[The influence of the institutions on local health councils]. / La influencia de las instituciones en los consejos locales de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influences of the institutions in the operation of the Local Health councils. DESIGN: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. STUDY SETTING: 02 Primary Health Care services of a municipality in the inland of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: twenty-four members of the Local Health Councils and 4 key informants. METHODS: Supported by the theoretical methodological framework of Institutional Analysis. Data were produced through 28 semi-structured interviews, observation and participation in the activities of the councils and recording in the research diary. Data were organized and analyzed by the process of transcription, transposition and reconstitution. RESULTS: The institutions act in the territories represented by social actors who occupy positions and functions within the Primary Health Care services, evidencing the perpetuation of hierarchization with valorization of the speeches of professionals and managers to the detriment of patients and predominance of bureaucratized meetings. The social actors reproduce the ideals of the collective to which they belong in these spaces. CONCLUSIONS: The health management teams do not recognize the different forces that act in the health territory, however, these forces interfere in the activities performed and in health care. The groups act both in formal spaces through official representatives who meet and discuss issues in collegiate meetings and in informal spaces, and constitute forces in dispute in the health territory.

[Interprofessional health education in the Region of the Americas from a nursing perspectiveEducação interprofissional em saúde na Região das Américas na perspectiva da enfermagem]. / Educación interprofesional en salud en la Región de las Américas desde la perspectiva de la enfermería.

This study presents a reflective analysis of the implementation of interprofessional education in undergraduate nursing courses, considering as an example the curricula of undergraduate nursing careers in Brazil. Despite investments to advance interprofessional education, its practice is not institutionalized in the curricula of undergraduate courses. These findings represent a limitation for the implementation of interprofessional education in nursing courses, and the case of Brazil allows to learn lessons for the education of nursing professionals in other countries of the Region of the Americas. Recommendations are provided for training, management and intersectoral articulation of health and education services, with emphasis on primary health care and the Sustainable Development Goals, aimed at educational institutions wishing to implement interprofessional education.

Neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise reflexiva sobre a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de graduação em enfermagem, considerando como exemplo os currículos dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem no Brasil. Apesar dos investimentos para avançar a educação interprofissional, sua prática não está institucionalizada nos currículos de graduação. Esses achados representam uma limitação para a implementação da educação interprofissional em cursos de enfermagem, e o caso do Brasil fornece lições para a formação de profissionais de enfermagem em outros países da Região das Américas. Medidas de treinamento, gestão e articulação intersetorial de serviços de saúde e educação, com ênfase nos cuidados primários de saúde e nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, são recomendadas para instituições educacionais que desejam implementar a educação interprofissional.

Embracement as an analyzer of the relationships between professionals, managers and users.

OBJECTIVE Analyzing the relationships among professionals and between professionals with managers and users based on the user embracement analyzer. METHOD A qualitative study incorporating the theoretical-methodological reference of institutional analysis. The data were produced through focus groups and organized from transcription, transposition and reconstitution. Seventeen (17) focus group sessions were conducted involving six municipalities and health professionals from various backgrounds. RESULTS 137 professionals participated in this study. User embracement has been carried out with the aim to organize spontaneous demand. Doctors have not been directly involved, although they have the final say. Intermediate nursing deals with the users and nurses perform important negotiation work among the network sectors. The receptionists and the community agents develop the first approach to the users, forwarding them to nursing to negotiate the service. Managers hope to avoid complaints by attending everyone. Users take advantage of party politics and of the media for services when there is no access. CONCLUSION User embracement is an analyzer, since it produces visibility and readability of the relations being produced in health services, and when analyzed can lead to denaturalizing these actions.

[Nursing education at the university in Brazil: three experiences]. / La formation universitaire des infirmières au Brésil : trois expériences.

The ways of forming the nursing professional are linked to the history and to the socio-political and economic context. The article discusses the academic training for nurses in Brazil in three different public universities : University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto ; Federal University of Goiás, Catalão and Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte. It notes the challenges and their differences and similarities. The networks of health services, the universities and university training for nurses are too much different in Brazilian territory. A national law that regulates the training of nurses but the universities has some autonomy to apply these programs. How this structure the nurses formation in this three different universities that we'll compared ? Even with the resources and different histories, the programs of formation have the objectives the management of integral quality care in all health and social services in the country. The achievement of this project is conditioned in each university to the reality and the situation of the health care system and universities as well the work of the professor and nurses.

[Care in nursing in Brazil]. / Care en soins infirmiers au Brésil.

