Simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in human plasma by HPLC with UV detection.

A simple and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm has been validated for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in human plasma. Plasma samples were pretreated by direct deproteinization with methanol. A good chromatographic separation between both compounds was achieved using a reversed phase C8 column and a mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile-phosphate solution-tetramethyl ammonium chloride solution. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0.625-20 mg l(-1) for amoxicillin and 0.3125-10 mg l(-1) for clavulanic acid with determination coefficients > 0.998. The method is accurate (bias < 7%) and reproducible (intra- and inter-day R.S.D. < 15%), with a quantitation limit of 0.625 and 0.3125 mg l(-1) for amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, respectively. Analytical recoveries from human plasma ranged from 91 to 102% for both components. This fully validated method, which allows the simultaneous measurement of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in biological samples, is rapid (total run time < 10 min) and requires only a 100 microl sample. This assay is suitable for biomedical applications and was successfully applied to a pilot pharmacokinetics study in healthy volunteers after a single-oral administration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination (500/125 mg).

Role of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor subtypes in preconditioning against myocardial dysfunction after ischemia and reperfusion.

Using an isolated nonworking rat heart model, this study investigated the role of beta-adrenergic preconditioning (beta-PC) to attenuate myocardial dysfunction after an ischemia/reperfusion injury. After a 20-min stabilization period, the noradrenaline depleted hearts were perfused for 5 min with isoproterenol (ISO) before 40-min global ischemia (I) followed by 30-min reperfusion (R). ISO 0.02 microM provided significant protection versus unconditioned in vivo reserpinized IR control, causing a decrease of creatine kinase (CK) release (mIU/min/g wet weight) on reperfusion in coronary effluent, a preservation of the mean coronary flow (MCF) and preservation of left ventricular function assessed by the rate-pressure product (RPP). These beneficial effects were similar to those of ischemic preconditioning (I-PC) in both nonreserpinized and reserpinized rats. Propranolol (1 microM) and atenolol (10 microM) completely suppressed the ISO preconditioning. In contrast, ICI 118551 (2 microM) a highly selective beta -blocker, did not blunt the salutary effects of ISO on CK release and MCF preservation. These results indicate that ISO pretreatment provides a significant cardioprotection against prolonged ischemic myocardial injury. Although endogenous catecholamines are not necessary for I-PC in isolated rat hearts, cardioprotection provided by beta-adrenergic stimulation is quite similar to I-PC. This significant cardioprotection is mediated less by beta -adrenoceptor than by beta -adrenoceptor activation, which seems to play a crucial role in the beta-PC mechanism.

Ischaemic preconditioning and mast cell histamine release: microdialysis of isolated rat hearts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of intramyocardium kinetics of histamine release by microdialysis in the isolated rat heart and ascertain if the inhibition of histamine release is implicated in the antiarrhythmic effect of preconditioning. A 30 min normothermic global ischaemia model followed by 30 min reperfusion was carried out in the control group (n= 9). In the preconditioning group (n= 8) there was a 5 min global ischaemia followed by 10 min of reperfusion. A mast cell stabilizing group received the disodium cromoglycate ( 10 micro M, n= 10). The last group received a mast cell degranulator, compound 48/80 (1micro g ml (-1), n= 10). In the control group, the histamine release during reperfusion was significantly different from the basal concentration ( 18.4 +/- 6.5 vs 1.9 +/- 0.5 nM, P< 0.05) and was associated with a maximal period of severe arrhythmias. The ischaemic preconditioning modified the histamine release kinetics with an early mast cell degranulation ( 9.7 +/- 1.5 nM) and a significant decrease in the total period of severe arrhythmias in comparison with the control group ( P< 0.05). In the disodium cromoglycate group, the histamine release during reperfusion decreased ( 3.1 +/- 0.7 nM) and was associated with a maximal period of severe arrhythmias. In the C48/80 group, the increase in the histamine released during reperfusion ( 21.2 +/- 5.0 nM) was associated with a maximal period of severe arrhythmias. These results showed firstly the feasibility of kinetic histamine release in myocardium interstitial fluid on the isolated rat heart and secondly that the inhibition of histamine release did not play a direct role in the antiarrhythmic effect of preconditioning.

Study of diurnal fluctuations of plasma methoxyamines in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the diurnal fluctuations of plasma concentrations of methoxyamines (metanephrine and normetanephrine) and of their parent amines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) in normotensive subjects. DESIGN: Serial blood sampling at 09.00 h, 11.00 h, 12.00 h, 14.00 h, 16.00 h, 18.00 h and 20.00 h in 28 healthy volunteers at rest. Determination of plasma concentrations of free catecholamines and total methoxyamines (free and sulpho-conjugates) was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) plasma concentrations of total metanephrine (MN) and normetanephrine (NMN) were 4.31 +/- 1.73 nmol/l (range: 0.96-9.3 nmol/l) and 8.13 +/- 2.54 nmol/l (range: 3.14-17.0 nmol/l), respectively. The NMN/MN ratio ranged between 0.8 and 7.8 (mean +/- SD 2.1 +/- 1.0). Mean plasma concentrations of free epinephrine and norepinephrine were 0.21 +/- 0.12 nmol/l (range: 0.06-1.39 nmol/l) and 1.61 +/- 0.62 nmol/l (range: 0.47-4.01 nmol/l), respectively. Despite marked intraindividual fluctuations, mean methoxyamine and catecholamine levels remained constant over the entire duration of the experiment. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of fluctuations of plasma levels of total methoxyamines suggests that their measurement could be carried out at any time within the diurnal time frame. Further investigations, however, remain necessary to validate these findings in patients with hypertension and/or pheochromocytoma, and to explain the ever important intraindividual variation in plasma concentrations of methoxyamines and of their parent compounds.

An unusual case of methyl bromide poisoning.

A nonlethal poisoning case by methyl bromide in a young woman due to leakage of old fire extinguishers is described. The patient developed major action and intention myoclonus the day following exposure. Inorganic bromide concentrations in plasma were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The initial plasma bromide level was 202 mg/L, 40-fold in excess than the commonly accepted tolerance limit, and decreased slowly to normal levels within 2 months. Although plasma inorganic bromide concentration is known not to be directly correlated to the severity of organic bromide poisoning, its determination was, in the present case, particularly useful to confirm the diagnosis. One year post-exposure, the patient showed no sign of central nervous system toxicity. While such a case of poisoning is particularly rare today, it illustrates, however, that the danger still exists in France although the destruction