Activity of poly(methacrylic acid)-silver nanoparticles on fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains: Synergistic and cytotoxic effects.

AIMS: To synthesize and evaluate the antifungal activity of poly(methacrylic acid)-silver nanoparticles (PMAA-AgNPs) against nine Candida albicans isolated from clinical specimens. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of PMAA-AgNPs-fluconazole combination was analysed by checkerboard methodology. The synergistic potential of PMAA-AgNPs-fluconazole was determined by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). The inhibition of germ tube formation and the determination of PMAA-AgNPs cytotoxicity were also performed. All C. albicans strains were susceptible to PMAA-AgNPs and resistant to fluconazole. PMAA-AgNPs at subinhibitory concentrations restored the susceptibility of resistant C. albicans to fluconazole, whose FICI ranged from 0.3 to 0.5. The synergistic interaction of the combination was observed in eight of nine strains. The PMAA-AgNPs-fluconazole combination was also able to inhibit the germ tube formation. PMAA-AgNPs showed a dose-dependent decrease in viability for cells tested, with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50 ) values of 6.5, 4.9 and 6.8 µg ml-1 for macrophages, fibroblasts and Vero cells, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that, in general, PMAA-AgNPs acts synergistically in combination with fluconazole, inhibiting fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains. PMAA-AgNPs-fluconazole combination was also able to inhibit germ tube formation, an important virulence factor. Inhibitory effect of PMAA-AgNPs alone or in combination was higher in C. albicans than in mammalian cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This study shows the potential of PMAA-AgNPs combined with fluconazole to inhibit fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strains.

Study of acute oral toxicity of the thiazole derivative N-(1-methyl-2-methyl-pyridine)-N-(p-bromophenylthiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine in a Syrian hamster.

The thiazole derivative N-1-methyl-2-methyl-pyridine)-N-(p-bromophenylthiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine was used to evaluate the acute oral toxicity in Syrian hamsters. The concentration of the doses (300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg) were based on the "Class Acute Toxicity Method" displayed in the OECD-423 guide. In addition, renal and liver biochemical tests were performed, as well as histopathological analysis. Our results showed that the compound's lethal dose (LD50) was 1000 mg/kg and classified as category 4 according to the criteria adopted in the experiment's protocol. Biochemical analysis of the liver function's parameters showed that the LD50 values in all animals were higher than the reference values. However, the analyze of the kidney injury parameters showed an increase in the urea's dosage but a decrease in the albumin's dosage in all animals when compared to the reference values. Kidney biochemical analysis also showed that creatinine's level was only higher than the reference values in one animal. Massive damages in the liver were observed, such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the hepatocyte, coagulation necrosis, the presence of mononuclear cells in the sinusoidal capillaries, steatosis, cholestasis, and congestion of sinusoidal capillaries and central-lobular veins. The animals presented renal injuries related to congestion of glomerular and interstitial capillaries, nephrosis of contorted proximal and distal tubules and congestion in the medullary region. In conclusion, the thiazole derivative was well tolerated although it caused acute liver and kidney damages. Therefore, these results showed the need of further investigation of this compound in vivo to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects with chronic models.

Antileishmanial activity of 4-phenyl-1-[2-(phthalimido-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole (PT4) derivative on Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis: In silico ADMET, in vitro activity, docking and molecular dynamic simulations.