The aim of this paper is to propose a reflection about the care in Brazilian nursing considering some theorists. For doing so, we have started with a discussion about the anglo saxon concept of care and possible translations into Portuguese language. After this, some authors who have theoretically subsidized some scientific productions in healthcare and specifically in Brazilian nursing are introduced. Within this analysis, the presence of different ways of thinking nursing care were identified, but in relation to the concept of care, as it has been proposed in France, there are not too many studies and scientific research. However, despite the limitation of academic research about care in health area, particularly in Brazilian nursing, it is possible to observe that its conceptual assumptions tangent certain bets made in some health policies such as the National Humanization Policy and the Health Continuing Education Policy, as well as in the organization of the Unified Health System, that focus on the integrality of patient care.

[Managers' perspective on continuous health education in a region of São Paulo State]. / Perspectiva dos gestores de uma região do estado de SãoPaulo sobre educação permanente em saúde.

OBJECTIVE: Analysing the concepts of Continuous Health Education - CHE (EPS - in Portuguese), operated by municipal managers and translated into official documents. METHOD: Qualitative research with the use of official documents and semi-structured interviews with the Municipal Health Secretaries or Coordinators of Primary Health Care in the Northeast Region of São Paulo State, and thematic analysis of empirical material. RESULTS: Results indicate difficulties in the municipalities problematizing their management practices, services and health care; EPS tools presented are insufficient and unsatisfactory for amending the array of problems raised and are still far from the routine of Primary Care services. CONCLUSION: Despite efforts to implement EPS actions for the strengthening of primary care, the process appears to be incipient.

Experiences of social stigma of people living with Hansen's disease in Brazil: silencing, secrets and exclusion.

BACKGROUND: Hansen's disease is a chronic, infectious and transmissible disease that is considered a public health problem in Brazil. Hansen's disease is marked by stigma and prejudice, because it carries with it a strong negative social image, reinforced by policies of social isolation in the community. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Ribeirão Preto, an inland city of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Eleven patients under treatment for the disease were interviewed. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed in full, then were analyzed through the stages of transcription, transposition and reconstitution, as informed by concepts proposed by Goffman. RESULTS: The results showed that the marks of stigma are still present in the twenty-first century and were presented in two axes: 'Stigma and work for the person affected by Hansen's disease' and 'The experience of stigma in the family'. The participants refer to fears of losing their jobs and of being ridiculed, which stops them talking about the disease. Regarding their families, the participants reported episodes of discrimination, the creation of family secrets and fear of relatives' reactions. CONCLUSIONS: All these aspects interfere in the follow-up and treatment of patients and need to be considered and welcomed by health professionals. It is recommended that these aspects are addressed in the initial training and continuing education of health professionals. CONTEXTE: La maladie de Hansen est une maladie chronique, infectieuse et transmissible, considérée comme un problème de santé publique au Brésil. La maladie de Hansen est marquée par la stigmatisation et les préjugés, car elle véhicule une image sociale fortement négative, renforcée par des politiques d'isolement social au sein de la communauté. MÉTHODES: Étude qualitative menée à Ribeirão Preto, une ville intérieure de l'État de São Paulo, au Brésil. Onze patients traités pour la maladie ont été interrogés. Les entretiens ont été enregistrés et transcrits intégralement, et ont été analysés en suivant les étapes de transcription, de transposition et de reconstitution, selon les concepts proposés par Goffman. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats montrent que les marques de la stigmatisation sont toujours présentes au 21ème siècle et ont été présentées selon deux axes : 'La stigmatisation et le travail pour la personne affectée par la maladie de Hansen' et 'L'expérience de la stigmatisation dans la famille'. Les participants évoquent la peur de perdre leur emploi, la peur d'être ridiculisés, ce qui les pousse à ne pas parler de la maladie. En ce qui concerne les familles, les participants ont rapporté des épisodes de discrimination, la création de secrets de famille et la peur des réactions des proches. CONCLUSIONS: Tous ces aspects interfèrent dans le suivi et le traitement des patients et doivent être pris en compte et accueillis par les professionnels de la santé. Il est recommandé que ces aspects soient abordés dans la formation initiale et la formation continue des professionnels de la santé. ANTECEDENTES: La enfermedad de Hansen es una enfermedad crónica, infecciosa y transmisible, considerada un problema de salud pública en Brasil. La enfermedad de Hansen está marcada por el estigma y el prejuicio, ya que conlleva una fuerte imagen social negativa, reforzada por políticas de aislamiento social en la comunidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo realizado en Ribeirão Preto, una ciudad del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se entrevistaron a once pacientes en tratamiento para la enfermedad. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, transcritas en su totalidad y analizadas a través de etapas de transcripción, transposición y reconstitución, según los conceptos propuestos por Goffman. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que las marcas del estigma siguen presentes en el siglo XXI y se presentaron en dos ejes: 'Estigma y trabajo para la persona afectada por la enfermedad de Hansen' y 'La experiencia del estigma en la familia'. Los participantes mencionan el miedo a perder sus trabajos, el temor a ser ridiculizados, lo que les impide comentar sobre la enfermedad. En cuanto a las familias, los participantes reportaron episodios de discriminación, la creación de secretos familiares y el miedo a las reacciones de los familiares. CONCLUSIONES: Todos estos aspectos interfieren en el seguimiento y tratamiento de los pacientes y deben ser considerados y acogidos por los profesionales sanitarios. Se recomienda abordar estos aspectos en la formación inicial y la educación continua de los profesionales sanitarios.

