[Evaluate the dietary quality of pregnant women using the adjusted diet balance index for pregnancy].

OBJECTIVE: To update the Chinese diet balance index for pregnancy(DBI＿P), evaluate the dietary quality of pregnant women at different stages of pregnancy and analyze the influencing factors. METHODS: The DBI＿P was adjusted according to the recommended intake of various foods for pregnant women at different stages in the newly released Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents(2022) and and the balanced dietary pagoda for pregnant women. A total of 521 pregnant women in Taicang were investigated by questionnaire and 3-day food records method. Their basic information and food intake in the first, second and third trimester were collected. Low bound score(LBS), high bound score(HBS), diet quality distance(DQD) of DBI＿P were used to evaluate the dietary quality of each stage of pregnancy and multiple linear regression method was used to analyze the influencing factors of dietary quality. RESULTS: There was insufficient intake of cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, soy nuts, aquatic products and food categories at all stages of pregnancy. The intake of eggs was sufficient at each stage of pregnancy. The intake of meat and poultry was excessive at all stages of pregnancy. The proportion of pregnant women with insufficient vegetable intake in the first, second and third trimester all exceeded 70%. The proportion with insufficient daily food categories in each term was more than 90%. The proportion with excessive intake of meat and poultry increased from 74.5% in the first trimester to 84.1% in the third trimester. The mean of LBS in each stage of pregnancy were 16.0, 15.5 and 15.1, and the proportion with moderate to severe insufficient intake were 14.2%, 12.2% and 9.2%, respectively. The mean of HBS in each stage of pregnancy were 4.3, 4.8 and 4.9, and the proportion with moderate to severe excessive intake were 4.3%, 5.4% and 4.5%, respectively. The mean of DQD in each stage of pregnancy were 20.3, 20.3 and 20.0, and the proportion with moderate to severe imbalanced intake were 26.9%, 26.1% and 21.7%, respectively. The proportion of pregnant women with low imbalanced intake or balanced diet during the whole pregnancy was 51.1%. Compared with pregnant women under 25 years of age, pregnant women ≥25 years of age had a lower degree of insufficient and unbalanced dietary intake(ß=-0.99, 95%CI-1.94--0.03). With the increase of education level, the degree of insufficient and unbalanced dietary intake of pregnant women showed a downward trend, while the degree of excessive intake increased only in college graduates(ß=0.66, 95%CI 0.11-1.22). Compared with pregnant women living in rural areas, pregnant women living in urban areas had a lower degree of excessive dietary intake(ß=-0.59, 95%CI-0.97--0.21). CONCLUSION: The dietary structure of pregnant women in Taicang is imbalanced, and the dietary quality is affected by sociodemographic characteristics.

[Main food intake prediction of Chinese residents based on grey model].

OBJECTIVE: To predict the main food intake trend of the China's urban and rural residents from 2022 to 2030. METHODS: Data was collected from the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS), which was carried out on a stratified, multistage, clustered, and random sampling method. And the average daily food intake in the survey was continuously collected by a 24-hour dietary review method for 3 consecutive days. The sample sizes aged 20 years or older of seven rounds survey were 9794, 9425, 9313, 9726, 12 760, 15 446 and 15 051, respectively. Based on the seven rounds of average food intake, the main food intake of urban and rural residents in China from 2022 to 2030 was predicted by the Grey model. RESULTS: (1)The mean absolute percentage error of average food intake prediction in urban and rural ranged from 1.6% to 38.4%. (2)In terms of the trends of food intake from 2022 to 2030, the grain and vegetable average intake of plant food in urban and rural residents showed a decreasing trend, while the average intake of fruits showed an increasing trend. The average intake of animal food, such as poultry and aquatic products in urban, livestock, poultry, eggs in rural areas showed an upward trend. Meanwhile, the average intake of animal food, such as livestock and eggs in urban and aquatic products in rural showed a downward trend. (3)Compared with the 2018, the fruits, poultry and aquatic product intake of urban and rural residents in 2030 will increase by 60.7%, 29.4% and 6.6%, the intake of grain, vegetables, livestock and eggs in urban areas will decrease by 36.9%, 19.4%, 8.7% and 12.4%, respectively. In 2030, the intake of fruits, livestock, poultry and eggs of rural residents will increase by 88.9%, 31.8%, 71.9% and 9.2%, respectively. While the intake of grain, vegetables and aquatic products of rural residents will decrease by 32.5%, 24.8% and 2.2%, respectively. (4)By 2030, the average intake of poultry in urban and rural areas will be within the recommended range of dietary guidelines. But the average intake of grain, vegetables, fruits, eggs and aquatic products in urban and rural areas will remain below dietary recommendations. While the livestock average intake will be far higher than the recommendations. CONCLUSION: The model accuracy is different when applied to different kinds of food. According to the prediction result of the grey model, residents should be guided to maintain the current grain intake level and increase the intake of vegetables, fruits, poultry, eggs and aquatic products in order to get balanced diet, while reducing the intake of livestock.