Organic compounds obtained by click chemistry reactions have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activities being widely applied for the development of molecules against pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by intracellular protozoa parasite of genus Leishmania, comprises a complex of clinical manifestations that affect the skin and mucous membranes. The available drugs for the treatment are toxic and costly, with long periods of treatment, and the emergence of resistant strains has been reported. In this study we investigated the in vitro effects of a phthalimide-1,2,3-triazole derivative, the 4-Phenyl-1-[2-(phthalimido-2-yl)ethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole (PT4) obtained by click chemistry, on mammalian cells and on L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, the causative agents of CL in Brazil. In silico ADMET evaluation of PT4 showed that this molecule has good pharmacokinetic properties with no violation of Lipinski's rules. The in vitro assays showed that PT4 was more selective for both Leishmania species than to mammalian cells. This compound also presented low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells with CC50 > 500 µM. Treatment of promastigote forms with different concentrations of PT4 resulted in ultrastructural alterations, such as plasma membrane wrinkling, shortening of cell body, increased cell volume and cell rupture. The molecular dynamic simulations showed that PT4 interacts with Lanosterol 14 α-demethylase from Leishmania, an essential enzyme of lipid synthesis pathway in this parasite. Our results demonstrated PT4 was effective against both species of Leishmania. PT4 caused a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased production of reactive oxygen species, which may lead to parasite death. Taken together, our results pointed PT4 as promissing therapeutic agent against CL.

High Amount of Organic Matter during Caries Formation Reduces Remineralization and Resin Infiltration of Enamel Caries.

The amount of organic material in the cariogenic environment correlates with the amount of organic material incorporated in carious enamel. The incorporated organic material may be expected to reduce the pore volumes available for remineralization and resin infiltration, but these expected outcomes have not yet been quantified. We tested the effect of the amount of organic content in the cariogenic agent on remineralization and the resin-occluded pore volume in artificial subsurface enamel caries. An acid gel (organic-rich; G1) and an aqueous solution (organic-poor; G2) were used to induce subsurface lesions in human enamel. Undemineralized histological sections were prepared, microradiographed, and then submitted to resin infiltration in vitro. The enamel component volumes (mineral, organic, remineralizable [total water volume], loosely and firmly bound water volumes, and resin-occluded volume) were measured (by microradiography and polarizing microscopy) at histological sites (n = 38, G1; n = 34, G2). The main outcomes were the differences between the experimental and the predicted volumes (Δremineralizable and Δresin-occluded volumes). Resin infiltration was confirmed by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Compared to G2, G1 presented more incorporated organic volume and lower Δremineralizable volume (p = 0.003; Hedges g = 0.66; power = 0.87), a lower increase in loosely bound water volume (p = 0.0013; Hedges g = 0.74; power = 0.93), a lower remineralization volume in the surface layer (p = 0.017; Hedges g = 0.68; power = 0.8), and a lower Δresin-occluded volume (p = 0.0015; Hedges g = 0.73; power = 0.92). In conclusion, the higher amount of organic matter in the cariogenic gel negatively affected remineralization and the resin-occluded volume in subsurface lesions.

Antimicrobial activity of Buchenavia tetraphylla against Candida albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretions.

CONTEXT: Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) RA Howard (Combretaceae: Combretoideae) is an ethnomedicinal plant with reported antifungal action. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of B. tetraphylla leaf extracts against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. The morphological alterations, combinatory effects with fluconazole and the cytotoxicity of the active extract were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extracts were obtained using different solvents (hexane: BTHE; chloroform: BTCE; ethyl acetate: BTEE; and methanol: BTME). Antimicrobial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method using nine strains of C. albicans isolated from vaginal secretions and one standard strain (UFPEDA 1007). RESULTS: All extracts showed anti-C. albicans activity, including against the azole-resistant strains. The MIC values ranged from 156 to 2500 µg/mL for the BTHE; 156 to 1250 µg/mL for the BTCE; 625 to 1250 µg/mL for the BTME and 625 µg/mL to 2500 µg/mL for the BTEE. BTME showed the best anti-C. albicans activity. This extract demonstrated additive/synergistic interactions with fluconazole. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested that the BTME interferes with the cell division and development of C. albicans. BTME showed IC50 values of 981 and 3935 µg/mL, against J774 macrophages and human erythrocytes, respectively. This extract also enhanced the production of nitric oxide by J774 macrophages. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Buchenavia tetraphylla methanolic extract (BTME) is a great source of antimicrobial compounds that are able to enhance the action of fluconazole against different C. albicans strains; this action seems related to inhibition of cell division.