[Primary health care workers' view on the presence of nursing students]. / A visão dos trabalhadores da atenção Básica acerca da presença de estudantes de enfermagem.

This qualitative research aimed to analyze the view of the workers at a basic health unit on the presence of nursing students at the service. Eighteen workers participated in semi-structured interviews, analyzed after transcription. In the content analysis, we identified two themes: The slowing and quickening of service and The (un) preparedness to learn and teach. The results point to a process of teaching-service partnership still under construction, in which workers feel as though they are learning, but also feel devalued. The presence of the students changes the work dynamics, slowing it. At the same time, the presence of the students questions the hegemonic ways of rapid assistance. An expectation of collaboration in actions is evidenced, there being a preference for students in the last years of undergraduate courses, who perform procedures and do not require constant accompanying. We conclude that the approach between university and primary healthcare services exposes tensions which, collectively analyzed, can engender new ways of caring, teaching and learning.

[Therapeutic factors in a group of health promotion for the elderly]. / Fatores terapêuticos identificados em um grupo de Promoção da Saúde de Idosos.

The aim of this study was to identify therapeutic factors presented in a group of health promotion for the elderly. This is a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected between December 2010 and April 2011 in focal groups that included participants and their coordinators. Results were submitted to content analysis and thematic approach. Findings showed convergence of answers among participants, who indicated resonance and complementarity in identification of the following therapeutic factors: cohesion, introduction of hope, socialization, information sharing, existential factors, altruism, interpersonal relationships, and universal learning. The identification of these factors indicates the therapeutic potential of focal groups, especially for attending to the needs of elderly people, keeping these patients healthy, and strengthening their feelings of love and life, and being part of a social group.

Violence in the Nursing Workplace in the Context of Primary Health Care: A Qualitative Study.

Violence demands considerable attention due to its complexity and social consequences. The objective of this study was to analyze violence in the nursing professional workplace in the context of primary health care in Brazil. It is a qualitative study with theoretical and methodological reference to institutional analysis. It was carried out in basic health units in Brazil. Nursing professionals (N = 11) participated in semi-structured interviews and discussion groups, in addition to a research diary and participant observation. Data collection took place from October to December 2021. The results are presented in five categories: types of violence and aggressors from the perspective of nursing professionals; the causes of violence reported by professionals; strategies for the management of violence; professionals' proposals for preventing violence in health contexts; the consequences of violence in the workplace. Nursing professionals make up a large part of the workforce and have reported verbal, physical, moral, and psychological violence. The main causes are associated with user access to services. For the prevention of violence, professionals do not see themselves as protagonists of change. The consequences are the loss of quality of work and the health of professionals who requested sick leave and transfers. The study's findings can help in the development of public policies and educational and management actions.

The Work of Nurses in Primary Health Care: Crossings of the New Public Management.

The literature in the field of health management mentions a concept called new public management (NPM), introduced in Brazil and France at the end of the 20th century. The objective of the study was to analyze the repercussions of the work of nurses in primary health care in Brazil and France under the influence of NPM. This is an excerpt of a double-titled thesis, which is a research intervention with nurses from two Brazilian states and five French departments. Data were produced between February 2019 and July 2021. The public policy Health on the Hour acted as an institutional transducer, provoking a reduction in access and producing effects on professional practices. In both countries, NPM amplified the predominance of technical and quantifiable acts, the focus on individual care, and the loss of autonomy. Nurses reported insurmountable situations, using the metaphor "Sophie's choice". The results showed that making dilemmatic decisions has been the daily routine of nurses, which has not resulted in debureaucratization and higher quality of care.

