Computational Analyses Reveal Deregulated Clock Genes Associated with Breast Cancer Development in Night Shift Workers.

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Women employed in shift jobs face heightened BC risk due to prolonged exposure to night shift work (NSW), classified as potentially carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This risk is linked to disruptions in circadian rhythms governed by clock genes at the cellular level. However, the molecular mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to assess clock genes as potential BC biomarkers among women exposed to long-term NSW. Clock gene expression was analysed in paired BC and normal breast tissues within Nurses' Health Studies I and II GEO datasets. Validation was performed on additional gene expression datasets from healthy night shift workers and women with varying BC susceptibility, as well as single-cell sequencing datasets. Post-transcriptional regulators of clock genes were identified through miRNA analyses. Significant alterations in clock gene expression in BC compared to normal tissues were found. BHLHE40, CIART, CLOCK, PDPK1, and TIMELESS were over-expressed, while HLF, NFIL3, NPAS3, PER1, PER3, SIM1, and TEF were under-expressed. The downregulation of PER1 and TEF and upregulation of CLOCK correlated with increased BC risk in healthy women. Also, twenty-six miRNAs, including miR-10a, miR-21, miR-107, and miR-34, were identified as potential post-transcriptional regulators influenced by NSW. In conclusion, a panel of clock genes and circadian miRNAs are suggested as BC susceptibility biomarkers among night shift workers, supporting implications for risk stratification and early detection strategies.

Polyphenols: a route from bioavailability to bioactivity addressing potential health benefits to tackle human chronic diseases.

Chronic pathologies or non-communicable diseases (NCDs) include cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurological diseases, respiratory disorders and cancer. They are the leading global cause of human mortality and morbidity. Given their chronic nature, NCDs represent a growing social and economic burden, hence urging the need for ameliorating the existing preventive strategies, and for finding novel tackling therapies. NCDs are highly correlated with unhealthy lifestyle habits (such as high-fat and high-glucose diet, or sedentary life). In general, lifestyle approaches that might improve these habits, including dietary consumption of fresh vegetables, fruits and fibers, may contrast NCD symptoms and prolong life expectancy of affected people. Polyphenols (PPLs) are plant-derived molecules with demonstrated biological activities in humans, which include: radical scavenging and anti-oxidant activities, capability to modulate inflammation, as well as human enzymes, and even to bind nuclear receptors. For these reasons, PPLs are currently tested, both preclinically and clinically, as dietary adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of NCDs. In this review, we describe the human metabolism and bioactivity of PPLs. Also, we report what is currently known about PPLs interaction with gastro-intestinal enzymes and gut microbiota, which allows their biotransformation in many different metabolites with several biological functions. The systemic bioactivity of PPLs and the newly available PPL-delivery nanosystems are also described in detail. Finally, the up-to-date clinical studies assessing both safety and efficacy of dietary PPLs in individuals with different NCDs are hereby reported. Overall, the clinical results support the notion that PPLs from fruits, vegetables, but also from leaves or seeds extracts, are safe and show significant positive results in ameliorating symptoms and improving the whole quality of life of people with NCDs.

Effects of mutations in Wnt/ß-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and PI3K pathways on GSK-3 activity-Diverse effects on cell growth, metabolism and cancer.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in an array of critical cellular processes. GSK-3 was first characterized as an enzyme that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. However, subsequent studies have revealed that this moon-lighting protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that regulate not only metabolism but also have roles in: apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell renewal, differentiation, embryogenesis, migration, regulation of gene transcription, stem cell biology and survival. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in various diseases as well as how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and TP53. Mutations that occur in these and other pathways can alter the effects that natural GSK-3 activity has on regulating these signaling circuits that can lead to cancer as well as other diseases. The novel roles that microRNAs play in regulation of the effects of GSK-3 will also be evaluated. Targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways may improve therapy and overcome therapeutic resistance.

Release of nickel and chromium in common foods during cooking in 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots.