Application of the Global Diet Quality Score in Chinese Adults to Evaluate the Double Burden of Nutrient Inadequacy and Metabolic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The double burdens of under- and overnutrition are changing the health of individuals and the economic and disease burdens in China. Poor diet plays an important role; however, a valid and easily operationalized metric that could capture the full range of characteristics of the diet that are relevant to both under- and overnutrition is lacking in China. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the application of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) to evaluate nutrient inadequacy and metabolic syndrome in different demographic groups of Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 35,146 individuals (men 14,978, women 20,168) aged >18 y from the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were included. We scored the GDQS using average intakes of 25 food groups from 3 d of 24-h dietary recalls. Double burden was defined as coexisting metabolic syndrome and nutrient inadequacy. RESULTS: Diet quality assessed by GDQS was significantly higher in urban than in rural residents (20.8 compared with 18.7), and increased with both educational level and household income (P-trends < 0.0001). A higher GDQS score was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome and nutrient inadequacy, or both (P-trends < 0.0001): multivariate adjusted ORs comparing extreme quintiles of GDQS were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.91) for metabolic syndrome, 0.17 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.20) for nutrient inadequacy, and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.69) for the double burden. These associations were consistent across different household income levels (P-interaction = 0.26), suggestively stronger in younger (<50 y), females, urban residents, and the more highly educated (P-interaction < 0.05) compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: A higher GDQS was inversely associated with a double burden of nutrient inadequacy and metabolic syndrome across various subgroups of Chinese adults. The finding supports the use of the GDQS in different demographic groups of Chinese adults to assess diet quality and nutritional status.

Development and Validation of a Novel Food-Based Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS).

BACKGROUND: Poor diet quality is a major driver of both classical malnutrition and noncommunicable disease (NCD) and was responsible for 22% of adult deaths in 2017. Most countries face dual burdens of undernutrition and NCDs, yet no simple global standard metric exists for monitoring diet quality in populations and population subgroups. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop an easy-to-use metric for nutrient adequacy and diet related NCD risk in diverse settings. METHODS: Using cross-sectional and cohort data from nonpregnant, nonlactating women of reproductive age in 10 African countries as well as China, India, Mexico, and the United States, we undertook secondary analyses to develop novel metrics of diet quality and to evaluate associations between metrics and nutrient intakes and adequacy, anthropometry, biomarkers, type 2 diabetes, and iteratively modified metric design to improve performance and to compare novel metric performance to that of existing metrics. RESULTS: We developed the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS), a food-based metric incorporating a more comprehensive list of food groups than most existing diet metrics, and a simple means of scoring consumed amounts. In secondary analyses, the GDQS performed comparably with the Minimum Dietary Diversity - Women indicator in predicting an energy-adjusted aggregate measure of dietary protein, fiber, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, folate, and vitamin B12 adequacy and with anthropometric and biochemical indicators of undernutrition (including underweight, anemia, and serum folate deficiency), and the GDQS also performed comparably or better than the Alternative Healthy Eating Index - 2010 in capturing NCD-related outcomes (including metabolic syndrome, change in weight and waist circumference, and incident type 2 diabetes). CONCLUSIONS: The simplicity of the GDQS and its ability to capture both nutrient adequacy and diet-related NCD risk render it a promising candidate for global monitoring platforms. Research is warranted to validate methods to operationalize GDQS assessment in population surveys, including a novel application-based 24-h recall system developed as part of this project.