[The production of critical-reflexive narratives and their effect on nursing students' portfolios]. / A produção de narrativas crítico-reflexivas nos portfólios de estudantes de enfermagem.

The objective of this study is to analyze the process of producing reflexive narratives on nursing students' portfolios. This qualitative study performed an analysis of the portfolios of the class discipline Health Promotion in Primary Education, taught in the fourth semester of the Nursing Licensure Course. Results showed an initial predominance of descriptive records, with the incipient approach of theoretical aspects associated with the aspects regarding their experience. Further, in the group and experience discussions, there were narratives containing more critical and reflexive elements, with justifications for the described actions and the relationships with the theoretical-practical aspects studied in the class and in the course. In conclusion, there is a process of producing critical-reflexive narratives in portfolios that could include a summarized description, using common sense and idealization which allows for including the differences and the theoretical review.

[Cartographic notes on the work in the Family Health Strategy: relationships between workers and the population]. / Notas cartográficas do trabalho na Estratégia Saúde da Família: relações entre trabalhadores e população.

The objective of this intervention study was to map instituted and instituting movements present in the work of the Family Health Strategy in the development of their care practices. The theoretical framework is based on institutional analysis, using the schizoanalytic approach. Group meetings were carried out with the staff to discuss how they provided collective care in continuing health education. The study subjects were professionals from the team and students who were engaged in academic activity in the service. The average attendance was twelve people per meeting, and there were a total of eight meetings from March to July 2010. Data were grouped into two immanent strata: the relationships of the team and the relationship with clients. The strata point to the intersection of education and legal institutions and the social and technical division of labor. Collective thinking in groups appeared to be effective in denaturalizing established processes and interrogating places, knowledge and practices.

The Feminine Condition and Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health in Brazil and France.

Introduction: Elements mark the reality of reading the female body in symbolic constructions and social symbols in the exercise of their reproductive health. The study aims to identify elements that characterize the female condition while analyzing the reproductive health of Brazilian and French women. Materials and Methods: A qualitative, multicenter, international study was conducted in Brazil and in France between 2016 and 2019. Data were produced through the use of semi-structured scripts. Focus group discussions and individual interviews were conducted with women who gave birth, hetero-female couples who lived the experience of gestation and birth of a baby, and professionals of maternal and childcare services or members of the associations concerned with the health of mothers and babies. It was guided by the theoretical-methodological framework of institutional analysis in line with the French Institutional Socioclinics. Results: Sexual and reproductive health in the realities researched in Brazil and France are sometimes close and sometimes far apart. In what involves the Brazilian health system, abortion is criminalized and often performed illegally. Furthermore, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period are highly medicalized. In addition, childbirth is not assured as an experience for a woman and her family. This aspect is confirmed by high numbers of cesarean sections performed or by maternal and infant mortality indicators. The French health system prioritizes vaginal deliveries and seems to assure more autonomy to women, but at the same time, it is worn out by the logic of profit, the efficiency of actions, and the rationalization of practices. In association with these, there are other intrinsic elements in the functioning of the institution that delineates the format of each country: notion of women's rights, violence against women, and discussion regarding the oppression markers of race, gender, sexuality, and social class. Conclusions: Both countries reveal aspects related to the social role of women's bodies. The established logic reflects in the decision to have children, motherhood, women's autonomy over their own bodies, and in the core values linked to the termination of pregnancy and the professional practices developed in prenatal care, childbirth, and postpartum.

The research and association between teaching and care in the consolidation of the Brazilian National Health System. / A pesquisa e a articulação ensino-serviço na consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde.

This article comprises the authors' reflections about theory and experiences about the connection between research, teaching and health care services for the consolidation of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde). The research in collective health nursing face the challenge of breaking with the traditional forms that separate those who research, teach, learn and provide care. The movement for changing the process of caring and teaching occurs through an investigative and reflexive production. Therefore, the studies for the consolidation of the SUS call for an intense connection between teaching-service and knowledge production. It challenges us to create research projects together with the workers, which implies advancing the data collection to data production, and taking students to the activities and internship for the alliance and co-responsibilization of actions. We propose assuming the lack of knowledge to create instituting practices.

[Attributes mobilized by nurses in family health: reaching performances when developing managerial competence]. / Atributos mobilizados pela enfermeira na Saúde da Família: aproximação aos desempenhos na construção da competência gerencial.