BACKGROUND: Literature data on the release of nickel and chromium from stainless steel cookware during food preparation are contrasting, have often been obtained with uncommon foods and/or procedures, and are thus not widely applicable. OBJECTIVES: To assess the release of nickel and chromium from 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots in cooking conditions that are common in an urban lifestyle. METHODS: Tomato sauce and lemon marmalade were cooked for 1 h, alone or with added EDTA, in used or unused stainless steel pots from different manufacturers. Additionally, aqueous solutions at pH 2.3, 7.7 and 9 were boiled for 1 h in the same pots. Metal release was assessed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The release of nickel and chromium increased with cooking/boiling time, was higher with unused pots, at low pH or with EDTA, and was sometimes remarkably different between manufacturers. In all experiments, the amounts released were below known allergy-triggering thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: Under common conditions, the use of 18/10 stainless steel pots is considered to be safe for the majority of nickel-allergic and/or chromium-allergic subjects. However, the total amount of nickel contained in foods and released from pots may exceed the individual threshold for triggering allergy, potentially causing problems for highly sensitive patients, or, conversely, contribute to induction of immunotolerance by oral low-dose exposure.

Early effects of fluoro-edenite: correlation between IL-18 serum levels and pleural and parenchymal abnormalities.

Fluoro-edenite (FE) is a natural mineral asbestos-like fibrous species first isolated in Biancavilla, Sicily. In order to clarify potential involvement of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of FE-induced chest abnormalities, we analyzed IL-18 serum levels in FE-exposed workers (FEEW) and correlated them with pleural and parenchymal abnormalities. A total of 21 FEEWs, residing in Biancavilla for >30 years, with a working seniority of 17 ± 6.1 years were examined. High-resolution computed tomography scans revealed low grade of fibrosis in 8 (38%) FEEWs, and pleural plaques (PPs) in 13 (62%) FEEWs. The mean IL-18 level was 203.13 ± 90.43 pg/ml. Pearson correlation showed a significant association (p < 0.0001) between IL-18 and PPs and parenchymal abnormality scores. Data suggest a potential role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of these diseases.

Natural carcinogenic fiber and pleural plaques assessment in a general population: A cross-sectional study.

Natural carcinogenic fibers are asbestos and asbestiform fibers present as a natural component of soils or rocks. These fibers are released into the environment resulting in exposure of the general population. Environmental contamination by fibers are those cases occurred in: rural regions of Turkey, in Mediterranean countries and in other sites of the world, including northern Europe, USA and China. Fluoro-edenite(FE) is a natural mineral species first isolated in Biancavilla, Sicily. The fibers are similar in size and morphology to some amphibolic asbestos fibers, whose inhalation can cause chronic inflammation and cancer. The aim of the current study is to assess the presence and features of pleural plaques (PPs) in Biancavilla's general population exposed to FE through a retrospective cross-sectional study. All High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) chest scans carried out between June 2009 and June 2015 in Biancavilla municipality hospital site (exposed subjects) were reviewed. The exposed groups were 1:1 subjects, matched according to age and sex distributions, with unexposed subjects (n.1.240) randomly selected among HRCT chest scans carried out in a Hospital 30km away from Biancavilla. Subjects from Biancavilla with PPs were significantly more numerous than the control group ones (218 vs 38). Average age of either group was >60 years; the age of exposed subjects was significantly (p=0.0312) lesser than the unexposed group. In exposed subjects, in most PPs thickness ranged between 2 and 4.9cm(38%, n=83); while in unexposed ones PPs thickness was less than 2cm (55%, n=21). As to the size of PPs in exposed subjects, in most cases it ranged between 1cm and 24% of chest wall (53%, n=116); while in unexposed ones the size of PPs was lesser than 1cm (23%, n=58). Among exposed subjects, 36 cases (17%) PPs were detected with calcification, whereas in unexposed ones only three (8%) presented calcification. 137 lung parenchymal abnormalities were observed in exposed group; whereas, 12 lung parenchymal involvement were registered in unexposed subjects. The RR for PPs is 6,74 CI 95% (4,47-9,58) p<0,0001 in the exposed population. These findings, suggested the urge to extend the screening on the possible involvement of the respiratory tract to all Biancavilla's population, particularly in those aged more than 30. Besides, it seems essential to start indoor monitoring Biancavilla's municipality.

