Cardiovascular Effects of Aerobic Exercise With Self-Selected or Predetermined Intensity in Adolescents With Obesity.

This study compared the effects of self-selected exercise intensity (SEI) versus predetermined exercise intensity (PEI) on blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in adolescents with obesity. A total of 37 adolescents, 14.7 (1.6) years old, body mass index ≥95th percentile were randomly allocated into SEI (n = 18; 12 boys) or PEI (n = 19; 13 boys). Both groups exercised for 35 minutes on a treadmill, 3 times per week, for 12 weeks. The SEI could set the speed at the beginning of the sessions and make changes every 5 minutes. The PEI adolescents were trained at an intensity set at 60% to 70% of heart rate reserve. Brachial and central BP, pulse pressure, augmentation index, and carotid-femoral pulse wave were determined at baseline and after 12 weeks. Both groups reduced brachial systolic BP (SEI, Δ = -9 mm Hg; PEI, Δ = -4 mm Hg; P < .01), central systolic BP (SEI, Δ = -4 mm Hg; PEI, Δ = -4 mm Hg; P = .01), and central pulse pressure (SEI, Δ = -4 mm Hg; PEI, Δ = -3 mm Hg; P = .02) without differences between groups. No changes in the augmentation index and carotid-femoral pulse wave were observed in either group. The SEI induced similar changes in various cardiovascular outcomes compared with PEI in adolescents with obesity.

Paternal Exercise Improves the Metabolic Health of Offspring via Epigenetic Modulation of the Germline.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Epigenetic regulation is considered the main molecular mechanism underlying the developmental origin of health and disease's (DOHAD) hypothesis. Previous studies that have investigated the role of paternal exercise on the metabolic health of the offspring did not control for the amount and intensity of the training or possible effects of adaptation to exercise and produced conflicting results regarding the benefits of parental exercise to the next generation. We employed a precisely regulated exercise regimen to study the transgenerational inheritance of improved metabolic health. METHODS: We subjected male mice to a well-controlled exercise -training program to investigate the effects of paternal exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in their adult progeny. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance, we determined chromatin markers in the skeletal muscle of the offspring and the paternal sperm. RESULTS: Offspring of trained male mice exhibited improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Paternal exercise modulated the DNA methylation profile of PI3Kca and the imprinted H19/Igf2 locus at specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the skeletal muscle of the offspring, which affected their gene expression. Remarkably, a similar DNA methylation profile at the PI3Kca, H19, and Igf2 genes was present in the progenitor sperm indicating that exercise-induced epigenetic changes that occurred during germ cell development contributed to transgenerational transmission. CONCLUSION: Paternal exercise might be considered as a strategy that could promote metabolic health in the offspring as the benefits can be inherited transgenerationally.

Exercise training protects human and rodent ß cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis.

Prolonged exercise has positive metabolic effects in obese or diabetic individuals. These effects are usually ascribed to improvements in insulin sensitivity. We evaluated whether exercise also generates circulating signals that protect human and rodent ß cells against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. For this purpose, we obtained serum from humans or mice before and after an 8 wk training period. Exposure of human islets or mouse or rat ß cells to human or rodent sera, respectively, obtained from trained individuals reduced cytokine (IL-1ß+IFN-γ)- or chemical ER stressor-induced ß-cell ER stress and apoptosis, at least in part via activation of the transcription factor STAT3. These findings indicate that exercise training improves human and rodent ß-cell survival under diabetogenic conditions and support lifestyle interventions as a protective approach for both type 1 and 2 diabetes.-Paula, F. M. M., Leite, N. C., Borck, P. C., Freitas-Dias, R., Cnop, M., Chacon-Mikahil, M. P. T., Cavaglieri, C. R., Marchetti, P., Boschero, A. C., Zoppi, C. C., Eizirik, D. L. Exercise training protects human and rodent ß cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis.

