"I would not wait for them to commit crime": Cesare Lombroso's criminal anthropology in Croatia.

Croatia is a Central European and Mediterranean country with a long maritime border with Italy. Throughout history, it was not only goods but also knowledge and medical practices that were exchanged over its borders. Following archival sources, individual informal networks, professional publications, daily newspapers, and public lectures, we aimed to present main channels by which Croatian intellectuals embraced Lombroso's criminal anthropology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. We illuminated the fact that the adoption of Cesare Lombroso's concepts stimulated the joint engagement and communication of medical and legal realms in Croatia. Our analysis exposed the traces of Lombroso's ideas within the reform of the penal code, thus influencing forensic psychiatric practice. We showed how those ideas were translated into policy, politically exploited, and pitched into discussions employing rhetorical techniques, which led to the stigmatization of certain groups of people, particularly patients suffering from epilepsy. Our results also showed that, contrary to other countries that formed Austria-Hungary, the discussions about Lombroso's criminology waned in Croatia after the First World War. We believe that our results can close the gap on this topic, adding the evidence about the spread and influence of Lombroso's concepts within Austria-Hungary in the analyzed period.

'Images from our orthopaedic hospital': photography in the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans in Croatia during the First World War.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that Spisic's photographs were used as a tool in representing the strategies and public health position of orthopaedics as an emerging medical specialty in Croatia in the period from 1915 to 1917. METHODS: Formal and contextual analysis of photographs included in the book How we help our invalids: Images from our orthopaedic hospital and courses for disabled people, which was published in 1917 by the founder of orthopaedics in Croatia Bozidar Spisic (1879-1957), as well as historical documents and articles. RESULTS: Spisic's 102 photographs cover all phases of the rehabilitation of disabled war veterans and depict them holistically and during typical everyday activities. CONCLUSION: Spisic's visualization of disabled veterans attempted to demonstrate the transformation and reactivation of disabled bodies, using them as a persuasive tool in the rehabilitation not only of individuals, but of the society as a whole.

"For aging not passively endured, but actively experienced:" on Symposium on Gerontology from 1958.

The subjects of gerontology and geriatrics did not arouse stronger interest among Croatian scholars until the second half of the twentieth century. From 1952 to 1957, a number of Croatian medical experts gave lectures on gerontology at the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Based on these lectures, in 1958 the Academy published the first book on gerontology in Croatia under the title Symposium on Gerontology. Its editor was Franjo Kogoj, a dermatovenereologist and a Fellow of the Academy (1894-1983). In this article, we focused on the contents of Symposium, namely, on the discussions about geriatric terminology, theories of aging, epistemological issues in gerontology, as well as clinical experiences with older patients. We argue that Symposium marks the beginning of a synthetic and interdisciplinary approach to gerontology in Croatia.

'They accused me of strangling her': epilepsy and violence debate in Croatia at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries.

Nineteenth-century psychiatry shifted its focus to the brain as the seat of mental disorders. With a new understanding of mental disorders arose the need to consult forensic psychiatrists in cases of criminal acts committed by persons with mental illness. This article focuses on three murders committed by 'epileptics' at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries in Croatia. An analysis of these cases will help to situate forensic psychiatry at the turn of the century within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and reveal the authority that forensic experts wielded in the courts. We will argue that Cesare Lombroso's biological theory of crime, as well as the influence of eugenicists and pharmaceutical companies, shaped the long-standing relationship between epilepsy and violent behaviour.

[Tracing a journal fragment from the World War I]. / Tragom fragmenta dnevnickog zapisa iz prvoga svjetskog rata.

The paper presents a fragment of the World War I journal, discovered recently to belong to Vladimir Jelovsek (1879-1934) the physician, writer and one of the most prominent editors of Lijecnicki vjesnik. The journal was written during his attendance at the eastern front from June 1915 to July 1916 beginning with the fall of Lvov and partly following both Brusilov's invasions. On the territory of Croatia the war journals written by medical representatives are very rare. However, such sources could extend our knowledge on individual war reflexions, soldiers' principles or mindset, as well as to enable the comparison of their content with the body of already published autobiographical and other sources. Recently detected journal of Vladimir Jelovsek exposes the individual perception of war carried out through traumatic war experience of an individual abruptly exposed to war conditions. Furthermore, it adds to our knowledge the Jelovsek's life enlightening in those segments of his life which haven't been explored so far.

[FOUNDATION OF THE MUSEUM FOR THE HISTORY OF HEALTH IN 1944 AND ROLE OF ITS FIRST CURATOR STANKO SIELSKI]. / OSNIVANJE MUZEJA ZA POVIJEST ZDRAVSTVA U HRVATSKOJ 1944. GODINE I ULOGA NJEGOVA PRVOG KUSTOSA STANKA SIELSKOG.