Compound profiling and 3D-QSAR studies of hydrazone derivatives with activity against intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi.

Chagas disease is a tropical disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is endemic in Central and South America. Few treatments are available with effectiveness limited to the early (acute) stage of disease, significant toxicity and widespread drug resistance. In this work we report the outcome of a HTS-ready assay chemical library screen to identify novel, nontoxic, small-molecule inhibitors of T. cruzi. We have selected 50 compounds that possess hydrazone as a common group. The compounds were screened using recombinant T. cruzi (Tulahuen strain) expressing beta-galactosidase. A 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed using descriptors calculated from comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Our findings show that of the fifty selected hydrazones, compounds LpQM-19, 28 and 31 displayed the highest activity against T. cruzi, leading to a selectivity index (SI) of 20-fold. The 3D-QSAR analysis indicates that a particular electrostatic arrangement, where electron-deficient atoms are aligned along the molecule main axis positively correlates with compound biological activity. These results provide new candidate molecules for the development of treatments against Chagas disease.

The in vitro biological activity of the Brazilian brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii against Leishmania amazonensis.

Seaweeds present a wide variety of interesting bioactive molecules. In the present work we evaluated the biological activity of the dichloromethane/methanol (2:1) extract (DME) from the brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii against Leishmania amazonensis and its cytotoxic potential on mammalian cells. The extract showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of promastigote forms (IC50=71.60 µg/mL) and low toxicity against mammalian cells (CC50=233.10 µg/mL). The DME was also efficient in inhibiting the infection in macrophages, with CC50 of 81.4 µg/mL and significantly decreased the survival of amastigote forms within these cells. The selectivity index showed that DME was more toxic to both promastigote (SI=3.25) and amastigote (SI=2.86) forms than to macrophages. Increased NO production was observed in treated macrophages suggesting that besides acting directly on the parasites, the DME also shows an immunomodulatory effect on macrophages. Drastic ultrastructural alterations consistent with loss of viability and cell death were observed in treated parasites. Confocal microscopy and cytometry analyzes showed no significant impairment of plasma membrane integrity, whereas an intense depolarization of mitochondrial membrane could be observed by using propidium iodide and rhodamine 123 staining, respectively. The low toxicity to mammalian cells and the effective activity against promastigotes and amastigotes, point to the use of DME as a promising agent for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Comparative transcriptomics analysis of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in response to treatment with the terpenic compounds thymol and carvacrol.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that has become a major public health concern and a substantial medical challenge due to its ability to acquire multidrug resistance (MDR), extended-drug resistance, or pan-drug resistance. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol alone or in combination against clinical isolates of MDR A. baumannii. Additionally, we used RNA-sequency to perform a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the effects of carvacrol and thymol on the Acb35 strain under different treatment conditions. Our results demonstrated that thymol and carvacrol alone, effectively inhibited the bacterial growth of MDR A. baumannii isolates, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) lower than 500 µg/mL. Furthermore, the combination of thymol and carvacrol exhibited either synergistic (FICI ≤ 0.5) or additive effects (0.5 < FICI ≤ 4), enhancing their antibacterial activity. Importantly, these compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic to Vero cells and did not cause hemolysis in erythrocytes at concentrations that effectively inhibited bacterial growth. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the down-regulation of mRNA associated with ribosomal subunit assemblies under all experimental conditions tested. However, the up-regulation of specific genes encoding stress response proteins and transcriptional regulators varied depending on the experimental condition, particularly in response to the treatment with carvacrol and thymol in combination. Based on our findings, thymol and carvacrol demonstrate promising potential as chemotherapeutic agents for controlling MDR A. baumannii infections. These compounds exhibit strong antibacterial activity, particularly in combination and lower cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. The observed effects on gene expression provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of action, highlighting the regulation of stress response pathways.

Trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities of essential oils from medicinal plants of Northeast of Brazil.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in Latin America. There are no vaccines available, the chemotherapy used to treat this illness has serious side effects and its efficacy on the chronic phase of disease is still a matter of debate. In a search for alternative treatment for Chagas disease, essential oils extracted from traditional medicinal plants Lippia sidoides, Lippia origanoides, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Ocimum gratissimum, Justicia pectorales and Vitex agnus-castus were investigated in vitro for trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities. Essential Oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and submitted to chemical analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration of essential oils necessary to inhibit 50% of the epimastigotes or amastigotes growth (IC(50)) and to kill 50% of trypomastigote forms (LC(50)) was estimated. The most prevalent chemical constituents of these essential oils were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. All essential oils tested demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the parasite growth and survival. L. sidoides and L. origanoides essential oils were the most effective against trypomastigote and amastigote forms respectively. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed in mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated with essential oils which were more selective against the parasites than mammalian cells. Taken together, our results point towards the use of these essential oils as potential chemotherapeutic agent against T. cruzi.

The cytotoxic effect of essential oils from Origanum vulgare L. and/or Rosmarinus officinalis L. on Aeromonas hydrophila.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the essential oils from Origanum vulgare L. (OV) and Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO), both singly and in combination at sub-inhibitory concentrations (» MIC + » MIC), against Aeromonas hydrophila and to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying these activities. Used singly (OV: 2.5 µL/mL; RO: 20 µL/mL) or in a mixture (OV: 0.625 µL/mL + RO: 5 µL/L), these essential oils led to a significant decrease (p<0.01) in bacterial viability after 24 h of exposure. A decrease in glucose consumption by A. hydrophila and release of cellular material were observed immediately after the addition of the essential oils, both singly and as a mixture, and continued for up to 6 h. Electron microscopy of cells exposed to the essential oils revealed severe changes in the plasma membrane, cytoplasmic appearance, and cell shape during the 6-h exposure period. OV and RO essential oils combined at sub-inhibitory concentrations could be rationally applied to inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila in food products, particularly minimally processed vegetables.

Antileishmanial activity of warifteine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae).

Leishmania (L.) chagasi is the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, an important endemic zoonosis in the American continent, as well as in many other countries in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean Europe. The treatment is difficult due to the high toxicity of the available drugs, high costs, and emergence of resistance in the parasites. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new leishmanicidal agents. The bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids have been related to antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory activity of warifteine (bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid) against L. chagasi promastigotes in axenic cultures and the occurrence of drug-induced ultrastructural changes in the parasite. This bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid was isolated from the leaves and roots of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae), a plant commonly used for the treatment of various diseases in Brazilian folk medicine. Using the purified warifteine, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined at 0.08 mg/mL after 72 h in culture, inducing significant changes in the parasite morphology, like aberrant multisepted forms and blebs in the plasma membrane. In conclusion, warifteine represents an attractive candidate for future pharmacological studies aiming new leishmanicidal drugs.

The endoplasmic reticulum of trypanosomatids: An unrevealed road for chemotherapy.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher eukaryotic cells forms an intricate membranous network that serves as the main processing facility for folding and assembling of secreted and membrane proteins. The ER is a highly dynamic organelle that interacts with other intracellular structures, as well as endosymbiotic pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. A strict ER quality control (ERQC) must work to ensure that proteins entering the ER are folded and processed correctly. Unfolded or misfolded proteins are usually identified, selected, and addressed to Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD) complex. Conversely, when there is a large demand for secreted proteins or ER imbalance, the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins activates the Unfold Protein Response (UPR) to restore the ER homeostasis or, in the case of persistent ER stress, induces the cell death. Pathogenic trypanosomatids, such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp are the etiological agents of important neglected diseases. These protozoans have a complex life cycle alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The ER of trypanosomatids, like those found in higher eukaryotes, is also specialized for secretion, and depends on the ERAD and non-canonical UPR to deal with the ER stress. Here, we reviewed the basic aspects of ER biology, organization, and quality control in trypanosomatids. We also focused on the unusual way by which T. cruzi, T. brucei, and Leishmania spp. respond to ER stress, emphasizing how these parasites' ER-unrevealed roads might be an attractive target for chemotherapy.

