[Radically resected pancreatic cancer and adjuvant treatment. A review of the literature]. / Carcinoma del pancreas resecato radicalmente e terapia adiuvante. Revisione della letteratura.

Adjuvant therapy represents the gold standard treatment for radically resected pancreatic cancer. Results from randomized clinical trials confirmed the efficacy of adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer but did not define what is the "right choice" in terms of type of antiblastic drug (among gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil or other drugs), role of polychemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. The objective of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for radically resected pancreatic cancer through a systematic review of literature data, emphasizing the benefits regarding overall survival, disease-free survival and toxicity.

Increased overall survival independent of RECIST response in metastatic breast cancer patients continuing trastuzumab treatment: evidence from a retrospective study.

Recent studies have reported the potential clinical utility for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients of continuing trastuzumab beyond progression. Based on those results, here the authors have examined the benefits of trastuzumab-continuation by specifically evaluating RECIST responses upon first line trastuzumab-treatment as a potential predictive marker for therapeutic effect of trastuzumab-continuation beyond metastatic disease progression. The authors carried out a retrospective analysis of 272 HER2 positive MBC patients under trastuzumab treatment at 22 different oncology Italian centers during the years of 2000 and 2001 who progressed under first line trastuzumab-treatment. The primary end point of the study was the survival from the date of first documented progression upon first line trastuzumab treatment of disease. Data analysis involved the use of matching on propensity score to balance variables between treated and untreated subjects and to reduce bias. Of the 272 HER2-positive MBC patients, 154 (56.6%) continued treatment. 79 (51.3%) of those 154 patients showed responses based on RECIST criteria during first-line trastuzumab-treatment. Of the 118 patients that suspended trastuzumab, RECIST responses had been observed in 44 (37.3%). Cox proportional hazards analysis of progressed patients, matched using propensity score, showed that discontinuation of trastuzumab at metastatic disease progression was a risk factor for significantly reduced overall survival in both responder (HR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.03-4.82) and non-responder groups (HR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.73-7.21), with no significant differences in the two estimated HRs (P-value of the likelihood-ratio test = 0.690). Continued trastuzumab treatment after disease progression has clinically and statistically significant effects in both RECIST responder and non-responder MBC patients.

Toxic encephalopathy in elderly patients during treatment with capecitabine: literature review and a case report.

Capecitabine is now-a-days rapidly replacing 5-Fluorouracil in daily clinical practice. Neurologic toxicity during a treatment with fluoropyrimidines, as 5-fluorouracil, represents a well-known side-effect, largely described in literature. Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, mainly encephalopathy with or without seizures, occurs occasionally even when conventional doses are used. CNS toxicity incidence increases markedly when the blood-brain barrier is either overwhelmed or bypassed (Hildebrand J. Neurological complications of cancer chemotherapy. Curr Opin Oncol 2006; 18: 321-324). Peripheral nervous system (PNS) toxicity is more common because proximal and distal extremities of the peripheral nerves are not protected by a blood-brain like barrier and peripheral neuropathy remains a major limiting factor for the administration of conventional doses of several agents (Saif W, Wood TE, McGee PJ and Diasio RB. Peripheral neuropathy associated with capecitabine, Anticancer Drugs 2004;15: 767-771). Capecitabine is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, more easily administered by mouth; its transformation in 5-fluorouracil is performed in the liver. There are only a few reports on the toxic neurological side-effects of capecitabine. We describe in our report a rare case of toxic encephalopathy in a 82-year-old female, with a brief review of literature. In the literature reviewed, we found 12 neurologic episodes due to capecitabine lasting between a few days till some months. All clinical symptoms of the cases described in literature, obtained a complete regression with the discontinuation of capecitabine. A relation was not found with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) mutation, also if pharmacologic and pharmacogenetic assessment should be done for this drug, especially in old patients. Toxic encephalopathy represents a rare event during capecitabine treatment and on the bases of the data found, is fairly managed in the clinical setting. The knowledge of the natural history of the toxic effect allows the use of the drug also in old patients.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors With or Without Bone-Targeted Therapy in NSCLC Patients With Bone Metastases and Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio.