The Museum of the History of Health Care in Croatia, as the first such museum in the southeastern part of Europe, was established by the Croatian Medical Association in Zagreb in 1944. Beside Vladimir Cepulic (1891 - 1964) the head of the Croatian Medical Association, epidemiologist Stanko Sielski (1891 - 1958), was one of the most prominent personalities to be credited for realizing this project. He was born in Gracanica into a family of Polish origin. After his graduation in Vienna in 1919, he worked as an epidemiologist in Konjic, Prozor, Glamoc and other places in the area of Bosnia, mostly involved in typhoid fever and variola eradication. At the beginning of the Second World War he was in Banja Luka where he was given the duty of director of the Department of Endemic Syphilis Eradication. During 1942 and 1943 his correspondence took place with Vladimir Cepulic, which is today preserved in the Section of the History of Medicine of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. On the basis of this material it was possible to trace the circumstances of the foundation of the Museum of the History of Health Care, how items were collected for its first exhibition, and the role of Stanko Sielski in preserving the medical heritage and dissemination of knowledge of the history of medicine to a broader audience.

The Balkan beam - Florschütz frame and its use during the Great War.

We remember the military medical practice of Croatian surgeon, Vatroslav Florschütz (1879-1967), known for his invention of the traction frame for repositioning bone fracture fragments of the upper and lower extremities. The method, known as the Balkan frame / beam or Balkan splint, was introduced and published in 1911 and used in war medicine thereafter. The memory of this invention adds to our orthopaedic heritage and sheds light on its creator working under the most demanding war circumstances. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of World War I, reminiscence of Florschütz's war experience, his orthopaedic innovation and other innovations contributes to our understanding of human efforts to save lives and restore bodily function of the wounded during wars.

[FIRST OPERATION ON OPEN HEART IN HYPOTHERMIA PERFORMED IN CROATIA IN 1957]. / PRVA OPERACIJA NA OTVORENOM SRCU U HIPOTERMIJI U HRVATSKOJ IZVEDENA 1957. GODINE.

On October 25, 1957, the first open heart surgery in hypothermia was performed in Zagreb, at the Department of Surgery, Dr. Ozren Novosel University Hospital (now Merkur University Hospital), in a female patient with pulmonary valve stenosis under the control of the eye and with interruption of venous circulation. It was the first such operation performed in hypothermia not only in Croatia, but probably in the territory of former Yugoslavia.

The establishment of orthopedics in Croatia : The role of Bozidar Spisic (1879-1957) and his professional networks.

Bozidar Spisic was a pioneer of Croatian orthopedics. In 1908 he founded the first private orthopedic clinic in the entire South Slav region. During the First World War he organized and headed the first orthopedic hospital for the rehabilitation and resocialization of wounded soldiers. In the interwar period, Spisic was tasked with establishing the orthopedic clinic within the auspices of the School of Medicine, University of Zagreb. This effort in shaping and developing orthopedics in Croatia would not have been possible without his participation in a wide network of internationally renowned orthopedists. After graduating from the University of Graz in 1904, Spisic spent the next 4 years specializing in orthopedics with Hans Spitzy, Arnold Wittek, Fritz Lange and, most importantly, Adolf Lorenz. In this paper, we have reconstructed the transfer of knowledge and experiences between these prominent Austrian and German orthopedists and Bozidar Spisic. We have paid special attention to the identification of those elements in Spisic's work that can be traced back to his mentor, teacher and lifelong colleague Adolf Lorenz, such as his treatment for congenital hip dislocation. We believe that the analysis of professional networks can shed additional light on the historiography of orthopedics, given that these influences did not manifest solely through the acquisition of specialized clinical knowledge but also through a profound influence on the core tenets of orthopedics as a discipline-its institutional organization and overall conservative approach.

[A refined institution was created: which serves to all of the members of insurance in the case of illness: foundation and development of Merkur's sanatorium in Zagreb until 1945]. / Stvorena je jedna veoma lijepa ustanova, koja sluzi svim osiguranicima u slucaju bolesti: osnutak i razvoj merkurova sanatorija u zagrebu do 1945. godine.

The historiography of Zagreb sanatorium Merkur, founded by Merkur Insurance Society in 1930 is presented. The research is based on archival sources kept in the State's archives as well as in the National library in Zagreb aiming to identify the opening, building and governing the hospital until 1945. The analysis of the hospital historiography allowed the insight into social insurance development on our territory as well as of Zagreb's population receptivity towards the health institution and the quality of health service in the first half of the 20th century. The paper is dedicated to the 140th anniversary of Merkur Insurance Society foundation.

