A description of hydroquinone clathrates using molecular dynamics: Molecular model and crystalline structures for CH4 and CO2 guests.

The crystalline structure of hydroquinone clathrates has been studied using molecular dynamics. A flexible non-polarizable all-atom molecular model, based on the original Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations force field with recalculated point electric charges, has been used to describe the hydroquinone molecule, and the crystalline solid structure of the α native phase has been analyzed. Then, the ß clathrates have been studied, considering CO2 and CH4 as guest molecules, and also the empty clathrate structure. In all cases, the lattice parameters obtained through molecular simulation show excellent agreement with reported experimental values, showing that the molecular model selected is able to reproduce both the native crystalline phase and also the clathrate structures. In addition, the process of clathrate guest molecule release upon heating has been characterized, and the simulations show a good correspondence with the very recent experimental trends observed for both guest molecules analyzed.

[Clinical cases about secondary sterility caused by obstructive azoospermia with surgical repair possibilities]. / Casos clínicos de esterilidad secundaria por azoospermia obstructiva subsidiaria de reparación quirúrgica.

Secondary sterility in male patients is due to sperm alterations in a high proportion of cases. But, obstructive azoospermia set up a very important cause of sterility, because a surgical repair is possible. Some of the factors cause obstructive azoospermia are the herniorrhaphy intervention, including secondary inflammatory reaction, and epididymal lesion or epididymitis. Currently, both cases are important due to high frequency of these aetiologies. Besides we should identified obstructive cause to provide a surgical repair.

[Intrapleural streptokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic empyema]. / Instilación intrapleural de estreptoquinasa en el tratamiento del empiema paraneumónico complicado.

INTRODUCTION: Parapneumonic empyema is a frequent cause of admission in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. In January 2005, we implemented a treatment protocol that included intrapleural streptokinase (STK) for children with complicated parapneumonic empyema as an alternative to surgery. OBJECTIVES: To describe the results of intrapleural STK in the treatment of hospitalized children with complicated parapneumonic empyema and to compare these results with those of early thoracotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children with complicated parapneumonic empyema admitted between January 1st 2004 and October 1st 2005 were included. The children were divided into two groups: a historical group, composed of children hospitalized between January 1st and December 31st 2004, treated with conventional thoracotomy before day 8 of chest drain placement and a prospective group, composed of children hospitalized between January 1st and October 1st 2005, treated with intrapleural STK before day 8 of chest drain placement. The variables used to compare outcome and treatment complications were duration of chest tube drainage after the treatment procedure, complications, re-admission, length of hospital stay, and death. RESULTS: The results in both groups were similar. Length of hospital stay showed no significant differences. Duration of chest tube drainage after intrapleural STK was significantly shorter than after thoracotomy (p < 0.001). In the thoracotomy group a significantly higher proportion of patients required partial atypical pneumonectomy (p = 0.051). There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Intrapleural STK is a valid alternative for the treatment of children with complicated parapneumonic empyema.

[Microhematuria secondary to mucocele and appendicular cystoadenoma]. / Microhematuria secundaria a mucocele y cistoadenoma apendicular.

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare entity consisting of cystic dilatation of the appendix as a result of increased mucus production. Most cases are related to the presence of a cystadenoma. This appendiceal neoplasm is frequently associated with other extraintestinal and colonic tumors and therefore adequate abdominal examination is necessary. The clinical presentation is nonspecific and varies from asymptomatic forms to abdominal discomfort and, less frequently, to urological manifestations. We describe the case of a woman with hematuria associated with an appendiceal mucocele. Only a few cases have been reported in the medical literature. The treatment of choice of cystadenoma is surgery and simple mucocele cannot be macroscopically differentiated from cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Survival in patients with appendiceal cystadenoma is excellent. The 5-year survival rate is reduced by at least half in patients with cystadenocarcinoma associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Spontaneous pneumothorax: consecutive treatment of a series of 45 cases. Preliminary results of using therapeutic videothoracoscopy. / Neumotórax espontáneo: tratamiento consecutivo de una serie de 45 casos. Resultados preliminares del uso de la videotoracoscopia terapéutica.

