study in patients with moderate-severe postoperative pain undergoing elective renal surgery. Two groups were formed: group MK administered 0.05 mg/kg morphine plus 0.2 mg/kg ketamine and group M 0.05 mg/kg morphine plus 0.9% saline solution. Patients with pain of moderate-severe intensity according to the visual analogue scale received doses of morphine every 20 minutes until achieving light pain, recording the total consumption of morphine per patient. Blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, oxygen saturation, and adverse effects were evaluated with the same periodicity. Results: MK group showed lower pain intensity with a significant decrease in morphine consumption. Both groups turned out to be similar in terms of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation Figures. Nausea and vomiting were the most prevalent adverse effects, being higher in the morphine group. Conclusions: the morphine-ketamine association was useful in the control of moderate-severe pain in patients undergoing elective renal surgery.

Comportamiento de presiones intrapulmonares con inversión de la relación inspiración espiración en colecistectomía laparoscópica / Behavior of intrapulmonary pressures with inversion of the inspiration-expiration ratio in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento de las presiones intrapulmonares con la inversión del índice inspiración espiración durante la colecistectomía electiva videolaparoscópica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado fase tres acerca de tales presiones intrapulmonares, durante operaciones de colecistectomía laparoscópica, en el Hospital Universitario «Manuel Ascunce Domenech¼, en el período de septiembre del 2016 a febrero del 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, y una muestra de 106 de ellos, los cuales se dividieron en dos conjuntos de 53 personas cada uno, por método aleatorio simple. La fuente primaria de obtención de datos la constituyeron las historias clínicas y el resultado de una encuesta. Los datos se recogieron en un modelo diseñado en correspondencia con la bibliografía. Resultados: Se presentó aumentos de la presión inspiratoria pico y presión meseta luego del neumoperitoneo, con descenso de ambas tras la transposición del índice I:E, además de hipertensión arterial, arritmias e hipotensión arterial, sin guardar relación con la aplicación del indicador I:E invertido. Conclusiones: La inversión de la inspiración espiración contribuyó a mejorar los efectos del neumoperitoneo sobre dichas presiones intrapulmonares, manteniendo una oxigenación adecuada y nulos efectos cardiovasculares.

Abstract: Objective: Evaluating the behavior of intrapulmonary pressures with the inversion of the inspiration expiration index, during elective videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods: A phase three controlled clinical trial was conducted on intrapulmonary pressures during laparoscopic cholecystectomies at the «Manuel Ascunce Domenech¼ University Hospital, from September 2016 to February 2020, the universe consisted of patients who met the inclusion criteria, from which a sample of 106 patients was selected, by a simple randomizing method. The primary source of data collection was the medical records and the result of a survey. These data were collected in a model designed in correspondence with the bibliography reviewed. Results: Measured by variation in peak inspiratory pressure and plateau pressure after pneumoperitoneum, with significant decrease of both after inversion of I:E index. More than half of the patients presented arterial hypertension, arrhythmias and arterial hypotension, without them being related to the application of the inverted I:E index. Conclusions: The inversion of inspiratory expiration contributed to improve the effects of pneumoperitoneum on intrapulmonary pressures, with adequate oxygenation and no cardiovascular effects.

Fentanyl-bupivacaína y bupivacaína en intervenciones quirúrgicas / Fentanyl-bupivacaine and bupivacaine in surgical procedures

Resumen: Objetivos: Evaluar las modalidades analgésicas subaracnoideas fentanyl-bupivacaína y bupivacaína en intervenciones quirúrgicas del hemiabdomen inferior. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo longitudinal analítico en el Hospital Universitario «Manuel Ascunce Domenech¼ desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017. El universo estuvo compuesto por 180 pacientes. Se seleccionó una muestra de 60 pacientes mediante muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple distribuidos en dos grupos: A (fentanyl-bupivacaína) y B (bupivacaína) que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los datos fueron recogidos en formulario a propósito de la investigación que permitió la confección de una base de datos en Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Se emplearon en el análisis técnicas univariadas y multivariadas. Resultados: Las complicaciones y reacciones adversas y su probabilidad de presentación en el grupo fentanyl-bupivacaína, que resultó mayor, fueron somnolencia (3.5 veces), hipotensión arterial (2.8 veces), prurito (2.1 veces) y bradicardia (2.1 veces), corroborado por el intervalo de confianza. Este grupo tuvo 10 veces más probabilidades de tener molestia tolerable o nada de dolor (OR = 10.2) que los tratados con bupivacaína que presentaron dolor moderado; 10 veces más probabilidades de analgesia superior a tres horas (OR = 10.7) frente a bupivacaína con analgesia de treinta minutos a tres horas y ocho veces más probabilidades de percibir satisfacción buena (OR = 7.8). Conclusiones: La evaluación del dolor postoperatorio y el tiempo de analgesia fueron mejores en los pacientes tratados con fentanyl-bupivacaína, lo que resultó en analgesia de mayor calidad aunque predominó la somnolencia, la hipotensión arterial, el prurito y la bradicardia como reacciones adversas.