[Application of different spatial interpolation methods in sodium intake estimation].

OBJECTIVE: The spatial interpolation method was used to estimate the intake of sodium in the areas without dietary sodium intake data. METHODS: The data of dietary sodium consumption in this study are from the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance(CNNHS), the CNNHS was carried out on stratified multistage systematic clustered random sampling method with proportional to the population to form a representative sample of China as a whole, including 150 survey site. Dietary data was collected through face-to-face interview, based on a combination of three consecutive days of 24-h recalls combined with a household food weighting method, a total of 48 826 participants aged 20 years old and more were recruited in this study. The average sodium intake among 150 survey sites were calculated according to data of the CNNHS 2010-2012. The accuracy of spatial analysis techniques, such as Inverse Distance Weight, Ordinary Kriging, Cooperative Kriging method and Regression Kriging Interpolation method, was compared in the estimation of dietary sodium intake. The spatial analysis method with the highest accuracy was used to estimate the daily dietary sodium intake of each district and county in China, and then the dietary sodium intake of each province was calculated according to the population weight. RESULTS: The average sodium intake among Chinese adults was 5. 18 g, among which the average intake of men is 5. 33 g and that of women was 5. 03 g. Comparing the accuracy of four spatial analysis method in estimating dietary sodium intake, it was found that the Regression Kriging Interpolation method was superior to the other three methods, with root mean square error and mean absolute error of 0. 54 and 0. 44. The Regression Kriging Interpolation method was used to estimate the dietary sodium intake in different regions of China, the estimated national dietary sodium intake by population weighted calculation was 5. 17 g/d, the estimated national dietary sodium intake was 5. 33 g/d for men and 5. 01 g/d for women. The difference rate between the measured and estimated dietary sodium intake for all age groups was not more than 10%. Shandong Province, Tianjin City and Hebei Province had the highest sodium intake, which was 5. 98 g/d, 5. 83 g/d and 5. 82 g/d, respectively. Guizhou Province had the lowest sodium intake, with an estimated intake value of 4. 27 g/d. CONCLUSION: The spatial interpolation method can be used to estimate the intake of sodium, and the accuracy of Regression Kriging Interpolation method is higher than other spatial interpolation method.

[China prime diet quality score].

OBJECTIVE: To Develop the China Prime Diet Quality Score(CPDQS) and evaluate the relationship between dietary quality and health-related outcomes in Chinese adults. METHODS: CPDQS was conducted by 22 components, including dark green vegetables, dark red/orange vegetables, other vegetables, dark yellow fruits, citrus fruits, other fruits, whole grains/legumes, sweet potato, other potatoes, soybean, nuts, poultry, fish and shrimp, milk, eggs, red meat, fried food, refined grains, sugar sweetered beverages, salt, cooking oil, and alcohol. CPDQS components were selected based on Chinese Dietary Guidelines, and the values of each CPDQS components were set according to the dietary recommendations of foods and nutrients. According to the recommended amount of all kinds of foods under energy requirements of 2000 kcal in the Balanced Diet Pagoda, the basic score for each kind of food was 0-4, and the total score of the 22 components ranges from 0 to 100. Dietary quality of Chinese residents was evaluated according to CPDQS by analyzing data of adults aged 20-80 from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. RESULTS: Mean of CPDQS for Chinese residents aged 20 and above was 40. 28±0. 08. CPDQS was higher in urban areas than in rural areas with median 48 and 39 respectively. CPDQS of female was slightly higher than that of male with median 44 and 43 respectively. CPDQS showed significantly correlation with all kinds of nutrients, in which correlation coefficient with carbohydrate and MPA was-0. 18 and 0. 35. With the increase of CPDQS score, the risk of overweight and obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-emia and metabolic syndrome decreased. After multi-factor adjustment, ORs of the highest quantile-group were 0. 73(95%CI 0. 63-0. 84), 0. 72(95%CI 0. 63-0. 83), 0. 67(95%CI 0. 57-0. 78), 0. 85(95%CI 0. 73-0. 99) and 0. 72(95%CI 0. 61-0. 85), respectively compared with the lowest quantile-group. CONCLUSION: CPDQS is a simplified index for comprehensive evaluation of dietary quality and it can reflect differences in diet quality among people in different regions and different health conditions. CPDQS could be used as an effective tool for evaluation of dietary quality.