Identification of 1,2,3-triazole-phthalimide derivatives as potential drugs against COVID-19: a virtual screening, docking and molecular dynamic study.

In this work we aimed to perform an in silico predictive screening, docking and molecular dynamic study to identify 1,2,3-triazole-phthalimide derivatives as drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2. The in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of hundred one 1,2,3-triazole-phtalimide derivatives, obtained from SciFinder® library, were investigated. Compounds that did not show good gastrointestinal absorption, violated the Lipinski's rules, proved to be positive for the AMES test, and showed to be hepatotoxic or immunotoxic in our ADMET analysis, were filtered out of our study. The hit compounds were further subjected to molecular docking on SARS-CoV-2 target proteins. The ADMET analysis revealed that 43 derivatives violated the Lipinski's rules and 51 other compounds showed to be positive for the toxicity test. Seven 1,2,3-triazole-phthalimide derivatives (A7, A8, B05, E35, E38, E39, and E40) were selected for molecular docking and MFCC-ab initio analysis. The results of molecular docking pointed the derivative E40 as a promising compound interacting with multiple target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The complex E40-Mpro was found to have minimum binding energy of -10.26 kcal/mol and a general energy balance, calculated by the quantum mechanical analysis, of -8.63 eV. MD simulation and MMGBSA calculations confirmed that the derivatives E38 and E40 have high binding energies of -63.47 ± 3 and -63.31 ± 7 kcal/mol against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. In addition, the derivative E40 exhibited excellent interaction values and inhibitory potential against SAR-Cov-2 main protease and viral nucleocapsid proteins, suggesting this derivative as a potent antiviral for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activity of essential oil from the fruit peel of Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations of its major constituent onto Leishmania enzyme targets.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease characterized by highest morbidity rates worldwide. The available treatment for CL has several limitations including serious side effects and resistance to the treatment. Herein we aimed to evaluate the activity of essential oil from the peel of Myrciaria floribunda fruits (MfEO) on Leishmania amazonensis. The cytotoxic potential of MfEO on host mammalian cells was evaluated by MTT. The in vitro leishmanicidal effects of MfEO were investigated on the promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. The ultrastructural changes induced by MfEO were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The molecular docking of the major compounds δ-Cadinene, γ-Cadinene, γ-Muurolene, α-Selinene, α-Muurolene and (E)-Caryophyllene onto the enzymes trypanothione reductase (TreR) and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (C14DM) were performed. Our results showed that MfEO presented moderate cytotoxicity for Vero cells and macrophages. The MfEO inhibited the growth of promastigote and the survival of intracellular amastigotes, in a dose- and time- dependent way. The MfEO presented high selectivity towards amastigote forms, being 44.1 times more toxic for this form than to macrophages. Molecular docking analysis showed that the major compounds of MfEO interact with Leishmania enzymes and that δ-Cadinene (δ-CAD) presented favorable affinity energy values over TreR and C14DM enzymes, when compared with the other major constituents. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies revealed a stable binding of δ-CAD with lowest binding free energy values in MMGBSA assay. Our results suggested that δ-CAD may be a potent inhibitor of TreR and C14DM enzymes. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

A new biocompatible silver/polypyrrole composite with in vitro antitumor activity.