Prostitutes and criminals: beginnings of eugenics in Croatia in the works of Fran Gundrum from Oriovac (1856-1919).

Fran Gundrum (1856-1919) was a Croatian physician, encyclopedist, and an advocate of medical enlightenment and healthy lifestyle. In order to identify and analyze Gundrum's ideas about the problems of prostitution and criminality, we studied all of his books, booklets, and articles published between 1905 and 1914. We showed that Gundrum's theories of heredity, morality, and sexual hygiene incorporated many of the important discussions of his time, especially those related to the Darwinian paradigm. Gundrum's project of collecting statistics on prostitutes was the first such study published on the territory of today's Croatia. Although he rejected the notions of born prostitutes and born criminals, defended by Italian criminal anthropologist Cesare Lombroso, he still regarded eugenics as a convenient method of dealing with the ills of society. He believed that criminals were degenerate individuals representing a violent threat to the society and that it was legitimate to use radical means, such as sterilization and deportation, to deal with this problem. Organicistic view of the society prevented him from seeing the individual rights as important as that of the society to protect itself. Nevertheless, this view led to many humanistic ideas, such as the binomial illness/poverty in case of prostitution, which influenced many prominent works of social medicine movement.

Entities and eponyms: two each, and a painter--"175" years on.

Time frames are always dictated by the calendar. Kaposi was born 175 years ago, Carl Heitzmann one year before, and lupus erythematosus (LE) just one year later. Strawberry Hill and its lord played not too small a role in unraveling some details of LE and the "hemorrhagic sarcoma to-be." Kaposi (1837-1902) lent his name to one of the above two syndromes, but he published extensively on both in the same year, same journal, and same volume (German Archives, volume 4, 1872). The literary "birth" of chronic discoid LE (CDLE) (1838) trails the master's by one year. Carl Heitzmann's birth precedes it, also by one--justification enough to deal with the three in one.

God's punishment or bad strategy: anti-epidemic measures in the lower Neretva basin at the time of cholera in 1886.

The epidemic of cholera that took place in the Neretva basin in 1886 was part of the fifth pandemic wave that was spreading throughout Europe. Based on the death records, vital statistics and the newspaper articles from that period, in this paper we present the emergence and the course this epidemic. In the context of analysis and experience of the epidemic of cholera in the lower Neretva basin, the newspaper articles have been recognized as a sensitive register of the changes of behavioural patterns, the way of speaking, the mechanisms of reacting and adjusting to the spreading epidemic, but also the resistance to it. It is based on this material that we can make conclusions about the relationship between the individual and the collective in the time of danger, as well as about the particularities of historical events that have been left out in other sources. Two potential paths for cholera to enter the area of the lower Neretva basin have been identified: one from the sea and the other from land, via the neighbouring country of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Quarantine measures had been taken in order to prevent the onslaught of the epidemic, a sanitary cordon was organized, disinfection of the land was carried out and a cholera hospital organized in Metkovic. However, despite the undertaken measures, an inefficiency of the government organs was obvious, because their actions mainly applied to formal fulfilment of anti-epidemic measures and they quite easily handed over individual initiatives to physicians. The analysis of strategies concerning the application of anti-epidemic measures in the past can be useful for learning more about the multilayered nature of social mechanisms in the time of epidemics, which makes it convincing and valuable even in the present day.

[The lower Neretva basin as a pathological topos: press reports and politicization of the memories of the age of cholera in 1886]. / Poneretvlje kao patoloski topos: tisak I politizacija sjecanja na doba kolere 1886. g.

The lower Neretva basin as a space that has undergone historical transformation into a myth of a pathological topos has been analyzed. Starting from the fact that temporality is essential for understanding of the elements that partake in conceptualization of a myth, we have analyzed the state of this area as it was during its exposure to an epidemic of cholera in 1886. There is evidence that at this time exactly a step forward was made in comprehension of the etiology of the disease, which resulted in the change of centuries-long concepts of the Neretva basin as an unhealthy area. In this paper the Neretva basin was understood and presented as a field of unfolding of all kinds of transformations, a habitat exposed to manifold social arrangements, lushly documented in newspapers and other printed material. The arguments about the natural disaster in these texts are ethically and politically coloured, which to a large extent corresponds to the vocabulary of current print media on similar occasions. Thus, the area of the Neretva basin imposes itself as a multilayered anthropological concept, a multi-semantic ecologically and socially constituted reality, within which history functions as a valuable source of knowledge pliable to contemporary usage.