[Status of parents' feeding behavior and influencing factors in 3-5 years old children in 5 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China in 2018].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the status of preschool children's feeding behavior, to analyse the feeding behavior of parents and its main influencing factors of children aged 3-5 years old. METHODS: From August to December 2018, 10 kindergartens in Liaoning Province, Shanghai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangdong Province and Sichuan Province were selected by means of convenient sampling. A survey of 1057 preschool children's caregivers was conducted using the caregiver feeding style questionnaire. Chi-square test and binary Logistic regression were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of families with different feeding behaviors. RESULTS: It was found that among the four feeding style, the authoritative type accounted for only 10. 3%, and the authoritarian type accounted for 36. 1%, followed by the indulgent type(35. 8%) and the uninvolved type(17. 8%). Parents of 5-year-old were more likely to adopt indulgent type(OR=2. 60, 95%CI 1. 60-4. 22);fathers with a college degree or above were more likely to adopt authoritarian type(OR=2. 77, 95%CI 1. 39-5. 52) and indulgent type(OR=3. 79, 95%CI 1. 86-7. 72); mothers as primary caregivers were more likely to adopt authoritarian feeding method(OR=2. 48, 95%CI 1. 06-5. 83) and grandparents as primary caregivers were more likely to adopt indulgent feeding method(OR=3. 49, 95%CI 1. 54-7. 91). CONCLUSION: The proportion of children aged 3-5 whose parents adopt authoritarian, indulgent feeding method is higher. Among them, mothers are more likely to adopt authoritarian feeding behaviors, grandparents are more likely to adopt permissive feeding behaviors, and fathers with higher education are more likely to adopt authoritarian and permissive feeding behaviors.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and individual metabolic abnormalities in China, 2002-2012.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to estimate the national prevalence of metabolic syndrome, its individual components and its changes in the past decade. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Two national-representative cross-sectional surveys: the China National Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 (CNNHS 2002) and the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012 (CNNHS 2010-2012). A total of 48,235 and 104,098 participants aged 18 years or older who had completed data on physical examination, blood lipids, and fasting glucose tests from CNNHS 2002 and CNNHS 2010-2012, respectively, were included in current study. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults increased from 9.5% (95% confident interval [CI]: 9.2%-9.7%) in 2002 to 18.7% (18.3%-19.1%) in 2010-2012, corresponding to an estimated 83.6 million adults in 2002 and 189 million adults in 2010-2012 living with metabolic syndrome in China. The increment was more than doubled among young, rural residents and those from poor households. Abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, and elevated blood pressure were found in 18.9% (18.5%-19.3%), 6.4% (6.2%-6.7%), 13.8% (13.5%-14.2%), 19.3% (18.9%-19.7%), and 34.0% (33.5%-34.5%) of adults in 2002, respectively, which was 25.8% (25.3%-26.2%), 16.2% (15.8%-16.5%), 23.7% (23.3%-24.2%), 32.6% (32.0%-33.1%), and 34.4% (33.9%-34.9%), respectively, in 2010-2012. CONCLUSIONS: Based on two nationally representative surveys, our results indicated that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is widespread and increasing in China.

