Distribution and Correlates of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) and ACT-Like Programs: Results From the 2015 N-MHSS.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the availability and characteristics of assertive community treatment (ACT) programs across mental health treatment facilities in the United States. METHODS: Prevalence and correlates of facilities that reported offering ACT, broadly defined as intensive community services for serious mental illness provided by multidisciplinary teams in the clients' natural settings and including both ACT and "ACT-like" programs, were examined by using data from the National Mental Health Services Survey. Availability of services essential to the ACT model in these facilities was also examined. RESULTS: Of the 12,826 surveyed facilities, 13.4% reported offering ACT, with significant variability among states. Of the facilities with ACT, 19.2% reported offering all core ACT services. Few facilities offered peer support, employment, and housing services. Compared with programs at facilities that did not offer all core ACT services, facilities with ACT programs that offered these services had higher odds of being publicly owned (odds ratio [OR]=2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.64-2.74) and of receiving federal (OR=3.60, CI=2.17-5.98) or grant funding (OR=1.87, CI=1.45-2.41). Facilities with ACT that offered all core services also had higher odds of offering other services important to individuals with serious mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial differences existed in availability of ACT and ACT-like programs among states, with evidence of a large unmet need overall, even when a very broad and inclusive definition of ACT was used. Few ACT programs offered all core services. Legislative, administrative, and funding differences may explain some of the variability.

Availability of Assertive Community Treatment in the United States: 2010 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined change in availability of assertive community treatment (ACT) and associated services over time. METHODS: Change over time in the availability of facilities in the United States offering ACT and its associated services was examined by using 2010 and 2016 data from the National Mental Health Services Survey. RESULTS: The proportion of facilities that self-reported provision of ACT and its associated services declined between 2010 and 2016 (odds ratio [OR]=0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.63-0.86, p<0.001). Although a higher proportion of facilities that provided ACT reported offering all the required services in 2016 (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.04-1.66, p=0.026) compared with 2010, this proportion accounted for less than 20% of the programs. Compared with 2010, in 2016 increases were observed in peer (OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.38-2.13, p<0.001) and co-occurring disorders services (OR=1.23, 95% CI=1.08-1.42, p=0.004) as well as in secondary services, such as tobacco cessation (OR=4.53, 95% CI=3.51-5.84, p<0.001) and telemedicine (OR=2.08, 95% CI=1.67-2.57, p<0.001). Continuous education for staff was required at more facilities with ACT in 2016 compared with 2010. CONCLUSIONS: Although the proportion of facilities with ACT that offer all the required core services has increased in recent years, such programs remain a minority, and the overall number of facilities with ACT has declined.