The appearance of procedures derived from video assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) has fostered new breakthroughs in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Our early experience with a study protocol using this technique is described. Patients admitted to our hospital in 1995 with a diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax were enrolled consecutively. Diagnosis was based on symptoms and pneumothorax was quantified by measuring the interpleural distance observed on the chest film. The initial treatment was pleural drainage; VAT was ordered in cases of recurrence, when lung reexpansion failed or when air leakage was persistent. Forty-five cases (30 men, 15 women) are reported. Mean age was 29 years. Eleven (24%) patients had had earlier pleural drainage but were suffering recurrences. The right side was involved in 14 (54%) cases. Initial treatment was pleural drainage and in 32 cases no other treatment was given. VAT was performed on 11 patients. In 1 (9%) patient the procedure became a minithoracotomy, or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. In 2 patients conventional thoracotomy was performed. Mean time the procedure lasted was 80 min. Mean follow-up was 3 months. There were no recurrences among patients treated with VAT and surgery. Our initial experience demonstrates that VAT is the technique of preference for the definitive treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. There is less postoperative pain, increased comfort, no noteworthy morbidity, shorter postoperative hospital stays and prompt return to normal activity for the patient; these advantages lead us to choose this treatment over open surgery.

[The Somovillas: a family of lithiasis surgeons from Rioja. Chronology of their trajectory in Arnedillo, 16th Century]. / Los Somovilla: Familia de litotomistas riojanos. Datación de su trayectoria en Arnedillo, Siglo XVI.

In the second middle of the XVI century lived in Arnedillo Juan and Francisco Somovilla, booths "maesse". The names of his wives were Anna Garcia and Iomar de Oña. The brothers of Juan and Anna were Mardia, Diego baptised on 20 of june of 1566, and Iñigo. Juan Somovilla passes away on 22 of December of 1574. His brother made the testament. We think that Juan was the surgeon that we contracted by Felipe II, instead of Francisco. Francisco Díaz talked about Arnedillo, as an important thermal baths in the treatment of the kidney diseases, in his text. If Arnedillo was a centre of treatment of urinary disease, the Somovilla family could learn here the surgery of bladder litiasis.

[Giant tumor thrombus in the renal vein. Diagnostic accuracy of CAT]. / Trombo tumoral gigante en la vena renal. Exactitud diagnóstica del TAC.

A clinical case of a clear-cells renal tumour, located in the left kidney, with occupation of renal vein by a 7.7 cm thick tumoral thrombus, not affecting the cava vein lumen is presented. CAT and selective left renal venography were the exploratory means which provided the diagnosis. In the study of renal vein affectation by tumoral thrombus, the CAT accuracy can be equal to that of venography, the latter being indicated in dubious cases.

[Occupation and bladder tumor. Results of a study of incident cases]. / Ocupación y tumor vesical. Resultados de un estudio de casos incidentes.

Presentation of the results from the occupation analysis in a study of incident cases of vesical tumour over a 16-year interval (1975-1991) conducted in La Rioja Autonomous Community. Out of the 557 cases identified, occupation was found in 455, 151 of them are farmers (33.18%), 71 are in the industrial sector (15.60%), and 233 in the services sector (51.20%). Percentage of individuals affected by production sectors according to 1985 data are 1.22% farmers, 0.3% industrial sector and 0.6% services sector.

[The incidence of bladder tumor in the Autonomous Community of La Rioja in 1975 to 1991. A comparison with other studies]. / Incidencia de tumor vesical en la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja en el periodo 1975 a 1991. Comparación con otros estudios.