[Status of dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: Data was from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Dietary intake information was collected by three days food recall and weighed record of edible oil and condiments among 16 612 older adults. Daily energy and three macronutrients intake were calculated according to Chinese Food Composition 2004 and 2009 edition, and then evaluated by 2013 Chinese dietary reference intake. RESULTS: The daily average energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of Chinese older adults was(1840. 9 ± 636. 7) kcal/d, (255. 9 ± 106. 8) g/d, (55. 6±22. 7) g/d and(66. 8±35. 0) g/d, respectively. The mean proportion of energy supplied from carbohydrate, protein and fat was(55. 7% ± 12. 1%), (12. 3% ± 3. 4%)and(32. 5% ± 11. 7%), respectively. Total energy intake, carbohydrate intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrate among urban elderly were lower than that in rural, whereas protein and fat intake as well as their contribute rate for energy were higher in urban than those in rural. Regardless of urban and rural areas, four regions and genders, there was a decreasing trend of energy and macronutrient intake with the increase of age(P<0. 01). There 57. 0% of male and 53. 8% of female had lower protein intake than the recommended value, while 56. 7% of male and 56. 8% of female had higher fat contribution for energy upper than 30%. The rate of protein intake deficiency among participants aged 60-69 years old, 70-79 years old, 80 years old and above was 51. 0%, 61. 2% and 68. 6% respectively, and the proportion of energy from fat that exceeded 30%was 56. 9%, 56. 3% and 57. 1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The daily average macronutrients intake model was unreasonable with higher fat but lower protein among Chinese older adults.

[Prevalence of stunting and wasting among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years in 2010-2012 in China].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trend of stunting and wasting among children age between 6 and 17 in China. METHODS: A multistage cluster random sampling process was used to investigate 36 058 children aged 6-17 years in 2010-2012 in 31 provinces( municipalities, autonomous region) in China. Their height and weight were measured, prevalence of stunting and wasting were calculated according to national standard of malnutrition screening among school children and adolescents( WS/T 456-2014) to compare children malnutrition status in children and adolescents in four classified areas. Data was weighted by post stratification adjustment, according to standard population data in 2009 from State Statistical Bureau. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting among childrenand adolescents aged 6 to 17 in China in 2010-2012 were 3. 2%( 95% CI 2. 6%-3. 8%), among boys were 3. 6%( 95% CI 2. 9%-4. 3%) and girls were 2. 8%( 95%CI 2. 2%-3. 3%). Stunting rate among children and adolescents aged 6-17 in urban area were 1. 5%( 95% CI 1. 0%-2. 1%), and rural area were 4. 7%( 95% CI 3. 8%-5. 6%). Prevalence of stunting showed rising trend with the decline of economic level. Total prevalence of wasting among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years in China in2010-2012 were 9. 0%( 95% CI 8. 0%-9. 9%), 10. 4%( 95% CI 9. 3%-11. 6%)for boys and 7. 3%( 95% CI 6. 5%-8. 1%) for girls, 7. 8%( 95% CI 6. 6%-9. 0%)for urban area and 10. 0%( 95% CI 8. 6%-11. 4%) for rural area. Prevalence of wasting also showed rising trend with the decline of economic level. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of stunting and wasting among Chinese children and adolescents in 31 provinces( municipalities, autonomous region) was relatively low, however, stunting and wasting in poor areas should still be concerned.