Introduction: Bone metastases (BMs) are a negative prognostic factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape of NSCLC, little information is available on BMs from NSCLC treated with ICIs alone or in association with bone-targeted therapy (BTT) such as zoledronate or denosumab. Methods: From 2014 to 2020, 111 of the 142 patients with BMs secondary to NSCLC extrapolated from the prospective multicenter Italian BM Database were eligible for analysis. Information on blood count, comorbidities, and toxicity was retrospectively collected. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) pre- and post-treatment was calculated. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with statistical significance of survival differences assessed using the log-rank test. Results: Median age was 66 (range, 42-84) years. Performance status (PS) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) was 0-1 in 79/111 patients. The majority of patients (89.2%) had adenocarcinoma histology. At a median follow-up of 47.4 months, median progression-free (mPFS) and overall survival (mOS) was 4.9 (95%CI, 2.8-10.0) and 11.9 (95%CI, 8.2-14.4) months, respectively. Forty-six (43.4%) patients with BM NSCLC underwent first- or further-line therapy with ICIs: 28 (60.8%) received nivolumab, 9 (19.6%) pembrolizumab, and 9 (19.6%) atezolizumab. Of the 46 patients treated with ICIs, 30 (65.2%) underwent BTT: 24 (80.0%) with zoledronate and 6 (20.0%) with denosumab. The ICI-alone group had an mOS of 15.8 months [95%CI, 8.2-not evaluable (NE)] vs. 21.8 months (95%CI, 14.5-not evaluable) for the ICI plus BTT group and 7.5 (95%CI, 6.1-10.9) months for the group receiving other treatments (p < 0.001). NLR ≤5 had a positive impact on OS. Conclusion: BTT appears to have a synergistic effect when used in combination with ICIs, improving patient survival.

First prospective data on breast cancer patients from the multicentre italian bone metastasis database.

Bone metastases (BM) are still the main cause of morbidity in cancer patients because of skeletal-related events (SREs) that reduce quality of life. They have also led to increased social and healthcare costs. At present, data available on BM are insufficient. This was a multicentre prospective observational study of patients with BM from breast cancer (BC) with at least 6 months' follow-up. Information on patients at the first diagnosis of BM, including demographics and characteristics of the primary tumor and BM. Data were periodically updated by participating centres and reviewed by the coordinator centre. From October 2014 to July 2019, 618 patients with BM from solid tumors were enrolled and 220 were eligible for the present study. Median age was 62 years (range 26-86). Median follow-up was 34 months (range 6-149). At the time of enrolment, 109 (50%) had only BM (BOM) and 109 (50%) had concomitant visceral lesions and BM (BVM). Median time-to-first BM was 47 months (range 0-312) in BOM and 78.6 months in BVM patients. Disease-free interval differed on the basis of BC molecular subtype and stage. Ninety-eight BM patients had at least on SRE. Zoledronate was used in 69.1% of cases and denosumab in 28.3%. First-line treatment was hormone-based (50.7%), chemotherapy-based (38.7%) or chemotherapy- + hormone therapy-based (9.7%). Median progression-free and overall survival were 15.1 months (95% CI 12.6-18.4) and 66.8 months (95% CI 52.1-79.2), respectively. Our prospective study could substantially help to better understand the natural history of BM from BC.

[Preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: systematic review of literature]. / Chemioterapia preoperatoria nelle neoplasie del retto localmente avanzate.

Nowadays, neoadjuvant radiotherapy represents the gold standard in the treatment of locally-advanced rectal cancer. Likewise, a lot of evidences seems to suggest that preoperative chemotherapy could improve the local control of the disease, favour the downstaging of the tumor, and make possible an higher number of conservative, sphincter-sparing surgical approaches. In our paper we systematically reviewed the evidences of literature to detect both the main benefits and the limits of pre-operative chemotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Moreover, we critically reviewed both the main outcomes of preoperative chemotherapy (overall survival, disease-free interval, number of conservative, sphincter-sparing surgical approaches) and its safety (acute and chronic safety), to give clinicians an evidence-based support for their clinical practice.