Sheep lymph-nodes as a biological indicator of environmental exposure to fluoro-edenite.

A significantly increased incidence of pleural mesothelioma in Biancavilla (Sicily, Italy) has been attributed to exposure to fluoro-edenite (FE), a fibrous amphibole extracted from a local stone quarry. The lymph-nodes draining the pulmonary lobes of sheep grazing around the town were examined, to gain insights into fibre diffusion. The pasture areas of six sheep flocks lying about 3km from Biancavilla were located using the global positioning system. The cranial tracheobronchial and one middle mediastinal lymph-node as well as four lung tissue samples were collected from 10 animals from each flock and from 10 control sheep for light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. The lymph-nodes from exposed sheep were enlarged and exhibited signs of anthracosis. Histologically, especially at the paracortical level, they showed lymph-follicle hyperplasia with large reactive cores and several macrophages (coniophages) containing grey-brownish particulate interspersed with elements with a fibril structure, forming aggregates of varying dimensions (coniophage nodules). Similar findings were detected in some peribronchiolar areas of the lung parenchyma. SEM examination showed that FE fibres measured 8-41µm in length and 0.4-1.39µm in diameter in both lymph-nodes and lung tissue. Monitoring of FE fibres in sheep lymph-nodes using appropriate techniques can help set up environmental pollution surveillance.

Blood pressure and occupational exposure to noise and lead (Pb): A cross-sectional study.

Several studies have explored the hypothesis that low blood lead (PbB) and high noise levels may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension. To assess the possible relationship between occupational exposure to lead (Pb) and noise and elevated blood pressure, we studied 105 workers (age: 41.27 ± 6.25 years and length of employment: 4.12 ± 5.33 years) employed in a Pb battery recycling plant by measuring A-weighted equivalent sound level, PbB, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). Results showed that occupational exposure to higher ambient Pb and noise levels was related to slightly increased SBP and DBP. PbB values correlated significantly with SBP and DBP, whereas noise levels correlated neither with SBP nor with DBP. Furthermore, workers exposed to higher ambient Pb had higher PbB and ZPP and showed more decreased ALAD activity. Blood pressure does not correlate with noise exposure but only with PbB concentration.

CT patterns of pleuro-pulmonary damage caused by inhalation of pumice as a model of pneumoconiosis from non-fibrous amorphous silicates.

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to correlate the radiological features of pleuro-pulmonary damage caused by inhalation of pumice (an extrusive volcanic rock classified as a non-fibrous, amorphous, complex silicate) with exposure conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 36 subjects employed in the pumice quarries were evaluated for annual follow-up in a preventive medical surveillance program including spirometry, chest CT lasting from 1999 to 2014. They were only male subjects, mean age 56.92 ± 16.45 years. Subjects had worked in the quarries for an average of 25.03 ± 9.39 years. Domestic or occupational exposure to asbestos or other mineral dusts other than pumice was excluded. Subjects were also classified as smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers. RESULTS: Among the 36 workers examined, we identified four CT patterns which resulted to be dependent on exposure duration and intensity, FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75, but not on cigarette smoking. The most common symptoms reported by clinical examination were dyspnoea, cough and asthenia. In no case it was proven an evolution of CT findings during follow-up for 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Liparitosis, caused by pumice inhalation, can be considered a representative example of pneumoconiosis derived by amorphous silica compounds, which are extremely widespread for industrial manufacturing as well as for applicative uses, such as nano-materials. Moreover, being pumice free of quartz contamination, it can represent a disease model for exposure to pure non-fibrous silicates.

IL-17 and IL-22 serum levels in greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides.

INTRODUCTION: Altered immune function may be an indicator of increased potential for the development of immunologically based diseases such as cancer, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To investigate whether Th17 and Th22 cells are targeted by pesticide exposure, we analyzed IL-17 and IL-22 serum levels in a population of 64 greenhouse workers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A significant increase in IL-22 concentration was observed in serum of the exposed subjects compared to controls. These findings support the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides may reduce host defenses against infections and cancer.