[Trends of food consumption among Chinese population in 1992-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trends of food consumption among Chinese population from 1992 to 2012. METHODS: Based on the results of 1992, 2002 and 2010-2012, data of average food consumption per reference man per day was compared. The 3-consecutive day-24-hour dietary recall was used to collect information on food intake, but the condiment intake was collected by weighting method. RESULTS: The intake of cereals decreased during 1992-2012 from 439. 9 g to 337. 3 g, tubers decreased 50. 8 g during20 years. The intake of fresh vegetables was decreased from 310. 3 g to 269. 4 g from 1992 to 2012, with rural area decreased more than urban area. Fruit intake in urban area decreased from 80. 1 g to 28. 8 g, whereas rural area had minor variation. The intake ofmeats increased from 58. 9 g to 89. 7 g. There were little change on the intake of legume, dairy, fishery and their products. Intake of edible oil was increased during 1992-2002but kept stable during 2002-2012. Salt intake was 3. 4 g less in 2010-2012 than 1992 and 1. 5 g less in 2010-2012 than 2002. CONCLUSION: There had been noticeable changes in dietarypattern among Chinese population in the past 20 years. Even though Chinese dietary pattern had kept stable since 2002 and had much improved, improper food consumption still existed. Double burdens should be considered as problems which asked for attention by the government and researchers.

[Status of alcohol drinking among population aged 15 and above in China in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the drinking practice of people in China. The purpose is to provide the evidence to alcohol drinking control in China. METHODS: The data of 2010- 2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was used for this study. 145263 subjects aged 15 years and over were involved. RESULTS: The overall current drinking rate of people in China was 34. 3%, male( 54. 6%) was higher than female( 13. 3%), The 45 ~ 59 years age group ranked the highest( 38. 6%). Beer( 64. 6%)was the most, high degree wine( 38. 7%) and low degree wine( 29. 7%) were next in china drinkers. The daily alcohol consumption for drinkers was 28. 1g, 32. 8g for males and 8. 0 g for females. Daily alcohol intake( 38. 5 g) of 45 ~ 59 years were the highest. Of those who drank, 30. 4% were heavy drinkers, male( 34. 8%) was higher than female( 11. 7%). Of those who drank, 13. 9% were hazardous drinkers, male( 16. 0%) was higher than female( 4. 7%). CONCLUSION: Alcohol drinking has become a public health problem in China, and the drinking behaviors varied between differentgenders and ages. Health education program should be developed and conducted, especially for males of 45 ~ 59 years old.

[Status of consumption of potato and its related products in Chinese residents from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of consumption of potato and its related products in Chinese residents from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: Data was from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012. Information on the consumption of potato and its related products was collected using the 24 h recall method for three consecutive days. RESULTS: The average consumption of potatoes for Chinese residents was 29. 2 g / d, 20. 1 g for urban residents, 37. 7 g for rural residents. The consumption rate of potato was40. 1%, which were 35. 7% and 44. 2% in urban and rural areas. The average consumption of potato eaters was 72. 8 g, 56. 2 g and 85. 3 g for urban and rural areas respectively. The average consumptions of potato powder and chips were 0. 2 g and 0. 04 g, and the edible rate were 0. 4% and 0. 2% respectively. CONCLUSION: At present, the edible rate and the consumption of potato were lower in Chinese residents. To promote potato staple strategy should actively promote potato food products and industrial development, guide the dietary structure of Chinese residents, and improve the residents' understanding of the nutritional value of potato.

[Trends of energy and nutrients intake among Chinese population in 2002-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the energy and dietary nutrients intake trends among Chinese population from 2002 to 2012. METHODS: Data of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake were collected from 2002 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey, 2010-2012 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance, and energy and dietary nutrients intake were analyzed. The 3-consecutive days-24-hour dietary recall and food weighting method were used to collect food, edible oil and condiment intake information. The dietary nutrients intake was calculated based on the energy percentage in one family and the China Food Composition. RESULTS: Compared with 2002, the average energy intake per reference man per day of Chinese people declined to 2172. 1 kcal from 2250. 5 kcal in 2010-2012. Dietary protein intake was basically flat. Dietary fat intake in 2010-2012 was 79. 9 g, with urban level higher than rural level. Compared with that in 2002, fat intake increased by 4 g, and urban residents' intake fell slightly, making urban / rural gap narrower. Theintake of micronutrient such as vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, zinc was still lower than Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes and falling continually. CONCLUSION: In the last decade, Chinese urban / rural residents' dietary energy supply was sufficient, and the dietary nutrients intake had improved. However, there were excessive intake of fat and low intake of micronutrient was still a problem among Chinese population. There was significant difference between the urban and rural area, and the dietary quality among Chinese population especially rural residents should be improved.