Exercise increases pancreatic ß-cell viability in a model of type 1 diabetes through IL-6 signaling.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is provoked by an autoimmune assault against pancreatic ß cells. Exercise training enhances ß-cell mass in T1D. Here, we investigated how exercise signals ß cells in T1D condition. For this, we used several approaches. Wild-type and IL-6 knockout (KO) C57BL/6 mice were exercised. Afterward, islets from control and trained mice were exposed to inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß plus IFN-γ). Islets from control mice and ß-cell lines (INS-1E and MIN6) were incubated with serum from control or trained mice or medium obtained from 5-aminoimidazole-4 carboxamide1-ß-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR)-treated C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Subsequently, islets and ß cells were exposed to IL-1ß plus IFN-γ. Proteins were assessed by immunoblotting, apoptosis was determined by DNA-binding dye propidium iodide fluorescence, and NO(•) was estimated by nitrite. Exercise reduced 25, 75, and 50% of the IL-1ß plus IFN-γ-induced iNOS, nitrite, and cleaved caspase-3 content, respectively, in pancreatic islets. Serum from trained mice and medium from AICAR-treated C2C12 cells reduced ß-cell death, induced by IL-1ß plus IFN-γ treatment, in 15 and 38%, respectively. This effect was lost in samples treated with IL-6 inhibitor or with serum from exercised IL-6 KO mice. In conclusion, muscle contraction signals ß-cell survival in T1D through IL-6.

Single breath counting technique to assess pulmonary function: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pulmonary function is usually assessed by measuring Vital Capacity (VC) using equipment such as a spirometer or ventilometer, but these are not always available to the population, as they are relatively expensive tests, difficult to transport and require trained professionals. However, the single breath counting technique (SBCT) appears as a possible alternative to respiratory function tests, to help in the pathophysiological understanding of lung diseases. The objective is to verify the applicability of the SBCT as a parameter for evaluating VC. This is a systematic review registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023383706) and used for PubMed®, Scientific Electronic Library Online, LILACS, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases of articles published until January 2023. Methodological quality regarding the risk of bias was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 and National Institutes of Health tools. Eleven of a total of 574 studies were included, of these, nine showed a correlation between VC and SBCT (weak in healthy, moderate in neuromuscular and strong in hospitalized patients). One study of hospitalized patients accurately identified a count value of 21 for a VC of 20 ml kg-1(Sensitivity = 94% and Specificity = 77%), and another estimated a count lower than 41 for a VC below 80% of predicted in patients with neuromuscular dystrophy (Sensitivity = 89% and Specificity = 62%), and another showed good intra and inter-examiner reproducibility in young, adult, and elderly populations. A meta-analysis of three studies showed a moderate correlation in subjects with neuromuscular diseases (r= 0.62, 95% CI = 0.52-0.71,p< 0.01). A high risk of bias was identified regarding the justification of the sample size and blinding of the evaluators. SBCT has been presented as an alternative to assess VC in the absence of specific equipment. There is a clear relationship between SBCT and VC, especially in neuromuscular and hospitalized individuals. New validation studies conducted with greater control of potential bias risks are necessary.

Aerobic training with a self-selected or predetermined intensity on sleep parameters in adolescents with obesity: a randomized clinical trial.

Objectives: To compare the effects of self-selected and predetermined intensity on sleep quality and duration, daytime sleepiness, and sleep efficiency of adolescents with obesity after 12 weeks of aerobic training. Material and Methods: Thirty-seven adolescents (12 girls), 13-18 years old, with obesity (BMI = 95th) were randomized into a predetermined intensity group (PIG), exercise intensity around 60-70% of heart rate reserve; or self-selected intensity group (SIG), the adolescents chose the speed/intensity at the beginning of each session and were able to change it every 5 minutes. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to assess sleep outcomes. Results: No differences were observed for PSQI [0.00 ± 2.00 vs 1.38 ± 2.7; p=0.195; d=0.60 (moderate effect)], sleep duration [-0.95 ± 1.2 vs -0.35 ± 1.6; p=0.358; d=0.41 (small effect)], ESS [(2.10 ± 3.9 vs 1.15 ± 4.5; p=0.195; d=0.23 (small effect)], and sleep efficiency [(81.5 ± 24.0 vs 79.4 ± 17.0; p=0.8.14; d=0.10 (trivial effect)] for the PIG and SIG groups, respectively. Conclusion: Aerobic training at a self- selected or predetermined intensity does not modulate sleep quality, sleep duration and efficiency, and daytime sleepiness, independent of intensity.