Sleep disorders, stress coping strategies and neurobehavioral aspects: an outlook on the impact of covid­19 in first­year resident physicians.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on the physical and mental health of healthcare professionals. The present study explored the relationship between sleep disorders, stress, coping strategies and neurobehavioral aspects among young physicians during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a multi-assessment approach, this cross-sectional study collected sociodemographic and occupational data from first-year resident doctors in southern Italy. Subjective sleep quality, chronotype, work-related stress, coping approach and mood state were assessed by administering validated questionnaires during face-to-face interviews. Among the 258 resident physicians enrolled in the study, ~25% complained of poor sleep quality, mainly male subjects [odds ratio (OR), 2.52]. Alcohol consumption resulted as a risk factor for poor sleep quality (OR, 1.97). None of the participants reported work-related stress showing, on the contrary, a high score for the vigor factor in the profile of mood state, in particular in subjects with previous working experience with COVID patients and prevention (P<0.040 and P<0.035, respectively). Women were more likely to adopt coping strategies that involved the search for social support, confirming their tendency to manage stressful situations through emotion-focused mechanisms. The set of these results represents a sight on the attitude of young physicians in their approach to facing the COVID-19 pandemic, in its second wave. The pandemic has turned the spotlight on the importance of prevention and early diagnosis of physical health and mental well-being. Further studies are performed to monitor long-term consequences on health status.

Effects of pesticide exposure on the expression of selected genes in normal and cancer samples: Identification of predictive biomarkers for risk assessment.

Pesticides pivotal in controlling pests, can represent a threat for human health. Regulatory agencies constantly monitor their harmful effects, regulating their use. Several studies support a positive association between long-term exposure to pesticides and chronic pathologies, such as cancer. Geno-toxicological biomonitoring has proven to be valuable to assess genetic risks associated with exposure to pesticides, representing a promising tool to improve preventive measures and identify workers at higher risk. In this study, a differential gene expression analysis of 70 candidate genes deregulated upon pesticide exposure, was performed in 10 GEO human gene expression DataSets. It was found that six genes (PMAIP1, GCLM, CD36, SQSTM1, ABCC3, NR4A2) had significant AUC predictive values. Also, CD36 was upregulated in non-transformed cell samples and healthy workers, but downregulated in cancer cells. Further validation in larger groups of workers will corroborate the importance of the identified candidates as biomarkers of exposure/effect.

[Endemic zoonosis in Mediterranean area]. / Antropozoonosi endemiche nel Bacino del Mediterraneo.

The Mediterranean is historically considered an area of high concentration of zoonoses. Mediterranean countries socio-economic features have favoured, over time, the onset of different types of zoonosis. Many of these may affect many occupational categories, first of all farmers, people working in abattoirs and processing products of animal origin. New farming activities and technologies have generated new occupational and zoonotic risks. These changes have influenced zoonosis epidemiology and have led to a gradual decrease in the number of diseases and to a reduction of some biological risks. However, brucellosis, Q fever, bovine tuberculosis cystic echinococcosis remain a strong example of zoonosis and a real risk, in the Mediterranean area especially. Therefore, an interdisciplinary collaboration between Veterinary Service, Public Health and Occupational medicine is necessary in order to plan territorial prevention.

[Useful of animals as integrated rehabilitation in patients with psychological and physical discomfort]. / Integrazione riabilitativa con l'impiego degli animali in pazienti affetti da disagio psico-fisico.

In the context of social farming, understood as traditional agricultural production, there is a peculiarity appointed to generate innovative services of extreme importance from the health and social: the use of assisted therapy with animals for promoting the employment of disadvantaged people (handicapped). The proximity of the animal is to humans, and especially for young people, a great educational event, an important reference point for growth, a strong incentive to open up to the world, to communicate better, to gain a sense of responsibilities and to correct some defaillance behavioral and cognitive. This work attests to the validity of the animals as an aid in the treatment methodological neurorehabilitation of some diseases, emphasizing the importance of combining this new intervention strategy to conventional rehabilitation therapy.

Salivary Biomarkers Analysis and Neurobehavioral Assessment in Nurses Working Rotation Shifts: A Pilot Study.