Presentation of a study on the incidence of vesical tumours in the Autonomous Community of 'La Rioja' over the 1975-1991 period and comparison of our results with those obtained in similar studies. A total of 557 vesical tumours were identified, with a mean rate of 13.5/100,000 inhabitants, and a standardized rate of 20.5 in men and 1.75 in women. Our rate is close to that of Zaragoza and lower than that found in the Basque country and Tarragona in men. Also, it is lower in all women series.

[Renal outcome in myelodysplastic patients with untreated, risky vesico-sphincter dysfunction]. / Destino renal en los pacientes mielodisplásicos con disfunciones vesico-esfinterianas de riesgo no tratadas.

Poor vesical accommodation with competent sphincter system and bladder-sphincter dyssynergy are major risk factors for renal function in patients with myelomeningocele. We present four cases with these urodynamic features and we analyse renal variation with time in relation to these, pointing out the poor evolution. We emphasize the need for urodynamic study with simultaneous radiology and early treatment when these risk factors exist.

[Upper urinary tract fistulas in renal transplantation]. / Fístulas del tramo urinario superior en el trasplante renal.

237 kidney transplants were performed in our department in a period running from November 1979 to October 1986. Out of this total number of transplants we analyzed the incidence of fistulas of the upper urinary tract, which in our series is 3.3%. Following a study protocol of these patients referring to multiple parameters, we conclude that in our series fistulas of the upper urinary tract appear precociously (less than 45 days post-transplant) and in connection with acute rejection episodes (high doses of steroids). On the basis of anatomopathological criteria we establish that its treatment has to be surgical and a meticulous surgical extraction technique is essential for its prevention.

[Technics for the morphologic study of leiomyoma of the bladder surface in women]. / Técnicas de estudio morfológico en el leiomioma de suelo vesical en la mujer.

We present a case of leiomyoma of the vesical trigone in women, which was studied with intravenous urography, serial micturition cystourethrography, computerized axial tomography, abdominal echography and transvaginal echography. Comparing the data obtained by each of these morphological study techniques with those found in surgery, we were able to appreciate the high precision of those obtained by transvaginal echography. We think that this technique should be taken into account in the study of masses located on the bladder surface in women.

[Extraction of yuxtaureteral suture, with ureteroscopy. A clinical case]. / Extracción de hilo de sutura yuxtaureteral, mediante ureteroscopia. Caso clínico.

Presentation of one case of ureteroscopical removal of a yuxtaureterateral suture which was causing ureterohydronephrosis. Following that procedure both the morphology and the function of the renoureteral unit involved returned to normal. In ureteral lesions of late discovery, ureteroscopy may be in specific cases a resolutive therapeutical option.

[Retrotrigonal bladder lymphoma]. / Linfoma vesical de localización retrotrigonal.

Presentation of one case of vesical involvement due to lymphoma in an 82-year old female which presented as a micturition syndrome, abdominal mass and later picture of obstructive uropathy with acute renal function impairment. Diagnosis was achieved by ultrasound and abdominal CAT, cystoscopy with of vesical biopsy, transvaginal mass biopsy and immunohistochemical techniques. The difficulties of a correct differential diagnosis with other vesical neoplasias as well as the need to differentiate primary from systemic vesical lymphoma were discussed, not only because of the separate prognosis but also for the different therapeutical approaches.

[Versatility of axial penile skin fasciocutaneous flap in reconstruction of pendulous urethra]. / Versatilidad del colgajo axial fasciocutáneo de piel de pene en la reconstrucción de la uretra péndula.

PURPOSE: We describe three cases, with different features, of anterior urethral strictures that were treated with the same technique: a circular axial penile fasciocutaneous flap. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report three cases of patients with urethral strictures that affected the whole glandar and penile urethra. In one case the stricture affected the bulbar urethra. No patient has the preputial skin disposable, because of a previous circumcision, and all has been treated with different techniques. In one patient, a first step urethroplastia was performed previously, open all the penile urethra. All the cases were successfully treated with a circular axial fasciocutaneous penile flap in one stage. In case number one the reconstruction was combined with a scrotal flap. In case number three, the glandar urethra was reconstructed. CONCLUSIONS: The circular axial fasciocutaneous penile flap is a versatile technique that can be use to correct various type of strictures of the whole glandar and penile urethra alone or associated with strictures of the bulbar urethra.