Maternal supplementation of nucleotides improves the behavioral development of prenatal ethanol-exposed mice.

Maternal ethanol consumption during pregnancy can induce learning deficits in the offspring. The objective of this study was to assess whether supplementation of exogenous nucleotides during pregnancy and lactation would ameliorate prenatal ethanol-induced learning and memory deficits in the offspring of mice, and to explore the possible mechanisms. In the present study, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to ethanol (5 g/kg body weight) intragastrically from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD15. The dams in exogenous nucleotide intervention groups were fed with feed containing 0.01%, 0.04%, or 0.16% nucleotide powder, with control and ethanol groups receiving normal feed. The dams were allowed to deliver naturally and to breast feed their offspring. After weaning, behavioral tests were carried out in the offspring of each group. Serum oxidation indexes were analyzed, and the hippocampus of each offspring was collected and detected for acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activity and the expression of p-CREB, CREB, and BDNF. The results showed that maternal supplementation with exogenous nucleotides during pregnancy could ameliorate prenatal ethanol-induced learning and memory deficits in the offspring of mice, through improving their antioxidant capacity, reversing hippocampus AChE levels, and allowing the expression of some proteins related to learning and memory. However, different sensitivities were found between the two sexes.

Fructus ligustri lucidi ethanol extract improves bone mineral density and properties through modulating calcium absorption-related gene expression in kidney and duodenum of growing rats.

Optimizing peak bone mass in early life is one of key preventive strategies against osteoporosis. Fructus ligustri lucidi (FLL), the fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait., is a commonly prescribed herb in many kidney-tonifying traditional Chinese medicinal formulas to alleviate osteoporosis. Previously, FLL extracts have been shown to have osteoprotective effect in aged or ovariectomized rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of FLL ethanol extract on bone mineral density (BMD) and mechanical properties in growing male rats and explored the underlying mechanisms. Male weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups and orally administrated for 4 months an AIN-93G formula-based diet supplementing with different doses of FLL ethanol extract (0.40, 0.65, and 0.90 %) or vehicle control, respectively. Then calcium balance, serum level of Ca, P, 25(OH)2D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, osteocalcin (OCN), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), and parathyroid hormone, bone microarchitecture, and calcium absorption-related genes expression in duodenum and kidney were analyzed. The results demonstrated that FLL ethanol extract increased BMD of growing rats and improved their bone microarchitecture and mechanical properties. FLL ethanol extract altered bone turnover, as evidenced by increasing a bone formation maker, OCN, and decreasing a bone resorption maker, CTX-I. Intriguingly, both Ca absorption and Ca retention rate were elevated by FLL ethanol extract treatment, possibly through the mechanisms of up-regulating the transcriptions of calcitropic genes in kidney (1α-hydroxylase) and duodenum (vitamin D receptor, calcium transporter calbindin-D9k, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 6). In conclusion, FLL ethanol extract increased bone mass gain and improved bone properties via modulating bone turnover and up-regulating calcium absorption-related gene expression in kidney and duodenum, which could then activate 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent calcium transport in male growing rats.

Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) ethanol extract increases bone mineral density and improves bone properties in growing female rats.

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide. It is generally accepted that acquisition of a high peak bone mass (PBM) early in life can reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) ethanol extract on bone mineral density and its mechanical properties in growing female rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. The rats were given different doses of FLL extract mixed with AIN-93G formula (0.40, 0.65 and 0.90 %), and a group given AIN-93G diet treatment only was used as control. The intervention lasted for 16 weeks until the animals were about 5 months old, the time when the animals almost reach their PBM. Our results showed that FLL treatment increased bone mineral density and improved bone mechanical properties in the growing female rats in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FLL treatment significantly decreased the serum bone-resorbing marker, CTX-I, while significantly increasing serum 25(OH)D3 and thereby increasing Ca absorption and Ca retention. Intriguingly, both in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that FLL treatment could reduce the RANKL/OPG ratio. In conclusion, FLL ethanol extract exerted beneficial effects on peak bone mass acquisition and the improvement of bone mechanical properties by favoring Ca metabolism and decreasing the RANKL/OPG ratio.