Treatment of Metastatic, Castration-resistant, Docetaxel-resistant Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of Literature With a Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the efficacy of abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel and Radium-223 in the treatment of castration-resistant, docetaxel-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS: An indirect comparison of Overall Survival (OS) and time to PSA progression among abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel and Radium-223 was performed with a network metaanalysis. OS in the entire population of patients was the primary endpoint. OS in ECOG 0-1/2, BPISF≤ 4/>4, pretreated with 1 or 2 courses of chemotherapy, age≤65/>65 patients, patients with only bone metastases or bone and visceral metastases, and time to PSA progression were the secondary endpoints. An indirect comparison of the Hazard Ratio and the 95% Confidence Interval was performed, assuming an alpha error of 5% as an index of statistical significance. The among-the-trial heterogeneity was assessed using a qualitative methodological and clinical analysis. RESULTS: Four trials were selected. In three trials, the comparator was placebo, in one trial it was mitoxantrone, the effect of which in improving survival was considered negligible. No significant difference in OS among abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel and radium 223 was observed in neither the entire population nor all the subgroups of patients. Enzalutamide resulted significantly better than abiraterone acetate, cabazitaxel or radium-223 in time to PSA progression. CONCLUSION: Since no significant difference in efficacy seems to exist between the four therapeutic options in the treatment of castration-resistant, docetaxel-resistant, metastatic prostate cancer, the safety of the treatment, patient's compliance and costs should represent the criteria to guide clinicians' choice in clinical practice.

Zoledronic acid treatment at home: safety data from an observational prospective trial.

BACKGROUND: To prospectively assess feasibility, side effects, and safety of a home treatment with zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases confined to home. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients with bone metastases (15 males and 27 females; mean age, 72 years; range, 48-86), confined to home because of functional impairment or low performance status, were enrolled into the trial. They were included in a comprehensive program of home care, and were treated with zoledronic acid, 4 mg. Primary end point of this observational trial was the safety assessment of the treatment at home; secondary end points were the clinical assessment of the time to treatment discontinuation and the definition of a pattern of patients who could benefit by a home treatment with intravenous bisphosphonates. RESULTS: Nineteen patients had breast cancer; 7, multiple myeloma; 5, non-small-cell lung cancer; 4, renal cancer; 4, prostate cancer; 1, thyroid cancer; 1 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; and 1 soft tissue sarcoma. On the whole, 220 home treatments were administered in 3 years, with a median of 4 administrations per patient (range, 1-28). Median time to treatment discontinuation was 130 days. The treatment was interrupted for worsening of the performance status in 30 patients (71.4%), length of the treatment greater than 24 months in 2 patients (4.8%), hypocalcemia in 1 patient (2.4%), renal failure in 1 patient (2.4%). No difference in median time to treatment discontinuation was observed among patients with breast cancer, multiple myeloma, or other tumors in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed no prognostic significance for kind of tumor, age at the time of entering the trial, gender, and number of extraosseous sites of disease. No acute major side effects were observed during the treatment, and the treatment had to be interrupted for side effects in 2 patients (4.8%). One patient had jaw osteonecrosis some months after the treatment was stopped. CONCLUSIONS: The home treatment with zoledronic acid seems safe. The appropriate use of biphosphonates in such a new setting needs a criterion to identify the subset of patients with bone metastases confined to home who can really benefit by this treatment.

Antimetabolites in the treatment of advanced pleural mesothelioma: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

An indirect comparison of cisplatin-pemetrexed (CP) and cisplatin-raltitrexed (CR) was performed. The Odds Ratios of 10, 15 and 20 month survival rate and response rate were assumed as indexes of efficacy; the Odds Ratio of grade III-IV side effects, and the absolute risk of overall, hematologic and non-hematologic toxicity, were assumed as indexes of safety. The outcomes of 352 patients were analysed. The Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) of 10, 15 and 20 months survival rate and response rate were 1.2 (95% CI 0.65-2.24, p = 0.559), 1.02 (95% CI 0.49-2.12, p = 0.953), 1.13 (95% CI 0.44-2.91, p = 0.805) and 0.56 (95% CI 0.26-1.21, p = 0.141), respectively. An absolute increased risk of grade III-IV side effects was observed for CP: 6% (95% CI 3-9%, p < 0.001), 9% (95% CI 2-16%, p = 0.008) and 3% (95% CI 0-5%, p = 0.035) for overall, hematological and non-hematological toxicity. CP and CR can be considered comparable in terms of efficacy in the treatment of metastatic pleural mesothelioma, with a modest increased risk of grade III-IV side effects for CP.

Aromatase inhibitors and anti-synthetase syndrome.

Adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive breast cancer (BC) is actually centered on the use of anti-aromatase inhibitors (AI). Several reports, however, are emerging in literature associating the use of this drugs to rheumatic disorders. This case report describes the first case of anti-synthetase syndrome diagnosis after treatment with anti-estrogen agents in a patient with pre-existing rheumatoid arthritis.

Early Docetaxel and Androgen Deprivation in the Treatment of Metastatic, Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: To assess the role of docetaxel plus androgen deprivation in metastatic, hormone- sensitive prostate cancer. METHODS: A qualitative systematic review of literature was performed. All the randomized phase III trials comparing docetaxel plus androgen deprivation with androgen deprivation alone in patients with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were considered eligible and included into the analysis. RESULTS: Six papers (3 randomized clinical trials, and 3 systematic reviews with meta-analysis) were considered eligible and included into the analysis. A significant improvement in time to progression and OS in the entire population treated with docetaxel plus androgen deprivation was reported in all the trials and meta-analyses, and in two trials and all meta-analyses, respectively. One trial reported improvement of OS only in patients with high volume disease, and the meta-analysis that also analyzed the subgroups of patients with high or low volume disease reported a benefit of docetaxel plus androgen deprivation for either the entire population or the two subgroups of patients. CONCLUSION: The early use of docetaxel combined with androgen deprivation improves the main outcomes in the treatment of metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. The available data suggest that docetaxel plus androgen deprivation could be considered the novel standard for fit patients with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

[Chemotherapy in extended small-cell lung cancer. Retrospective analysis of two different series of patients treated with carboplatin and etoposide or ciclophosphamide-epidoxorubicin and etoposide]. / La chemioterapia del microcitoma disseminato. Confronto tra carboplatino-etoposide e ciclofosfamide-epirubicina-etoposide.

Although cisplatin and etoposide seem to represent the treatment of choice in Small-Cell Lung Cancer, a lot of data exist in literature supporting both the use of anthracycline-containing regimens and the use of alternating regimens where platinum-containing regimens and anthracycline-containing regimens are alternatively used as first line in the same patient. In our paper we review the outcomes of two different series of patients treated with ciclophosphamide-epidoxorubicin-etoposide (CEVP16) or carboplatin-etoposide (CBE) for extended Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Sixty-three patients (53.4%) were treated with CEVP16 and 55 patients (46.6%) with CBE. Response Rate (complete plus partial responses) was greater in patients treated with CEVP16 (49.2%) when compared with the response rate in patients treated with CBE (30.9%) (p=0.04 using the Chi-Square test); no differences were observed in the median time to progression (235 vs 199 days, using the Log-Rank test). Overall survival was greater in the CEVP16 group when compared with the CBE one (281 vs 208 days and 35.6% vs 16.3% of patients alive after 2 years of follow up for CEVP16 and CBE respectively, p=0.02 using the Log-Rank test). Although our data present all the methodological limits of the "case-series", it is interesting to observe how an anthracycline-containing regimen seems to be more effective than a platinum-containing one and how it could still play a role in the treatment of extended Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Carboplatin and gemcitabine in the palliative treatment of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer: definitive results of a phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin-containing regimens represent the gold standard in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer, but carboplatin is often preferred for its better toxic profile when palliation is the aim of the treatment. The synergistic effect and tolerability of carboplatin-gemcitabine combination are well known. In this phase II trial, we evaluated the activity and safety of a schedule with carboplatin and gemcitabine, defined in our previous phase I trial. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with measurable stage IV non-small cell lung cancer were treated with carboplatin, AUC 4.5 mg/ml/min on day 1, and gemcitabine, 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every 21 days. All patients were treated until disease progression or intractable toxicity and were evaluated before each course of chemotherapy for toxicity and after every 3 courses for response. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of over 10 months, complete response, partial response, and stabilization of the disease were observed in 3 (8.1%), 9 (24.3%), and 15 patients (40.5%), respectively. Median time to progression was 7 months. At this writing, 27 patients have died, with a median survival of 10 months, and 29 (78.3%), 16 (43.2%), and 11 (29.7%) patients are alive after 6, 12, and 15 months of follow-up, respectively. Toxicity was mild, and mainly hematological, with a significant correlation with the number of courses of chemotherapy (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Our results are comparable with those reported in the literature and confirm the good activity and tolerability of the carboplatin-gemcitabine combination. Up to 4 courses of chemotherapy with carboplatin and gemcitabine may represent an interesting option in the palliative treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.

Lipoplatin treatment in lung and breast cancer.

The introduction of cisplatin in cancer treatment represents an important achievement in the oncologic field. Many types of cancers are now treated with this drug, and in testicular cancer patients major results are reached. Since 1965, other compounds were disovered and among them carboplatin and oxaliplatin are the main Cisplatin analogues showing similar clinical efficacy with a safer toxicity profile. Lipoplatin is a new liposomal cisplatin formulation which seems to have these characteristics. Lipoplatin was shown to be effective in NSCLC both in phase 2 and phase 3 trials, with the same response rate of Cisplatin, a comparable overall survival but less toxicity. A new protocol aiming to elucidate the double capacity of Lipoplatin to act as a chemotherapeutic and angiogenetic agent in triple-negative breast cancer patients is upcoming.

Small cell neuroendocrine tumor of the breast in a 40 year-old woman: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Small cell neuroendocrine cancer of the breast is a rare tumor with less than 30 cases reported in the literature. The morphological and immunohistochemical patterns of this tumor are similar to small cell neuroendocrine cancer of the lung. For this reason, it is often difficult to distinguish a primary small cell neuroendocrine cancer of the breast from a metastatic lesion from other sites. CASE PRESENTATION: We report and characterize with immunohistochemical techniques a case of primary small cell neuroendocrine cancer of the breast occurring in a 40-year-old Caucasian woman. A palpable and mobile 3.0 cm tumor was located in the upper-outer quadrant of her right breast. Lumpectomy and subsequent radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node resection were performed. Microscopically, the tumor consisted predominantly of a diffuse proliferation of small oat cells. The tumor cells were positive for neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A and synaptophysin. One of 16 lymph nodes was metastatic. A correct treatment needs to be chosen. CONCLUSIONS: It has recently been demonstrated that early small cell neuroendocrine cancer of the breast shows a good prognosis with adjuvant treatments with high disease free survival. Our patient is alive and well without disease eight years after treatment. We performed an adjuvant therapy with the classic scheme doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by carboplatin and etoposide. A more extensive review is required to define a standard treatment protocol for this rare neoplasm.

Second non-breast primary cancer following adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer: a report from the International Breast Cancer Study Group.

The incidence of second non-breast primary cancer following adjuvant treatment was evaluated using data from patients enrolled from 1978 to 1999 in four International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG) trials. The occurrence of these tumours as sites of the first failure was assessed separately for two treatment comparisons: toremifene versus tamoxifen for 5 years in 1035 patients in IBCSG Trials 12-93 and 14-93 with a median follow-up of 8 years and endocrine therapy (toremifene or tamoxifen) versus chemo-endocrine therapy (CMF or AC plus toremifene or tamoxifen) in 1731 patients from IBCSG Trials III, VII and 12-93, with a combined median follow-up of 14 years. No significant differences in second non-breast primary tumours were observed in either comparison. In particular, the incidences of second primary uterine tumours with toremifene and tamoxifen were similar and no significant increase of secondary leukaemias was observed with chemo-endocrine therapy compared with endocrine therapy.

Treating sialorrhea with transdermal scopolamine. Exploiting a side effect to treat an uncommon symptom in cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Sialorrhea is a distressing symptom accompanying oral cancer and many heterogeneous cancer-related conditions (chemotherapy-induced nausea, bowel subocclusion, pharmacologic side effects), but its incidence is low in cancer patients. Conversely, it is frequent in patients with neurological damage, and some therapeutic options have been attempted such as botulinum toxins, anticholinergic agents, and surgical procedures. CASE REPORT: We report the case of an 80-year-old woman with peritoneal carcinomatosis and bowel subocclusion, suffering from distressing nausea and sialorrhea that rapidly improved using transdermal scopolamine. No relevant side effects occurred during the treatment, and the reduction of the abnormal salivation allowed the recovery of oral feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Anticholinergic drugs are classified as secondary options in the treatment of sialorrhea of patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebral palsy, owing to the relevant side effects occurring during prolonged treatments. However, they could be useful in cancer patients with bowel subocclusion, as the reduction of gastrointestinal secretions and intestinal motility (frequent side effects of anticholinergic drugs) could be effective in controlling nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Moreover, the transdermal or sublingual route of administration can be of some interest, avoiding other more invasive parenteral approaches.