[Superficial and infiltrating bladder tumor. Epidemiologic differences in a study of incident cases]. / Tumor vesical superficial e infiltrante. Diferencias epidemiológicas en un estudio de casos incidentes.

An attempt has been made to identify the epidemiological factors associated with occurrence of biologically aggressive vesical tumours. In the Autonomous Community of La Rioja, a survey was conducted between 1975-1991 of incidental vesical tumours, recording in each case the patient's sex, age and occupation. It was found that the male sex, the sixth decade of life and being a farmer were associated to a higher incidence of vesical tumour. All this data was subsequently analyzed, segregating surface from infiltrant tumours depending on whether they affected (infiltrant) or not affected (surface) the vesical muscle layer. After both groups had been compared, no statistically significant differences were identified with regard to age, sex or occupation. The epidemiological factors associated to the occurrence of vesical tumours have no influence on its biological aggressiveness at the time of diagnosis.

[Bone metaplasia of the bladder associated with urothelial tumor. A clinical case]. / Metaplasia ósea de la vejiga asociada a tumor urotelial. Caso clínico.

One case report of bone metaplasia of the bladder wall associated to urothelial tumour located on the urothelium coating the lesion. Suspicion diagnosis started from findings identified in the transurethral resection. A stone-like mass attached by a pedicle to the bladder wall was found during the examination. The pathoanatomical study confirmed the diagnosis of bone metaplasia of the bladder wall, identifying nests of urothelial tumour adjacent to the urothelium. No report of similar cases has been found in the literature referring to the association of urothelial tumour and bone metaplasia of the bladder wall.

[Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder as single tumor. Study of 7 cases and review of the literature]. / Adenocarcinoma vesical primario como tumor único. Estudio de siete casos y revisión de la literatura.

Primary vesical adenocarcinoma is an extremely uncommon tumour, representing 0.5 to 2% of all the urothelial vesical neoplasias. Its behaviour is aggressive and its prognosis poor, especially in the seal ring cell variety. We present our experience in seven cases of vesical adenocarcinoma: one of urachal origin, two of the seal ring cell type, and four of the urothelial type with no other specificity. All were advanced stage tumours at diagnosis. There is no unified therapeutic strategy, and poor results were obtained with the various treatments used. Survival eight months after diagnosis was 42.8%. Longest survival is 15 months, corresponding to the adenocarcinoma of urachal origin.

[Incidence of upper urothelial tumor in the Autonomous Community of La Rioja in 1976-1991]. / Incidencia del tumor de urotelio alto en la Comunidad Autónoma de La Rioja en el período 1976-1991.

Study of the incidence rate of upper urothelium tumours between 1976 and 1991 among the population of the autonomous community La Rioja. A study by age, sex and time intervals, totalling 32 cases, is conducted. A greater incidence in males, and between 1987-1991 in terms of time, is observed. With regard to location of the upper urothelium tumour, a significant difference is found between right and left ureters and right and left renal pelvis. In 14 cases, an associated vesical carcinoma was noted (RR = 5338.9 with 95% CI from 2668.5 to 10681.4).

[Spontaneous retroperitoneal hemorrhage induced by anticoagulation treatment]. / Hemorragia retroperitoneal espontánea inducida por tratamiento anticoagulante.

Contribution of one case of spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage presented after therapy with anticoagulants. Review of causes of transperitoneal haemorrhage, relative frequency, as well as signs and symptoms, and diagnosis. The sparse number of haemorrhagic complications after anticoagulant therapy with heparin and urokinase-associated adjusted heparin are described. Treatment is instituted based on precipitating condition and, in the present case, with suppression of medication and volume replacement together with an strict evolutive monitoring by means of ultrasound, computerized axial tomography (CT) and magnetic nuclear resonance (MNR).