"CAN ELECTRICITY HEAL"?: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE BEGINNINGS OF ELECTROTHERAPY IN CROATIA / "STO VRIEDI ELEKTRICITET KAO LIEK"?: POVIJESNI PREGLED POCETAKA PRIMJENE ELEKTROTERAPIJE NA PODRUCJU HRVATSKE

In the period from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, electrotherapy was applied worldwide with various incidence and different results. The application of electrotherapy is an indicator of the acquisition and transfer of knowledge from the basic sciences (physics) to medicine and the transfer and adoption of treatment procedures from foreign environments to our own. In Croatia, the earliest information on electrotherapy came from advertising electrotherapy devices in the daily newspapers. It was followed by lessons on electricity, as well as the possibilities of its application mostly written by physicists in their popular publications. Croatian doctors' publications about their experiences were first uncovered in 1897 on the pages of the professional journal Lijecnicki Vjesnik. This paper elaborates on the publications written during the first half of the 20th century. From the very beginning, this method has been accompanied by debates about its effectiveness and justification for its use, which have continued until today. The preserved electrotherapeutic devices presented in this paper are an important addition to medical historiography and a valuable segment of material medical culture, traces of which have been preserved in Croatia.

No acid, no ulcer: Dragutin (Carl) Schwarz (1868-1917), the man ahead of his time.

Dragutin (Carl) Schwarz (1868-1917) was born in VaraZdin (part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy then, northwestern part of Croatia today). As many Croats of the period he enrolled in the Vienna School of Medicine and graduated in 1891. After spending some time in a few clinics of the Monarchy, he returned to his homeland in 1895. Named the primary physician of the surgical department of Charity Brothers' Hospital in Zagreb, he motivated lively activities there and became the prominent member of the medical community. Apart from his impressive surgical work, Carl Schwarz is primarily remembered for his dictum 'No acid, no ulcer' (1910) which was proven to be true in the decades that followed. This short editorial aims at recalling those visionary observations ever inviting and challenging further investigations.

The most reliable guardian of your health: Controversies on the condom's acceptance in the 20th century.

The history of the condom, although repressed or bypassed throughout the centuries, represents an important part of our cultural history. An historical overview on how the condom was perceived by Croatian physicians and how the pharmaceutical industry advertised condoms in the first half of the 20th century is provided. The contributions on contraception in Croatian medical bulletins, as well as the advertisements published in our professional pharmaceutical journals established during the Interwar Period is discussed. Indeed, the condom was for the most part neglected either as a prophylactic or as a contraceptive among physicians and public health workers, despite epidemics of syphilis and the rise of socialized medicine. In conclusion, this paper is the first attempt to provide the history of condom in Croatia, discussing dominant attitudes toward contraception, prophylaxis of venereal diseases, the control of reproduction, and the ideologies about human sexuality.

[Forerunners and development of medical licensure in Dalmatia: from individual initiatives to founding medical education in Split]. / Pretece i razvoj visokoskolske medicinske izobrazbe u dalmaciji: od individualne inicijative do osnutka medicinskog studija u splitu.

Initiating licensure and medical education in Croatia was not only schooling itself, but struggle for national identity and institution of an academic setting, which, by itself, is paramount for cultural development anywhere. Throughout history, this struggle mostly ended with administrative discouragement and opposition to all such efforts of higher medical education by contemporary authorities. The paper elaborates on the first initiatives in this direction focused on the establishment of a degree of medical education in Dalmatia. Doctor Jakov Mirkovic (1748(?)-1824) was the first to become instrumental in the area. The aims, outlines and academic basis of those first initiatives were presented in a publication of his, leading eventually to the establishment of Split School of Medicine, University of Split, finally realized in 1997.

[Errors in the historiography of the Civic Hospital in Split: on the occasion of placing a memorial tablet on the former hospital building]. / Pogreske u historiografiji Civilne bolnice u Splitu: u povodu postavljanja spomen-ploce na nekadasnjoj bolnickoj zgradi.

The building of the Civic Hospital in Split was an important event in the life of this city. Although it primarily served as an institution for the care of the poor, its development shows the evolution of the public health care in this territory. In spite of the recent thorough review of the older historiography on this history, incorrect data are permanently published in the literature and lately even in the content of the memorial plaque. This creates the erroneus picture and credibility of Croatian medical heritage, history and historiography.

Franjo Kogoj's facebook: a collection of photographic portraits of dermatologists from Kogoj's legacy.

Franjo Kogoj (1894-1983) was the long-standing head of the University Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University Hospital Centre, and head of the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University School of Medicine, in Croatia. His collection is composed of 55 framed photographic portraits of world-renowned dermatologists, sometimes dated and signed, as well as 47 acknowledgments and diplomas connected with his memberships in international dermatologic societies. Attention is focused on the collection of photographic portraits.