Offspring from trained male mice inherit improved muscle mitochondrial function through PPAR co-repressor modulation.

Aim Investigate whether inheritance of improved skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and its association with glycemic control are multigenerational benefits of exercise. MAIN METHODS: Male Swiss mice were subjected to 8 weeks of endurance training and mated with untrained females. KEY FINDINGS: Trained fathers displayed typical endurance training-induced adaptations. Remarkably, offspring from trained fathers also exhibited higher endurance performance, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. However, PGC-1α expression was not increased in the offspring. In the offspring, the expression of the co-repressor NCoR1 was reduced, increasing activation of PGC-1α target genes. These effects correlated with higher DNA methylation at the NCoR1 promoter in both, the sperm of trained fathers and in the skeletal muscle of their offspring. SIGNIFICANCE: Higher skeletal muscle mitochondrial function is inherited by epigenetic de-activation of a key PGC-1α co-repressor.

Comparison of the printed and online administration of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2).

OBJECTIVE: To compare the traditional printed form of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire with a proposed online form in terms of validity, reliability, and applicability. METHODS: A crossover design study was conducted with 157 undergraduate students. Half of the sample answered the printed questionnaire first and then answered the online questionnaire 7 days later, while the other half of the sample did the inverse. Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze the internal consistency of both the online and printed questionnaires. The construct validity was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, using a weighted least square mean and adjusted variance estimation and oblique rotation. The quality of the model was tested with fit indices. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis showed the 19-item structure with five factors: χ2 of 230.718; degrees of freedom of 142; χ2/degrees of freedom of 1.625; comparative fit index of 0.978 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.073. All items presented factorial loads above 0.5. There was also excellent consistency between the formats of administration in all dimensions, with Cronbach's alpha values above 0.70. The stability between the formats of administration varied between 0.78 (95%CI: 0.69-0.85) and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.77-0.89), suggesting desirable confidence between both formats of administration. CONCLUSION: The five-factor model of the online Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire shows internal consistency both in terms of the scale dimensions as well as in terms of the total items.

Impact of climate variability on exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescents living in a semi-arid region.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of climate variability on the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in the rainy and dry seasons of a Brazilian semi-arid region. METHODS: This sample comprised 82 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, who were submitted to exercise-induced bronchospasm assessment on a treadmill and outdoors, during the rainy and the dry season. Anthropometric variables, sexual maturity and forced expiratory volume in the first second were analyzed. Air temperature and humidity, decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) and frequency of bronchospasm were compared between seasons using the independent Student's t test, the Wilcoxon and McNemar tests, respectively. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean age was 15.65±0.82 years. Air temperature, air humidity and decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) differed between seasons, with higher air temperature and humidity in the rainy season (29.6ºC±0.1 and 70.8%±0.6 versus 28.5ºC±0.2 and 48.5%±0.6; p<0.05). The decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) was greater in the dry season (9.43%±9.97 versus 12.94%±15.65; p<0.05). The frequency of bronchospasm did not differ between seasons. CONCLUSION: The dry season had a negative impact on forced expiratory volume in the first second in adolescents, with greater decrease detected during this period. Findings of this study suggested bronchospasm tends to be more severe under low humidity conditions.

Reliability of questionnaire The International Fitness Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective To perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the reliability of The International Fitness Scale questionnaire for assessing overall physical fitness and related components. Methods PubMed®, BIREME, SciELO, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and Cochrane databases were searched using the following search terms: "The International Fitness Scale", "International Fitness Scale" and "IFIS". Article selection and data extraction were performed according to the following eligibility criteria: reliability and/or validity study of the measure tools of The International Fitness Scale; adoption of the The International Fitness Scale as a reference criterion (gold standard) and being an original article. Quality of the study was considered based on Assessment of Reliability Studies. Data analysis used Kappa coefficient of agreement, Cochran and the Higgins I2 test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the withdrawal model. