Synthesis and ligand binding of nortropane derivatives: N-substituted 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4'-iodophenyl)nortropane and N-(3-iodoprop-(2E)-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3',4'-disubstituted phenyl)nortropane. New high-affinity and selective compounds for the dopamine transporter.

Two novel series of iodinated N-substituted analogs of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4'-iodophenyl)tropane (beta-CIT) and N-(3-iodoprop-(2E)-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3',4'-dis ubstituted phenyl)nortropane were synthesized. They were evaluated for their inhibitory properties on dopamine (DA(T)), serotonin (5-HT(T)), and norepinephrine (NE(T)) transporters in rat brain homogenates using [3H]GBR-12935, [3H]paroxetine, and [3H]nisoxetine as specific ligands. All new N-substituted analogs of beta-CIT exhibited higher DAT selectivity over both 5-HT(T) and NE(T) than beta-CIT. Moreover compounds with the N-substituents propynyl (6), crotyl (4), 2-bromoprop-(2E)-enyl (5), and 3-iodoprop-(2E)-enyl (3d) showed similar to higher DA(T) affinities than beta-CIT (respectively 14, 15, 30, and 30 nM vs 27 nM). Compound 3d was found to be the most selective DA(T) agent of this series (5-HTT/DA(T) = 32.0 vs 0.1 for beta-CIT). The N-(3-iodoprop-(2E)-enyl) chain linked to the tropane nitrogen was therefore maintained on the tropane structure, and phenyl substitution was carried out in order to improve DA(T) affinity. K(i) values of N-(3-iodoprop-(2E)-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3',4'-dis ubstituted phenyl)nortropanes revealed that phenyl, 4'-isopropyl, and 4'-n-propyl derivatives weakly inhibited specific binding to DA(T), whereas phenyl substitution with 4'-methyl (3c), 3',4'-dichloro (3b), and 4'-iodo (3d) yielded high-DA(T) reuptake agents with increased DA(T) selectivity compared to beta-CIT. These results demonstrate that the combination of a nitrogen and a phenyl substitution yields compounds with high affinity and selectivity for the dopamine transporter which are usable as SPECT markers for DA neurons.

Iododerivative of pargyline: a potential tracer for the exploration of monoamine oxidase sites by SPECT.

Monoamine oxidases are important in the regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission. An increase in monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) has been observed in some neurodegenerative diseases, and therefore quantification of cerebral MAO B activity by SPECT would be useful for the diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up of these disorders. We have developed an iodinated derivative of pargyline, a selective inhibitor of MAO B, in order to explore this enzyme by SPECT. Stable bromo and iodo derivatives of pargyline were synthesized and chemically characterized. The radioiodinated ligand [125I]-2-iodopargyline was obtained with high specific activity from the bromo precursor by nucleophilic exchange. Affinity and selectivity of 2-iodopargyline were tested in vitro. Biodistribution study of [125I]-2-iodopargyline was performed in rats. Radioiodinated ligand were obtained in a no-carrier-added form. 2-iodopargyline has a higher in vitro affinity for MAO B than pargyline. However, the in vitro selectivity for MAO B was better for pargyline than for 2-iodopargyline. Ex vivo autoradiographic studies and in vivo saturation studies with selective inhibitors of MAO showed that the cerebral biodistribution of [125I]-2-iodopargyline in the rat is consistent with high level binding to MAO B sites in the pineal gland and in the thalamus. In conclusion, 2-iodopargyline preferentially binds in vivo to MAO B sites with high affinity. However, its selectivity for MAO B in rats is not very high, whereas this ligand binds to a lesser extent to MAO A. It will be then of great value to evaluate the specificity of 2-iodopargyline in humans. This new ligand labeled with 123I should therefore be a suitable tool for SPECT exploration of MAO B in the human brain.

Synthesis and characterization of [125I]N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-iodobenzamide as a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor.

We described the radiosynthesis of an analog of Ro 16-6491, [125I]N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-iodobenzamide, for SPECT exploration of the monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in human brain. The radiolabelling was carried out by nucleophilic exchange of the brominated precursor at solid-state phase in presence of ammonium sulphate. The radiochemical purity of radioiodinated product was higher than 95%. In comparison with Ro 16-6491, the in vitro studies showed a good selectivity of stable N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-iodobenzamide for MAO-B but a slightly lower affinity. Biodistribution studies in the rat showed a high and selective uptake of this compound in the pineal gland 1 h after i.v. injection. The cerebral uptake was low, but the coupling of [125I]N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-iodobenzamide with a lipophilic radical to enhance the passage through the blood-brain barrier can be envisaged.

Synthesis of 4'-iodo-5-methoxy-valerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime as an agent for exploration of serotoninergic transporter.

The serotonin reuptake process is observed in the central nervous system and in cells derived from the neural crest. It would therefore be of great interest to visualize this reuptake for brain exploration and to visualize the tumors derived from these cells (Apudome). Fluvoxamine has been described as a specific uptake inhibitor for serotonin uptake and we therefore supposed that an iodinated derivative of this compound would be a suitable tracer for this purpose. We had shown by computer-assisted investigation that the trifluoromethyl group of fluvoxamine can be replaced by iodine without changing the steric hindrance of the structure. We therefore expected that this result would allow the development of a new iodinated ligand for human exploration by SPECT which would inhibit for the serotoninergic transporter. This new ligand is 4'-iodo-5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime in its E configuration. In vitro binding studies demonstrated that this iodinated ligand has a weaker affinity for the serotonin uptake sites than fluvoxamine. Steric hindrance is not sufficient to predict affinity, other structural factors such as electronic density and dipole moment must be considered to explain the biological difference between fluvoxamine and its iodinated analog.

Exploration of the dopamine transporter: in vitro and in vivo characterization of a high-affinity and high-specificity iodinated tropane derivative (E)-N-(3-iodoprop-2-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4'-m ethylph enyl)nortropane (PE2I).

For the diagnosis and follow-up of neurodegenerative diseases, many cocaine derivatives have been proposed as radioligands to explore the dopamine transporter. As none of them have all the criteria of specificity and kinetics for human use, we have developed a new derivative, (E)-N-(3-iodoprop-2-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4'-methy lphenyl)nortropane (PE2I), which displays promising properties. We report the characterization of PE2I in vitro on rat striatal membranes and in vivo in rats and in monkeys. PE2I had a high affinity (Kd = 0.09 +/- 0.01 nM) and high specificity for the dopamine transporter. In rats we observed a high accumulation in the striatum; by contrast, a very low fixation was measured in the cortex. Moreover, a preinjection of a saturating dose of GBR 12909 prevented the striatal accumulation of PE2I by 74%. These results confirmed the specificity of PE2I for the dopamine transporter. In vivo in monkeys, SPECT studies showed a high accumulation in striatum. Moreover, an equilibrium state was obtained 1 h after injection. PE2I seemed to be the most promising ligand for the dopamine transporter exploration by SPECT using a single-day protocol.

PET examination of three potent cocaine derivatives as specific radioligands for the serotonin transporter.

Several positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands based on the aryl tropane structure have been used for studies on monoamine reuptake sites. RTI-364, RTI-330, and RTI-357 (3-beta-(4'-n-propyl-,4'-iso-propyl-, and 4'-iso-propenyl-phenyl)nortropane-2-beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester) are three recently synthesized cocaine analogues with higher affinity for the serotonin (5-HTT) than the dopamine transporter (DAT). Unlabelled RTI-364 and RTI-330 were prepared in a two-step synthesis. The key step was the addition of the appropriate propyl Grignard reagent to anhydroecgonine methyl ester. RTI-357 was prepared in a three-step synthesis with a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of beta-CIT and isopropenylzinc bromide as key step. Hydrolysis of the ester functions gave the carboxylic acid analogues of RTI-364, RTI-330, and RTI-357, which were labelled with 11C using [11C]methyl iodide in dimethyl formamide (DMF) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) as base. All three compounds entered the monkey brain in a high degree (approximately 5-10%). There was a low uptake of [11C]RTI-364 in serotonin-rich brain areas, whereas [11C]RTI-330 and [11C]RTI-357 showed a marked uptake of radioactivity in the thalamus and the brainstem, regions known to contain serotonin transporters. Transient equilibrium was reached at 15 and 40 min for [11C]RTI-330 and [11C]RTI-357, respectively. After pretreatment with citalopram, the ratio of radioactivity in the thalamus and the brainstem to the cerebellum were markedly reduced for [11C]RTI-357 but not for [11C]RTI-330. The results indicate that [11C]RTI-357 is a potential PET radioligand for quantitation of the serotonin reuptake site.

Comparison of two radioiodinated ligands of dopamine D2 receptors in animal models: iodobenzamide and iodoethylspiperone.

Several iodinated compounds have been developed for in vivo exploration of dopamine D2 receptors by SPECT. It is of great value to understand if the same information could be obtained with different radioligands. For this purpose, we compared in vivo properties of two iodinated ligands, iodoethylspiperone (IES) and iodobenzamide (IBZM), using different pharmacological and lesioning treatments in rats. Cerebral biodistribution performed by ex vivo autoradiograms and dissection of brain areas showed that IES and IBZM bound specifically to D2 receptors since a pre-injection of haloperidol prevented accumulation of both ligands. In contrast, when haloperidol was injected after IES or IBZM, only IBZM was displaced from its binding sites. This could be explained partly by a process of dopamine-dependent internalization with IES. The response to striatal quinolinic acid infusion for lesioning post-synaptic neurons was very different for IES and IBZM. In this model a decrease in IBZM accumulation occurred, corresponding to the loss of D2 receptors located on post-synaptic neurons. In contrast, a unexpected increase in IES accumulation was observed on the lesioned side. From these results we concluded that IES and IBZM, two iodinated ligands belonging to different pharmacological families, bound specifically to dopamine D2 receptors. However they have different properties in animal models. Therefore, it appears that IBZM is a more suitable ligand than IES to detect modifications of D2 receptors by in vivo exploration.

An iodinated derivative of moclobemide as potential radioligand for brain MAO-A exploration.

In vivo evaluation of MAO-A would be of great value for the diagnosis and follow-up of therapy of depression. In order to perform this exploration by SPECT, we developed an iodinated derivative of the reversible MAO-A inhibitor, moclobemide. Ro 11-9900 was synthesized and analysed by IR, NMR and HPLC. Radioiodination was carried out by nucleophilic exchange of [125I] on the brominated precursor, and yielded [125I]-Ro 11-9900 with high specific activity. In vitro experiments on rat brain homogenates showed that Ro 11-9900 had poor inhibitory activity on MAO-A, as already described for moclobemide. By contrast, in vivo biodistribution in the rat brain showed that [125I]-Ro 11-990 accumulated in a region corresponding to the localization of locus coeruleus known for its high density of MAO-A. Moreover, preinjection of the irreversible MAO-A inhibitor clorgyline (10 mg.kg-1) prevented accumulation of radioactivity by 40 to 60% and we found that the radioactivity in the brain corresponded exclusively to [125I]-Ro 11-9900 and not to a metabolite. [125I]-Ro 11-9900 was highly accumulated in the pineal gland, both on MAO-A and on MAO-B sites. We concluded that the unmetabolized iodinated derivative of moclobemide, Ro 11-9900, preferentially labeled MAO-A in vivo in the rat brain. This compound would therefore be a potential tracer for evaluation of MAO-A by SPECT.

A selective radiobrominated cocaine analogue for imaging of dopamine uptake sites: pharmacological evaluation and PET experiments.

(E)-N-(3-bromoprop-2-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-4'-tolyl -nortropane or PE2Br, an analogue of cocaine was labelled with the positron emitter 76Br (T1/2=16 h) for pharmacological evaluation in the rat and PET investigation in the monkey. [76Br]PE2Br was obtained by electrophilic substitution from the tributylstannyl precursor with radiochemical yield of 80%. In vivo biodistribution studies of [76Br]PE2Br (20 MBq/nmol) in rats showed a high uptake in the striatum (2.2% ID/g tissue at 15 min p.i.). The striatum to cerebellum radioactivity ratio was 6 at 1 hour p.i. Striatal uptake of [76Br]PE2Br was almost completely prevented by pretreatment with GBR 12909, but citalopram and maprotiline had no effect, confirming the selectivity of the radioligand for the dopamine transporter. PET imaging of the biodistribution of [76Br]PE2Br in the baboon demonstrated rapid and high uptake in the brain (5% ID at 3 min p.i.). The striatal radioactivity concentration reached a plateau at 20 min p.i. (7% ID/100 mL). The uptake in the cortex and cerebellum was very low. A significantly higher uptake in the thalamus was observed. At 1h p.i., the striatum to cerebellum ratio and thalamus to cerebellum ratio were 8 and 1.9 respectively. In competition experiments the radioactivity in the striatum and the thalamus was displaced by 5 mg/kgof cocaine and 5 mg/kg of GBR 12909, but citalopram and maprotiline had no effect. These results showed that [76Br]PE2Br is in vivo a potent and selective radioligand suitable for PET imagingof the dopamine transporter.

N-(3-lodoprop-2E-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3',4'-dichloro phenyl)nortropane (beta-CDIT), a tropane derivative: pharmacological characterization as a specific ligand for the dopamine transporter in the rodent brain.

N-(3-Iodoprop-2E-enyl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3',4'-dichl orophenyl)nortropane (beta-CDIT), a new iodinated tropane derivative, has been synthesized and radiolabeled with iodine. [125I]beta-CDIT was tested in vitro and ex vivo as a probe for the dopamine transporter site in the rat brain, and behavioral studies were performed in mice. Saturation studies in the striatum revealed that [125I]beta-CDIT bound to a single high-affinity site. The Kd value was 0.18 +/- 0.07 nM, and the corresponding Bmax value was 500 +/- 80 fmol/mg of protein. The pharmacological profile of specific [125I]beta-CDIT binding in the striatum was consistent with that of the dopamine transporter. In addition, competition studies in cerebral cortex regions with [3H]paroxetine and [3H]nisoxetine showed a very low affinity of beta-CDIT for the 5-hydroxytryptamine (Ki = 50 nM) and norepinephrine (Ki = 500 nM) transporters compared with beta-CIT (corresponding Ki values were 3 and 80 nM). In contrast, the competition of beta-CDIT with [3H]GBR 12935 in the striatal region (Ki = 29 nM) was of the same order of value as for beta-CIT (Ki = 27.5 nM). Behavioral experiments in mice showed that both beta-CDIT and beta-CIT induced stimulation of locomotor activity. Ex vivo autoradiographic studies in rats using [125I]beta-CDIT demonstrated high densities of [125I]beta-CDIT binding sites in areas known to be rich in dopaminergic innervation. Because of its high affinity and high selectivity for the dopamine transporter, [125I]beta-CDIT should be a valuable ligand for the exploration of the dopamine transporter with single-photon emission computed tomography.

[125I]MIBG uptake and release in different regions of the rat brain.

Radioiodinated m-iodobenzylguanidine [( 125I]MIBG) and tritiated norepinephrine [( 3H]NE]) uptake and release were compared, in different regions of the brain of the rat. The classification of the regions according to uptake was the same for both tracers:striatum greater than hypothalamus greater than hippocampus greater than cortex greater than brainstem. Tetrabenazine (TBZ), a granular monoamine uptake inhibitor reduced the uptake in the different regions. The inhibition rate was higher for [3H]NE uptake than for [125I]MIBG. The spontaneous release was the same for [125I]MIBG and [3H]NE and was the lowest in the striatum. The K+ stimulated release of [3H]NE was more complete than the release of [125I]MIBG and was the most important in the striatum. From these results, it is inferred that MIBG enters the brain tissue via NE uptake mechanisms. It appears that MIBG is stored in the chromaffin granules, as NE, but also in the cytoplasm. A modified molecule derived from MIBG which would cross the blood-brain barrier, would then appear as a potential scintigraphic marker of monoamine uptake, storage and release.

Synthesis and in vitro binding properties of halogenated analogues of GBR as new dopamine uptake carrier ligands.

We present the original synthesis of two halogenated analogues of the diphenyl piperazine GBR, bromo-GBR and iodo-GBR, as new dopamine uptake carrier ligands. The derivatives were purified by HPLC and chemically characterized. Bromo-GBR and iodo-GBR and iodo-GBR are potent inhibitors of [3H]GBR 12935 binding to rat striatal membrane, with Ki values of 116 and 113 nM, respectively. We prepared iodo-GBR labeled with iodide-125 from the brominated derivative and concluded that [123I]iodo-GBR could be a potential tool to explore the in vivo dopamine uptake carrier.

Synthesis of tropane and nortropane analogues with phenyl substitutions as serotonin transporter ligands.

The effects of structural modifications of 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-phenyl tropane analogues were evaluated on in vitro affinity to the dopamine (DAT) and serotonin (5-HTT) transporters in rat brain tissue. The introduction of a large alkyl group at the 4'-position of the phenyl ring, affording 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4'-alkylphenyl) tropane, diminished the affinity for the DAT whereas moderate 5-HTT affinity was obtained. The introduction of an iodine at the 3'-position of the 4'-alkylphenyl, affording 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(3'-iodo-4'-alkylphenyl) tropane, and N-demethylation, affording 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(3'-iodo-4'-alkylphenyl) nortropane, improved affinity and specificity for the 5-HTT. It could be assumed from these results that the combination of these three modifications of tropane structure yielded highly selective compounds for the 5-HTT. Of the new compounds synthesized, the most selective cocaine derivative, 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(3'-iodo-4'-isopropylphenyl) nortropane (8d) labeled with iodine-123 or carbon-11, could be a potential ligand for exploration of the 5-HT transporter by SPET or PET.

Estrogen receptor imaging with 17 alpha-[123I]iodovinyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiol (MIVE2)--Part I. Radiotracer preparation and characterization.

It is important to know the estrogen receptor rate in breast carcinoma management. Thus, an in vivo and atraumatic method would be very useful. Different ligands have been proposed for this. We present here the specific synthesis of 20E- and 20Z-17 alpha-iodovinyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiols and their biological characterization as estrogen receptor ligands. The two isomers were analysed by current chemical methods (NMR) and purified by HPLC. We carried out an in vivo study with 21-day-old Swiss mice to compare properties of the two ligands. The 20E-MIVE2 showed the best affinity for estrogen receptors, the uterus-to-blood ratio was 15-fold higher for the trans derivative. We enhanced the in vivo and in vitro properties of the 20E-MIVE2: the affinity constant was determined by Scatchard analysis, Kd = 16 x 10(-10) M, and biodistributions were performed with unlabelled estradiol pre-injection. We concluded that 20E-MIVE2 can be used for a feasibility study in patients with breast carcinoma.

A new iodinated tropane derivative (beta-CDIT) for in vivo dopamine transporter exploration: comparison with beta-CIT.

SPECT exploration of the dopamine transporter with tropane derivatives such as beta-CIT has already produced very valuable information in humans. However, the high affinity of this tracer for both dopamine and serotonin transporters and its slow in vivo kinetics provide the best images in humans more than 20 h after injection. In order to improve those properties, we performed structural changes in the tropane structure in the phenyl and nitrogen substituents for higher affinity and specificity and obtained a promising ligand, 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(3',4' diclorophenyl)-8-(3-iodoprop-2E-enyl) nortropane (beta-CDIT). This iodinated ligand was characterized in vitro and in vivo in the rat in comparison with beta-CIT. In vitro competition studies revealed that beta-CIT and beta-CDIT similarly inhibited the binding of [3H]GBR 12935 (Ki = 27.5 and 29.0 nM, respectively). In contrast, competition studies with [3H]paroxetine and [3H]nisoxetine showed that beta-CDIT had a lower affinity for the serotonin transporter than beta-CIT (Ki = 50 and 3 nM, respectively) and also a lower affinity for the noradrenaline transporter than beta-CIT (Ki = 500 and 80 nM, respectively). In vivo studies in the rat showed that there was high and rapid uptake of [125I] beta-CDIT in the striatum. In addition, preinjection of GBR 12909 prevented accumulation of this ligand in the striatum by 80%, whereas only a 30% decrease was obtained for [125I] beta-CIT. It seems, therefore, that the combination of aromatic and nitrogen substitution improves the properties of tropane derivatives to provide an exclusive dopamine transporter ligand potentially usable in SPECT.

Iodoethylspiperone, a new potential agent for exploration of central dopamine D2 receptors: synthesis and preliminary in vivo study.

We synthesized a new spiperone derivative: iodoethylspiperone (IES) to perform dopamine D2 receptor exploration by SPECT. IES was prepared from a precursor: tosylethylspiperone, and characterized by i.r. and 1H-NMR analyses. [125I]IES was obtained with 80% yield. In vivo biodistribution in rats showed a high and specific uptake in the striatum. The uptake ratio between the striatum and the cerebellum reached a maximum value 4 h after injection (10.05 +/- 2.81). IES labeled with 123I should be a promising new agent to investigate D2 receptors in the living human brain.