Currently, about one in five workers is employed in night shift work in Europe. Shift work including nighttime hours is essential in several activities, especially the healthcare sector. Importantly, night working may be associated with the occurrence of sleep disorders or work-related stress, both potentially augmenting the risk of errors and accidents at work. This study aims to examine the presence of neurobehavioral alterations that can be a consequence of shift working and concurrent misalignment of the sleep times and circadian rhythms. Nurses (n = 102) employed at a University Hospital located in North-Eastern Sicily, Italy, voluntarily participated in this pilot study. During medical surveillance, morning and evening salivary samples were collected, and seven psychodiagnostics questionnaires were administered to all the subjects. On one hand, the salivary levels of stress-related biomarkers (cortisol and alpha-amylase) and a circadian biomarker (melatonin) were evaluated. On the other hand, several neurobehavioral features were assessed, including depression, anxiety, work-related, and sleep issues. Interestingly, a positive relationship between salivary morning cortisol and depression scale, as well as a negative relationship between salivary morning alpha-amylase and work ability scale, were observed. Based on these results, the integration of subjective questionnaire outcomes and objective salivary biomarker quantification can help to identify workers with increased susceptibility to developing neurobehavioral alterations. This approach may contribute to ameliorating preventive strategies towards sensitive categories, such as nurses working rotation shifts.

Hydrocarbons and kidney damage: potential use of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and sister chromatide exchange.

BACKGROUND: Millions of workers are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and it is known that the kidney is a target for toxic chemicals. We have evaluated neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a potential marker of tubular damage and have used it, with sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis, to evaluate carcinogenic risk in a group of workers from an oil refinery. METHODS: NGAL and SCE analysis were evaluated in 160 subjects. Exposed subjects were divided into three groups, according to levels of exposure to PAHs: 40 highly exposed workmen (WM), 40 less exposed office workers (OW), and 40 subjects (GE) living in Gela. The control group included 40 healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS: WM, OW and GE showed higher NGAL levels than HS. WM had higher levels of NGAL than the OW and GE groups; in ROC analysis, serum NGAL showed a good diagnostic profile (sensitivity 87.5%; specificity 100.0%), as did urinary NGAL (sensitivity 90.0%; specificity 92.5%). Moreover, regarding SCE analysis, WM showed higher values than HS. A direct correlation between SCE and serum NGAL was found in WM, the group most exposed to PAHs. CONCLUSION: The high values of NGAL are an expression of damage to the renal tubule determined by exposure to PAHs. Compared to the other groups studied, chromosomal aberrations - expressed as SCE - were increased in WM, the group most exposed to PAHs, indicating genotoxic damage. NGAL may also play a role in the process of carcinogenesis having a direct correlation with the number of SCEs.

[Mobbing: between personality traits and organizational-managerial characteristics of the occupational environment]. / Mobbing: tra struttura di personalità e caratteristiche organizzativo-- gestionali dell'ambiente lavorativo.

UNLABELLED: INTRODUCTION. The relationship between stressful events in the workplace and their effect on health is the subject of numerous studies where the phenomenon of"Mobbing" has become of increasing interest in Social Psychiatry and Occupational Medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between mobbing, occupational stress and personality structure in a group of persons who consulted the "Work Adaptation Disorders Centre" at the Institute of Occupational Medicine between December 2008 and June 2010 for mobbing-related issues. METHODS: Referring to Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terrorization (LIPT), H. Ege, Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), it has been possible to assess situations of harassment, the sources and the effects of work stress, as well as personality traits in the study group. RESULTS: The results showed that high levels of occupational stress and inadequate coping strategies can lead to depressive, hysterical and paranoid manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relationship between mobbing, occupational stress and personality traits still remains controversial, there is an association between perception of adverse behaviour and mental health, regardless of the subject's ability to cope with stressful life events. The data seem to confirm that the prevention of bullying must be implemented by the work organization and by handling interpersonal conflicts in the work context.

Role-Playing Between Environmental Pollutants and Human Gut Microbiota: A Complex Bidirectional Interaction.