Abstract. Objective: To evaluate subarachnoid analgesic modes fentanyl-bupivacaine and bupivacaine in surgery procedures of low abdomen. Material and methods: An analytic longitudinal prospective study was performed at the «Manuel Ascunce Domenech¼ University Hospital in Camagüey, from January 2015 to December 2017. The universe was compound by 180 patients. Sample was selected about 60 patients by probabilistic simple random sampling distributed in two groups: A (fentanyl-bupivacaine) and B (bupivacaine) according to inclusion criteria. The data were collected in questionnaire properly to investigation with baseline data in Statistical Package for Social Sciences. A univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted. Results: Complications and adverse reactions and their probability of presentation in the fentanyl-bupivacaine group was greater, drowsiness (3.5 times), arterial hypotension (2.8 times), pruritus (2.1 times) and bradycardia (2.1 times) corroborated by confidence intervals. This group had ten times more probability to have tolerable trouble or no pain (OR = 10.2) that bupivacaine group, all of which showed moderate pain; 10 times more probability of analgesia higher to 3 hours (OR = 10.7) versus bupivacaine with analgesia from 30 minutes to 3 hours and 8 times more probability to perceive good satisfaction (OR = 7.8). Conclusions: Evaluation of pain postoperative and analgesic time were better in patients managed with fentanyl-bupivacaine that resulted in analgesic of the greatest quality although prevailed drowsiness, arterial hypotension, pruritus and bradycardia like adverse reactions.

Síndrome de Beckwith˗ Wiedemann / Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

El síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann es caracterizado por presentar onfalocele, macroglosia, visceromegalias e hipoglucemia neonatal además de una gran diversidad de anomalías clínicas y de laboratorio. Esta enfermedad también se conoce como síndrome de onfalocele, macroglosia y gigantismo. Los problemas más significativos relacionados con la anestesia son hipoglicemia y macroglosia. Es imperativo realizar una evaluación preanestésica que incluya el sistema cardiovascular, sistema urinario, así como la vía aérea. Los niños con este síndrome pueden requerir diferentes procedimientos quirúrgicos. Se debe pronosticar un abordaje difícil de la vía respiratoria debido al crecimiento de la lengua que puede causar dificultad durante la ventilación y/o intubación endotraqueal. S debe monitorizar la glicemia perioperatoria para evitar secuelas neurológicas secundarias a hipoglicemia no diagnosticada. Se reporta el tratamiento perianestesiológico de un niño de cuatro años de edad con síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico de un tumor de Wilms. Después de una evaluación minuciosa, se realizó intubación orotraqueal con un tubo 5.0 el cual se introdujo con facilidad bajo inducción con ketamina-vecuronio. La anestesia se mantuvo sin incidentes con isoflurano y fentanilo(AU)

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is characterized by omphalocele, macroglossia, visceromegaly and neonatal hypoglycaemia, as well as a great diversity of clinical and laboratory abnormalities. This disease is also known as omphalocele, macroglossia and gigantism syndrome. The most significant problems related to anesthesia are hypoglycemia and macroglossia. It is imperative to perform a pre-anesthetic evaluation that includes the cardiovascular system, the urinary system, as well as the airway. Children with this syndrome may require different surgical procedures. A difficult approach to the airway should be predicted due to the growth of the tongue which can cause difficulty during ventilation and/or endotracheal intubation. Perioperative glycemia should be monitored in order to avoid neurological sequelae secondary to undiagnosed hypoglycemia. We report the perianesthesiological treatment of a four-year-old boy with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome who required surgical treatment for Wilms' tumor. After a thorough evaluation, orotracheal intubation was performed with a 5.0 tube, which was easily introduced with ketamine-vecuronium induction. Anesthesia was maintained without incident with isoflurane and fentanyl(AU)

Miocardiopatía hipertrófica: ¿cómo evaluamos en 2018 el riesgo de muerte súbita? / Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: how do we evaluate the risk of sudden death in 2018?