This exploratory-descriptive study was performed using a qualitative approach with the purpose to identify and analyze the attributes mobilized in work situations that characterize the performance of nurses in managerial competence in Family Health based on the concepts of dialogic competence. Data collection was performed through participant observation of the work performed by Family Health nurses in four units associated with the University of São Paulo in Ribeirão Preto - SP/Brazil, considering a typical workweek, with a total of 160 hours of observation. Through content analysis, using the thematic analysis technique, we identified five themes related to: supervision, teamwork, social control, work organization and planning. Results show there is a group of attributes mobilized by nurses which remains centered on work organization for individual health care with rare incursions for a systemized planning process.

[Family discussion in the family health strategy: a working process under construction]. / Discussão de famílias na estratégia saúde da família: processo de trabalho em construção.

The objective was to follow the working process of a family health team in their regular meetings held to discuss family cases. This study used a qualitative approach, founded on the theoretical and methodological framework institutional schizoanalytic analysis. Seventeen meetings were followed, which counted with the participation of an average of 7 to 8 of the 17 workers participating in the study. The team held discussions on the families, and classified them according to the risk criteria, reviewed what had been accomplished in the meting and searched for action alternatives. There were disagreements when participants faced differences and difficulties to be heard by their colleagues, which were gradually overcome, and made it possible for the members to share care situations they had in common. The team made an effort to analyze the how they take care of the families and to get them to integrate. It was concluded that the meetings favor the production of care and the construction of group work as the team, while delivering care, deals with the subjectivities produced in their practice.

[Evaluation of organizational and performance features in a Basic Health Unit]. / Avaliação das características organizacionais e de desempenho de uma unidade de atenção Básica à Saúde.

This research aims to evaluate organizational and performance features of a traditional Basic Health Unit, from the Primary Health Care service network, from users' perspective. The sample of 55 users was established using the same criteria of a rapid evaluation methodology, which was already validated and based on a free lectureship research sampling process. Empirical data were collected using the Primary Care Assessment Tool instrument validatedfor Brazil. Results revealed that access is one of the bottlenecks in the system. Primary Health Care practice does not focus on families and community in its process of work. The Basic Health Unit offers several services, establishing itself as an entrance to the system, though it does not always establish a link with users. Investments are needed in the Brazilian municipal health network in order to strengthen Primary Health Care attributes.

Cesarean childbirth: an institutional socio-clinical study of the professional practices and discourses.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze how the social, historical, economic and professional elements influence the institutionalization process of cesarean childbirth in Brazil and France. METHOD: a qualitative study grounded on the theoretical framework of the institutional socioclinic. The data were produced through focus groups and individual interviews, supported by semi-structured scripts, with health professionals, mothers and fathers and a research diary. The study had 83 participants. The analysis was based on the theoretical framework and thematic analysis. Cross analysis was developed between the different types of data, services and groups, as well as between countries. RESULTS: the participants were characterized in terms of schooling, employment, level of training and workplace. The countries researched have their own peculiar health and educational structure and are marked by a social-historical-economic construction outlined by patriarchy. The New Public Management influences both contexts and makes health care precarious. The technical and organizational dimensions reinforce an intellectual and social division of work and knowledge in health. CONCLUSION: the institutionalization process of childbirth in the countries is marked by social, economic and professional aspects. Practices and speeches of the professionals in their work process influence the occurrence, or not, of cesarean sections.

Women and leprosy: interferences and experiences.

OBJECTIVE: to know the interferences of leprosy in women's lives and how they reinvent themselves in coping with the disease. METHOD: a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The theoretical-methodological framework adopts an approximation to the cartographic method and some concepts of schizoanalysis, which were used to analyze the data. The tools used to produce the data were the interview and the logbook. The interviews were conducted from July to November 2019, at the participants' homes. RESULTS: the group consisted of nine women. To display the data, we were inspired by Deleuze's ideas about difference and repetition. The results were organized in three thematic axes that address the lives of these women affected by leprosy, which accompany concerns, anxieties and worries about the effects of the disease. The transformations in the female body, the financial maintenance itself due to the comorbidities caused by leprosy and its difficulties in guaranteeing rights are elements strongly pointed out by women. CONCLUSION: there is overlap and interference of the female condition in a patriarchal society that still accompanies it. We bet on the strength of becoming-a-woman and the need to consider them in their singularities and in their context for producing care permeated by meetings of the affirmation of the power of life.