Maternal quercetin administration during gestation and lactation decrease endoplasmic reticulum stress and related inflammation in the adult offspring of obese female rats.

PURPOSE: Maternal obesity is a risk factor for metabolic diseases in offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate whether quercetin administration during gestation and lactation could have any protective effect against the impact of maternal obesity on increased sensitivity to obesity and metabolic disorders in offspring. METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity. Obese dams were administered 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) quercetin intragastrically during gestation and lactation. Normal weight dams were used as controls. The F1 generation was fed with a standard diet after weaning, and blood glucose, lipids and inflammatory factors were assessed. Expression of biomarkers involved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and related inflammatory pathways in liver and adipose tissues were analyzed at postnatal day 100. RESULTS: Maternal obesity resulted in increased birth weight, postnatal BW gain, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased serum levels of inflammatory factors, and up-regulated biomarkers involved in ER stress and related inflammatory pathways in the offspring. Maternal quercetin intervention (QI) had significant ameliorating effects on maternal blood lipids, especially cholesterol, which resulted in improved glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and alleviated ER stress and related inflammation in the grown offspring of obese dams. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal QI in obese dams during gestation and lactation reduced birth weight and postnatal BW gain in the offspring, and helped to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism of the mature offspring via reducing ER stress and related inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue.

Gluten-free diet on video platforms: Retrospective infodemiology study.

Background: Video platform is an important approach for individuals to access and adopt health information. Online information on gluten-free diet (GFD) videos remains underinvestigated. Methods: GFD videos were identified by hashtag-based searching strategy. Videos' basic information, engagement metrics, and content were recorded. Mann-Kendall test was performed to examine time trends of submitting videos and engagement metrics. Video quality was evaluated by the DISCERN instrument and the HONcode. Results: A total of 822 videos were included in the analysis, with the majority focusing on gluten-free food recipes. The number of videos related to GFD was showing an upward trend. Engagement metrics varied between platforms and video types, with non-recipe videos receiving higher user engagement. The average DISCERN score was 50.20 out of 80 and the average HONcode score was 1.93 out of 8. Videos submitted by health professionals demonstrated better quality compared to those submitted by patients or general users. Conclusion: There was a rise in the number of videos related to GFD on Chinese video platforms. The overall quality of these videos was poor, most of them were not rigorous enough. Highlighting using social media as a health information source has the potential risk of disseminating one-sided messages and misleading. Efforts should be made to enhance the transparency of advertisements and establish clear guidelines for information sharing on social media platforms.

Characteristics of casein phosphopeptides in Chinese human milk and its correlation with infant growth: A cross-sectional study.

This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of casein phosphopeptides in Chinese human milk, and their potential relationship to infant growth. Using the liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry technique, a total of 15 casein phosphopeptides were identified from 200 human milk samples. Also, our results indicate that casein phosphopeptides were phosphorylated with only one phosphate. The relative concentrations of casein phosphopeptides at 6 months postpartum were increased compared with milk at 2 months (FDR < 0.05). Significantly positive correlations were observed between casein phosphopeptides and infant growth, as shown by four casein phosphopeptides were positively correlated with the infants' weight-for-age Z-scores (rs range from 0.20 to 0.29), and three casein phosphopeptides were positively correlated with the infants' length-for-age Z-scores (rs range from 0.19 to 0.27). This study is the first to reveal the phosphorylated level and composition of casein phosphopeptides in Chinese human milk, and their potential relationship with infant growth.