Family Subjective Socioeconomic Status and University Students' Online Shopping Addiction: A Gender-Based Analysis.

Online shopping addiction has surged among today's university students. Previous studies have focused on individual and network factors, whereas neglecting family-related roles. This study examined the relationship between subjective socioeconomic status (SSES) and university students' online shopping addiction (OSA) using the life course model of consumer behavior, and explored the chain-mediating role of vanity and materialism, and the moderating role of gender. We surveyed 635 students from two universities in Henan Province, China, using self-administered scales and questionnaires assessing subjective SES (SSES), OSA, materialism, and vanity. The results showed that SSES is negatively associated with OSA. Materialism played a mediating role, whereas vanity and vanity-materialism played a suppressing role between SSES and OSA. A direct relationship between SSES and OSA was found only in men, whereas the indirect path of SSES-vanity-materialism-OSA was found only in women. These results enable better recognition and understanding of the family's role, including family economic status, in university students' gender-specific OSA. They also advance the understanding of the transmission mechanism between family economic status and university students' OSA and promote better recognition and awareness of the family's role in university students' gender-specific OSA.

Do Animations Impair Executive Function in Young Children? Effects of Animation Types on the Executive Function of Children Aged Four to Seven Years.

This study used a three (animation types: educational, entertainment, and control groups) × four (age group: four-, five-, six-, and seven-year-olds) between-group experimental design to investigate the short-term effects of animation type and age on each component of children's executive function (EF) (inhibitory control [IC], cognitive flexibility [CF], and working memory [WM]). One hundred twenty-six kindergarten and first-grade elementary school students in a city in Henan Province of China were selected for the experimental study. The results showed that briefly watching animation affected children's EF. Specifically, watching entertainment cartoons weakened children's IC and CF, while cartoons did not affect children's WM. The moderating effect of age in the relationship between animation type and EFs was non-significant. This study suggests that researchers should focus on the uniqueness of each component of EF in children aged four to seven years, and parents should try to limit children's viewing of animation, especially entertainment animation.

Family Socioeconomic Status and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool Children: The Mediating Role of Executive Function.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in preschool children and the mediating role of executive function (EF). A total of 361 parents of preschool children were surveyed using the self-reported Family Situation Questionnaire, the Child Executive Functioning Inventory, and the Child Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The results revealed that (1) there were significant pairwise correlations between SES, EF and its dimensions, and ADHD, except for a non-significant correlation between SES and regulation ability; (2) after controlling for preschool children's age and sex, SES directly predicted preschoolers' ADHD and EF partially mediated the association between SES and ADHD; and (3) among the EF dimensions, working memory and inhibitory ability significantly mediated the association between SES and ADHD, whereas the mediating effect of regulatory ability was not significant. These results suggest that SES can affect the ADHD of preschoolers both directly and through EF, especially through working memory and inhibitory ability. This supports the family stress model and family investment model of the relationship between SES and the development of children to some extent, and provides a reference for the early prevention of ADHD in children with low SES.

The Higher the Life Satisfaction, the Better the Psychological Capital? Life Satisfaction and Psychological Capital: A Moderated Mediation Model.

This study investigates the mediator role of attachment avoidance and the moderator role of rejection sensitivity on the links between life satisfaction and psychological capital (PsyCap). This study uses the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale, Rejection Sensitive Scale, Positive Psychological Capital Scale, and Life Satisfaction Scale among 999 Chinese young adults as subjects. The results presented that life satisfaction had a significant positive predictive effect on PsyCap. Mediation analysis of this study shows that attachment avoidance mediated the association between life satisfaction and PsyCap. Furthermore, moderated mediation analysis indicated that rejection sensitivity moderates the link between life satisfaction and attachment avoidance (first-stage moderation). Compared with individuals with low rejection sensitivity, individuals with high rejection sensitivity show more attachment avoidance under low life satisfaction. This study helps understand the relationship between life satisfaction and PsyCap from the perspective of rejection sensitivity theory and attachment theory and has implications for guiding college students toward strengthening PsyCap and weakening rejection sensitivity.

The Validation of Chinese Version of the Victimization Subscale of the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire.

In China, researchers have translated and validated several scales to measure victimization behavior. The aim of the present study was to validate the Chinese version of the victimization subscale of the Revised Peer Experiences Questionnaire (RPEQ) among primary school students. Primary school students aged between 8 and 13 years old (n = 1048) were asked to complete the Chinese version of the victimization subscale of the RPEQ and related scales. We examined internal consistency and the factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Depression, peer relationship, and sleep scales were used to measure construct validity. The CFA results suggested that the four-factor model had a good model fit. The results indicated that internal reliability was good (Cronbach's α = 0.83). Construct validity was mostly supported by scores on the Chinese version of the victimization subscale of the RPEQ that strongly and positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with peer relationship and sleep quality. The present study indicated that the Chinese version of the victimization subscale of the RPEQ has adequate reliability and validity for measuring bullying problems among Chinese primary school students.

The Short-Term Impact of Animation on the Executive Function of Children Aged 4 to 7.

Research has shown that animation plays an important role in the development of children's executive function (EF), and the development of EF components, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, is asynchronous. Thus, this study explores the developmental trajectories and animation features (fantasy and pacing) that influence each EF component, by examining 218 children aged 4-7. Pretest information, mainly the childhood EF inventory, was provided by parents: child's age, age of first exposure to animation, animation viewing time on weekdays and weekends, family income, and parents' education. The children in each age group were randomly divided into four groups to watch animations comprised of different animation features. After watching, their EF were measured by a day-night task, backward digit-span task, and flexible item-selection task. The results showed that the children's inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility levels all improved with age. Highly fantastical animations weakened children's performance on each subsequent EF task. Pacing had no effect on any of the components of children's EF. An interactive effect on inhibitory control was only found with fantasy in younger children; specifically, high-fantastical animations had a more pronounced short-lived weakening effect on inhibitory control in younger children (4-6 years) compared with low-fantastical animations. Future research should explore the long-term impact of content rather than the form of animation on younger children's EF.