There is a growing interest in the characterization of the involvement of toxicant and pollutant exposures in the development and the progression of several diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, as well as in the disruption of the immune and reproductive homeostasis. The gut microbiota is considered a pivotal player against the toxic properties of chemicals with the establishment of a dynamic bidirectional relationship, underlining the toxicological significance of this mutual interplay. In fact, several environmental chemicals have been demonstrated to affect the composition, the biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota together with the underlining modulated metabolic pathways, which may play an important role in tailoring the microbiotype of an individual. In this review, we aimed to discuss the latest updates concerning the environmental chemicals-microbiota dual interaction, toward the identification of a distinctiveness of the gut microbial community, which, in turn, may allow to adopt personalized preventive strategies to improve risk assessment for more susceptible workers.

Work Performance, Mood and Sleep Alterations in Home Office Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The sudden burst of the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the work environment in favor of remote working, affecting the perception of work quality, satisfaction and performance. This crisis has also influenced workers' mood, sleep quality and general perception of everyday life. Our main purpose in this study was to give empirical contributions about home office workers experiencing remote working during the pandemic by assessing mood spectrum variations, sleep disturbances and the general impact of pandemic in everyday life. This cross-sectional study was performed between November and December 2020 through an online questionnaire. Participants were office workers performing remote work from workstations settled at home. The questionnaire investigated sociodemographic characteristics, health factors, perception of remote working, mood spectrum, sleep quality and pandemic context perception. The sample consisted of 94 respondents: 63 women and 31 men; the mean age was 50.4 years. Study population showed great satisfaction for remote working performance and online services for video connections. Only one third of the participants reported higher levels of irritability and loneliness and 16% of women complained of nightmares. Most of participants stated that the pandemic importantly affected daily life (85.1%). Half of female subjects with children <18 years stated that children's age influenced their work performance. Since the pandemic is still an ongoing issue, the lesson learnt is that local government actions are needed to assist home office workers through tailored programs to support families. Given the central role of women in childcare, female workers would mainly benefit from social support accordingly to their parental tasks and remote work organization.

Assessment of Mancozeb Exposure, Absorbed Dose, and Oxidative Damage in Greenhouse Farmers.

Mancozeb (MNZ) is a fungicide commonly employed in many countries worldwide. This study assesses MNZ absorption dynamics in 19 greenhouse farmers, specifically following dermal exposure, aiming to verify the efficacy of both preventive actions and protective equipment. For data collection, a multi-assessment approach was used, which included a survey to record study population features. MNZ exposure was assessed through the indirect measurement of ethylene thiourea (ETU), widely employed as an MNZ biomarker. The ETU concentration was measured with the patch method, detecting environmental ETU trapped in filter paper pads, applied both on skin and working clothes, during the 8 h work shift. Urine and serum end-of-shift samples were also collected to measure ETU concentrations and well-known oxidative stress biomarkers, respectively, namely reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). It was observed that levels of ETU absorbed and ETU excreted were positively correlated. Additionally, working clothes effectively protected workers from MNZ exposure. Moreover, following stratification of the samples based on the specific working duty (i.e., preparation and spreading of MNZ and manipulation of MNZ-treated seedlings), it was found that the spreading group had higher ETU-related risk, despite lower chronic exposure levels. AOPP and ROM serum levels were higher in MNZ-exposed subjects compared with non-exposed controls, whereas BAP levels were significantly lower. Such results support an increase in the oxidative stress upon 8 h MNZ exposure at work. In particular, AOPP levels demonstrated a potential predictive role, as suggested by the contingency analysis results. Overall, this study, although conducted in a small group, confirms that ETU detection in pads, as well as in urine, might enable assessment of the risk associated with MNZ exposure in greenhouse workers. Additionally, the measurement of circulating oxidative stress biomarkers might help to stratify exposed workers based on their sensitivity to MNZ. Pivotally, the combination of both ETU measurement and biological monitoring might represent a novel valuable combined approach for risk assessment in farmhouse workers exposed to pesticides. In the future, these observations will help to implement effective preventive strategies in the workplace for workers at higher risk, including greenhouse farmers who are exposed to pesticides daily, as well as to clarify the occupational exposure levels to ETU.