We used an in situ chemical oxidation method to prepare a new composite of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with polypyrrole (PPy), whose properties were optimized through a 23-factorial design of the synthesis conditions. The successful formation of the AgNPs/PPy composite was confirmed by UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopies. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of AgNPs smaller than 100 nm, dispersed into the PPy matrix. This hybrid composite exhibits a blue fluorescence emission after excitation in the ultraviolet region. In MTT assays, the AgNPs/PPy composite exhibited low cytotoxicity toward non-tumoral cell lines (fibroblast, Vero, and macrophages) and selectively inhibited the viability of HeLa cells. The AgNPs/PPy composite induces ultrastructural changes in HeLa cells that are consistent with the noticeable selectivity exhibited toward them when compared to its action against non-tumoral cell lineages. Also, the AgNPs/PPy exhibited a hemolytic activity below 14% for all blood groups tested, at concentrations up to 125 µg/mL. These results suggest that the AgNPs/PPy composite has a promising potential for use as an antitumoral agent.

The Deposition of a Lectin from Oreochromis niloticus on the Surface of Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Improved the Cell Adhesion, Proliferation, and Osteogenic Activity of Osteoblast-like Cells.

Titanium and its alloys are used as biomaterials for medical and dental applications, due to their mechanical and physical properties. Surface modifications of titanium with bioactive molecules can increase the osseointegration by improving the interface between the bone and implant. In this work, titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2NTs) were functionalized with a lectin from the plasma of the fish Oreochromis niloticus aiming to favor the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast-like cells, improving its biocompatibility. The TiO2NTs were obtained by anodization of titanium and annealed at 400 °C for 3 h. The resulting TiO2NTs were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The successful incorporation of OniL on the surface of TiO2NTs, by spin coating, was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE), and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectrum (ATR-FTIR). Our results showed that TiO2NTs were successfully synthesized in a regular and well-distributed way. The modification of TiO2NTs with OniL favored adhesion, proliferation, and the osteogenic activity of osteoblast-like cells, suggesting its use to improve the quality and biocompatibility of titanium-based biomaterials.

Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Reduces the Survival Time of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the Main Vector of the Visceral Leishmaniasis Agent in the Americas.

Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is a major neglected tropical disease and Brazil is the responsible for most cases reported in the Americas. In this region, L. infantum is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis and Migonemyia migonei (França) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is considered a permissive vector. We evaluated the susceptibility of Lu. longipalpis and Mg. migonei to Beauveria bassiana and to Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) essential oil. A spore suspension of B. bassiana was prepared and sand flies divided into five groups: test 1 (107 spores/ml of B. bassiana with E. globulus essential oil at 4 mg/ml), test 2 (107 spores/ml of B. bassiana), test 3 (E. globulus essential oil at 4 mg/ml), positive control (cypermethrin 0.1%), and negative control (sterile distilled water). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on specimens from each group. A 50% reduction was recorded in the survival time of Lu. longipalpis in test 1 and 2, where hyphal adhesion and cuticle damage were observed by SEM. No significant differences in the survival time of Mg. migonei were found, probable due to the high mortality rate observed in the negative control group, which may be a result of the greater sensitivity of this species to laboratory conditions. The results obtained herein suggest that B. bassiana may be a potential biological control agent against Lu. longipalpis, the main vector of L. infantum in the Americas.

Lippia sidoides and Lippia origanoides essential oils affect the viability, motility and ultrastructure of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a public health problem. The current chemotherapy for this illness causes serious side effects and its use in the chronic phase of the disease is still controversial. In this regard, the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies remains a priority. The essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants emerge as a promising source of bioactive compounds. In a previous work we reported the trypanocidal activity of the essential oils from the medicinal plants Lippia sidoides (LSEO) and Lippia origanoides (LOEO) against T. cruzi. Herein, we aimed to further investigate, in more details, the mode of action of LSEO and LOEO on the different developmental stages of this parasite. We showed that Lippia sidoides (LSEO) and Lippia origanoides (LOEO) induced a significant reduction in the percentage of macrophages infected by T. cruzi and in the number of intracellular parasites. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the treatment with both oils caused morphological changes consistent with loss of viability and cell death. The reduced staining with calcein and the increase in the proportion of HE-positive cells also demonstrated that LSEO and LOEO caused loss of parasite viability and membrane integrity. A considerable decrease in Rhodamine 123 and an increase in fluorescence intensity of MitoSox in LOEO were indicative of loss of mitochondrial potential and generation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately lead to parasite death. Moreover, the optical tweezer analysis indicated that LOEO was more effective in reducing the motility of the epimastigotes. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the LSEO and LOEO are active against T. cruzi and constitute a promising drugs for the therapy of Chagas disease.