Resumen: La miocardiopatía hipertrófica (MCH) es una enfermedad frecuente del miocardio, asociada a muerte súbita cardíaca (MSC). Las principales causas de muerte en MCH son la MSC, la insuficiencia cardíaca y el tromboembolismo. La fibrilación ventricular (FV) es la causa más común de MSC, seguida de asistolia, actividad eléctrica sin pulso y bloqueo auriculoventricular completo. El sustrato de estas arritmias complejas es la hipertrofia asociada a desorganización miofibrilar y fibrosis, que facilitan el desarrollo de arritmias reentrantes y secundarias a actividad desencadenada. Dado que la FV puede ser tratada con el implante de un desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI), la identificación de los pacientes que presentan mayor riesgo se transforma en la principal preocupación del cardiólogo tratante. La indicación de implante de DAI es clara en la prevención secundaria de MSC, pero es compleja en el resto de los pacientes que no han presentado FV o taquicardia ventricular sostenida, lo que configura la prevención primaria de MSC. Debemos estratificar la MCH con el uso de los factores de riesgo derivados de datos clínicos y estudios complementarios. Los principales factores de riesgo relacionados a MSC son: edad temprana al diagnóstico, antecedentes heredofamiliares de MSC, síncope inexplicado, taquicardia ventricular no sostenida, hipotensión arterial inducida durante la prueba de esfuerzo, obstrucción del tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda severa, agrandamiento auricular izquierdo y captación de realce tardío en la resonancia magnética. El uso adecuado de los dos principales modelos de estratificación de riesgo actualmente disponibles nos ayuda a estimar el riesgo individual en cada paciente y proceder en consecuencia.

Summary: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one of the most frequent cardiac muscle disorders associated with sudden cardiac death, heart failure and thromboembolism. Ventricular fibrillation is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, followed by asystole, pulseless electrical activity, and complete atrioventricular block. The substrate behind these complex arrhythmias is the hypertrophy due to myocardial disarray and fibrosis, facilitating the development of reentrant arrhythmias and triggered activity. An implanted cardioverter defibrillator is the treatment of choice, so the identification of high risk patients for ventricular fibrillation is crucial. Implanted cardioverter defibrillator indication is well established in sudden cardiac death secondary prevention, but not in patients without evidence of ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia, which configures the sudden cardiac death primary prevention group. Identification of sudden cardiac death risk factors is derived from clinical data, complementary studies and validated in risk stratification models. These are: early age at diagnosis, family history of sudden death, unexplained syncope, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, abnormal blood pressure response with exercise, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, severe left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement and late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The proper use of two available main risk stratification models helps us to estimate the individual patient´s risk and to proceed consequently.

Variation in hierarchical guild structure between two bird assemblages of a wetland in the Mexican Pacific / Variación en la estructura jerárquica de gremios entre dos ensambles de aves en un humedal del Pacífico de México

Abstract Neotropical wetlands comprise contrasting habitats with highly diverse avifauna, including herbivores, insectivores and carnivores, of both terrestrial and aquatic species. Therefore, comparisons between wetland bird assemblages based only on species identity may disregard turnover within ecological groups, and eclipse important variations between habitat types. We studied bird assemblages from mangrove and estuary habitat types from a coastal lagoon system in Oaxaca, Mexico. For this, we used 640 point counts to obtain data on bird species using those habitats between October 2009 and May 2012. We ascertained guild structure by classifying 139 species in a scalar hierarchy of two-levels: 17 key-resource guilds nested within seven trophic guilds. To evaluate variation in guild structure between habitat types, we contrasted richness and diversity across trophic guilds and tested for variation in abundance within key-resource guilds. We exposed a tendency of greater diversity within terrestrial guilds in mangrove and within aquatic guilds at the estuary. However, these differences were compensatory and neither richness nor diversity varied between habitat types in comparisons across the sets of trophic guilds. Parallel analyses at two hierarchical levels supported the theoretical prediction of greater change at lower levels. Herpetofauna, wood invertebrates, aquatic invertebrates and seeds emerged as dietary components that may explain the distribution of abundance in key-resource guilds. Although the guilds from mangrove and estuary produced comparable sets of richness and diversity values, the actual identity of guilds with high values varied between habitats. On the other hand, species abundance comparisons within guilds pinpointed specific associations with habitat types and this method represents a suitable strategy for identifying habitat preferences in complex wetland bird assemblages.

Resumen Los humedales neotropicales comprenden hábitats contrastantes con avifaunas altamente diversas que incluyen especies terrestres y acuáticas de herbívoros, insectívoros y carnívoros. Por lo cual, las comparaciones entre los ensambles avifaunísticos de los humedales basados únicamente en la identidad de especies podrían ignorar el recambio entre grupos ecológicos, y ocultar variaciones importantes entre tipos de hábitat. Nosotros estudiamos ensambles avifaunísticos de tipos de hábitat de manglar y estuario en un sistema lagunar de la costa de Oaxaca, México. Entre octubre 2009 y mayo 2012, utilizamos 640 puntos de conteo para determinar la estructura de gremios mediante la clasificación de 139 especies en una jerarquía escalar de dos niveles: 17 gremios de recursos claves anidados en siete gremios tróficos. Para evaluar la variación en la estructura jerárquica entre tipos de hábitat, contrastamos la riqueza y diversidad a través de gremios tróficos y probamos para variación en la abundancia dentro de gremios de recursos claves. Registramos una tendencia de mayor diversidad en gremios terrestres del manglar y en gremios acuáticos del estuario. Sin embargo, ésta variación fue compensatoria, ya que ni la riqueza específica ni la diversidad variaron entre los tipos de hábitat a través de los conjuntos de gremios tróficos. Un análisis paralelo de dos niveles jerárquicos soportó la predicción de un mayor recambio en niveles inferiores. La herpetofauna, los invertebrados en madera, los invertebrados acuáticos, y las semillas se presentaron como componentes alimenticios que podrían explicar la distribución de abundancia en los gremios de recursos claves. Aunque los gremios del manglar y estuario produjeron conjuntos comparables de valores de riqueza y diversidad, la identidad exacta de los gremios con valores altos variaba entre hábitats. Por otro lado, las comparaciones de abundancia dentro los gremios determinaron asociaciones específicas con tipos de hábitat y este método representa una estrategia apta para identificar las preferencias de hábitat en ensambles complejos de aves en humedales.

La democracia en un grupo de élite política leonesa / Democracy within an elite political group in the society of Leon

El presente artículo da cuenta de los resultados de una investigación de tipo cualitativa y exploratoria sobre las representaciones sociales de la democracia al interior de un grupo de élite política en el municipio de León, Guanajuato, compuesto por 15 sujetos. Su objetivo general fue explorar dichas representaciones y los particulares identificar sus procesos de producción. Se aplicó la etnometodología como metodología, como técnica la entrevista no estructurada y su análisis fue a partir de la aplicación de 9 indicadores previamente diseñados. Entre sus aportes están: una mayor comprensión de la sociedad leonesa, del núcleo figurativo de las RSD y se identificaron los modos y procesos de constitución del pensamiento político-social de la democracia; como también se comprendió el "sentido común" que utiliza la élite para actuar y/u orientarse ante su "democracia". (AU)

This article reports the results of a qualitative research and exploratory type of social representations of democracy within a group of political elite in the city of Leon, Guanajuato, composed of 15 subjects. Its overall objective was to explore these representations and individuals identify their production processes. It was applied the ethnomethodology as the unstructured interview methodology and analysis was from the application of 9 indicators applied previously designed as a technique. Among his contributions they are: a greater understanding of the society of Leon, the figurative core of RSD and modes and processes of formation of political and social thought of democracy were identified; as the "common sense" used by the elite to act and / or oriented to their "democracy" is also included. (AU)

Frecuencia y factores pronósticos del síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatorio / Frequency and prognostic factors of the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome

Objetivo: evaluar la frecuencia, los factores pronósticos y el impacto del síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatorio en operaciones de catarata. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo y longitudinal, donde se evaluaron 139 operaciones de catarata realizadas por un solo cirujano, de los cuales 49 ojos (35,3 por ciento) presentaron síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatorio. Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado con variables demográficas, antecedentes patológicos personales, uso de medicamentos, características anatómicas del iris, parámetros biométricos y complicaciones intra y posoperatorias. Resultados: en el análisis univariado las variables significativas pronósticas para la aparición de síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatorio fueron: el consumo de psicofármacos (p= 0,001), la cámara anterior estrecha (p= 0,001) y la dilatación pupilar preoperatoria regular o mala (p= 0,001). En el análisis multivariado la cámara estrecha fue, de todas las variables independientes, la que mayor influencia tuvo en la aparición de síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatoriocon una alta significación (p= 0,001). El síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatorio aumentó el riesgo de complicaciones intra y posoperatorias. Conclusiones: con una correcta anamnesis y un examen oftalmológico podemos predecir la ocurrencia de síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatorio durante la cirugía de catarata. El consumo de psicofármacos, la cámara anterior estrecha y la dilatación pupilar preoperatoria regular o mala se pueden considerar factores pronósticos de síndrome de iris laxo intraoperatoriodesde el preoperatorio(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the frequency, the prognostic factors and the impact of the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome in cataract surgery. Method: a prospective and longitudinal cohort study of 139 cataract surgeries performed by the same surgeon, of which 49 eyes (35,3 pércent) presented with intraoperative floppy iris syndrome. An univariate/multivariate analysis was made taking on account demographic, personal history of pathologies, use of medications, anatomical characteristics of the iris, biometric parameters and complications during and after the surgery. Results: in the univariate analysis, the significant prognostic variables for the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome were consumption of antipsychotics (p= 0,001), narrow anterior chamber (p= 0,001) and regular or bad dilated pupil (p= 0,001) before surgery. In the multivariate analysis, the narrow anterior chamber was, among all the independent variables, the most influential for the onset of the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, with a highly significant association (p= 0,001). The intraoperative floppy iris syndrome increased the intra and postoperative risk for complications. Conclusions: correct interrogation and an eye exam can predict the occurrence of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome during the cataract surgery. The use of antipsychotics, the narrow anterior chamber and regular or bad pupil dilation before the surgery can be considered as prognostic factors for the intraoperative floppy iris syndrome(AU)

Insegurança alimentar em famílias com crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, na fronteira Brasil-Peru / Food insecurity in families with children under five years of age on the Brazil-Peru Amazon border

Food and nutrition security is the regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity in households with children under five in the Amazon frontier Brazil - Peru. The study was conducted in 352 households in Assis Brasil (Brazil) and 89 households Iñapari (Peru), finding a prevalence of food insecurity of 40.6 % and 38.2 % , respectively ( p = 0.856 ) . In Assis Brasil, having domicile with wood floors or land increased by 2.47 times the odds of food insecurity compared to cement floors, ceramic or quarry tiles . Belonging to the poorest tertile increased the chance of food insecurity in 6.04 times ( p < 0.001 ), and the increment of each new resident increased by 37 % the chance of food insecurity in the household . In Iñapari, only living in house made of wood or with a wood floor was associated with food insecurity, showing that income is still the main factor associated with food insecurity in the Amazonian borders.

A segurança alimentar e nutricional consiste na realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras de saúde que respeitem a diversidade cultural e que sejam ambiental, cultural, econômica e socialmente sustentáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados a insegurança alimentar em famílias com crianças menores de cinco anos na fronteira amazônica Brasil - Peru. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de Assis Brasil (Brasil) e Iñapari (Peru) localizados na tríplice fronteira formada por Brasil, Bolívia e Peru. Dos 441 domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos identificados, 352 (79,82%) localizavam-se em Assis Brasil, e os demais em Iñapari. As prevalências de insegurança alimentar nos municípios são semelhantes. Assis Brasil apresentou 40,6% e Iñapari 38,2% (p=0,856). Em Assis Brasil, ter domicilio com piso de madeira ou terra aumentou em 2,47 vezes a chance de insegurança alimentar comparado a piso de cimento, tijolo, cerâmica ou lajota. Pertencer ao tercil mais pobre aumentou a chance da insegurança alimentar em 6,04 vezes (p < 0,001), e o incremento de cada novo morador aumentou 37% a chance de insegurança alimentar no domicílio. Este estudo mostra que na região amazônica a renda ainda é o principal fator associado a insegurança alimentar.

Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies and morbidity by infectious diseases in children 0-5 years of age in Iñapari in the Peruvian Amazon

Introduction: Iñapari is a town located in Peru, on the border of Brazil, between the Amazonian states of Acre and Amazonas. The local Peruvian children under five years of age present moderate anemia while the percentage of chronic child malnutrition is a major public health problem in the country as a whole. Goals: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of major childhood morbidities caused by anemia, malnutrition, intestinal parasites, toxocariasis, and hepatitis A, and identify connections with the socioeconomic and environmental conditions found in Iñapari. Methods: Interviews with questionnaires; anthropometric measurements, collection of feces and venous blood samples. Results: A 20% prevalence of anemia and 8.5% prevalence of chronic malnutrition (height for age deficiency) was found. A pathogenic intestinal parasite was noted in 24.5% of the samples, where Giardia intestinalis (14.7%) was the most frequent. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis was 33.8% and hepatitis A was 21.2%. Conclusion: There is a connection between the results found and the poor living and sanitary conditions of the population. The low income noted is also linked to the malnutrition and anemia detected

Fallo renal agudo: caracterización y factores predisponentes en pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Acute renal failure: characterization and predisposing factors in patients of the intensive care unit

Antecedentes: El fallo renal agudo(FRA) muestra una incidencia enpacientes hospitalizados en unidadde cuidados intensivos (UCI) que vade 4.7% a 9%, con un rango de edadde 50-75 años asociado a múltiplesfactores.Metodología: estudio descriptivoretrospectivo de pacientes en UCI delHospital Roosevelt en el período dediciembre 2012 a marzo del 2013,con el objetivo de determinar laincidencia de FRA. Se definió comoel aumento de creatinina séricamayor de 0.5 mg/dL en 24 horas omás, o mayor del 50% de lacreatinina basal; disminución delfiltrado glomerular del 25% de labasal y/o aumento de la relaciónnitrógeno ureico en sangre: creatininasérica (mayor de 20:1). (18, 19) Seutilizó estadística descriptiva yestadística analítica no paramétricapara el análisis secundario.Resultados: Se incluyeron 29pacientes, 20/29 (69%) fueronmujeres. Se encontró 15/29 (51%)con FRA siendo 12/15 (80%)mujeres. De los pacientes con FRA,5/15 (33%) presentó FRA pre renal,de estos 4/5 (80%) hipovolémico, 1/5(20%) isovolémica y ningunohipervolémico, FRA tipo intrínseco en10/15 (66%), no se identificó ningúncaso de tipo pos-renal. Cuando secomparó el uso de antibióticos,diuréticos, AINES (anti inflamatoriosno esteroideos) y tomografía axialcomputarizada con medio decontraste con el desarrollo o no deFRA, no se encontró diferenciaestadísticamente significativos con p:0.74, OR; 0.76; rango de OR; 0.12 –5, p: 0.74, OR; 0.76; rango de OR;0.12 – 5, p: 0.94, OR; 0.93; rango deOR; 0.1 – 10.1 y p: 0.89, OR; 0.90;rango de OR; 0.2 – 4.5respectivamente...

Minería informal e ilegal y contaminación con mercurio en Madre de Dios: un problema de salud pública / Informal and illegal mining and mercury pollution in Madre de Dios: a public health problem

La minería aluvial del oro que se ejecuta tanto informal como ilegalmente en el corredor minero y zonas de exclusión total para la minería en Madre de Dios, viene generando impactos directos e indirectos sobre la salud no sólo de los mineros que trabajan en condiciones de riesgo elevado a la exposición al polvo, la radiación solar excesiva, la humedad, el ruido, traumatismo mecánico vibratorio, exposición directa al mercurio especialmente en estado gaseoso presente en los lugares de compra de oro y otros productos químicos tóxicos, accidentes laborales frecuentes, sino también sobre la población general debido a las ingentes cantidades de mercurio vertido a las fuentes de agua que son utilizadas por los poblados de toda la cuenca del río Madre de Dios, además de la destrucción indiscriminada del frágil suelo amazónico, la deforestación de sus bosques, la migración desordenada asociada al incremento de enfermedades infectocontagiosas, violencia social, trata de personas, prostitución e inseguridad alimentaria.

Alluvial gold mining, which takes place informally or illegally within the mining allowed areas and within the forbidden areas for mining in Madre de Dios, generates a direct and indirect impact upon people's health, not only for miners who work in high risk conditions, exposing themselves to dust , excessive solar radiation, high humidity, noise, vibrating mechanical trauma, mercury which may be inhaled or accidentally ingested, particularly in areas where gold is sold and bought; and also it implies exposure to toxic chemicals and working accidents. On the other hand, the general population is exposed to water pollution because of mercury waste thrown to water sources used by people living in Madre de Dios river basin, and other problems include Amazonian forest and soil destruction, massive migration leading to an increase in transmissible diseases, social violence, person trafficking, prostitution, and unhealthy food.