Study of in vitro biological activity of thiazoles on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum.

OBJECTIVES: In the prospection of possible agents against neglected diseases, thiazole compounds are presented as promising candidates and are known to have activity against trypanosomatid parasites. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of thiazole compounds on Leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS: Thiazole compounds (five thiazoacetylpyridines [TAPs-01, -04, -05, -06, -09) and five thiazopyridines [TPs-01, -04, -05, -06, -09]) were tested regarding their leishmanicidal activity on both promastigote and amastigote forms of L. infantum. Cytotoxicity was tested using peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. Ultrastructural analyses were performed to identify possible intracellular targets of the most effective compound on promastigote forms. To observe routes that can clarify the possible mechanism of action of the compounds on the intracellular amastigote forms, the nitrite dosage was performed. RESULTS: All compounds inhibited the growth of promastigote and presented low cytotoxicity, being more selective to the parasite than to mammalian cells. All compounds tested were able to decrease macrophage infection. There was a significant decrease in the survival rate of the amastigote when compared with the untreated cells, with TAP-04 presenting the best index. TAP-04 induced ultrastructural changes that are related to cell death by apoptosis. None of the macrophage groups infected with L. infantum and subsequently treated showed increased nitrite release. CONCLUSIONS: The low toxicity to mammalian cells and the leishmanicidal activity observed demonstrate that the synthesis of drugs based in thiosemicarbazone nucleus, thiazole and pyridine derivatives are promising for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

A C-type lectin from Bothrops leucurus snake venom forms amyloid-like aggregates in RPMI medium and are efficiently phagocytosed by peritoneal macrophages.

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that play important roles in the immune system. Under specific conditions, lectins can form amyloids, proteinaceous aggregates rich in cross ß-strand structures. A Ca++-dependent lectin, isolated from Bothrops leucurus snake venom (BLL) has demonstrated relevant biological activities such as antibacterial and antitumor activity. In this work, we aimed to study the interaction of BLL with macrophages. The formation of amyloid structures by BLL in a cell culture medium, the effects of the lectin on macrophage morphology and cytokine production were investigated. BLL amyloid-like fibrils in RMPI medium, pH 7.2, at 37 °C was confirmed by binding of Congo Red, Thioflavin T and electron microscopy. Neither binding of amyloid markers nor fibrillar structures were found when the lectin was incubated in RPMI plus galactose, the specific BLL-binding carbohydrate. Several phagocytic compartments containing fibrillar structures were observed in BLL-treated macrophages in RPMI medium for 24 h; these compartments showed an apple-green birefringence after Congo Red staining and were positive for thioflavin S and anti-amyloid antibody, indicating the presence of amyloid-like fibrils. No fibrillar material and no labeling were observed when the macrophages were treated with BLL plus galactose or cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of phagocytosis. BLL did not affect the viability of the cells. A significant release of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, INF-ϒ and IL-1ß) and regulatory (IL-10) cytokines was observed in BLL-treated macrophages. Taken together, our results shed light on the structural organization of BLL, improving knowledge about the interaction of lectin with macrophages. The phagocytosis of amyloid-like aggregates together with the proinflammatory response induced by BLL may open new perspectives for the use of this lectin as an interesting model to study cytokines and the production of other mediators as well as understand the mechanisms occurring in human immune cells during amyloid protein deposition.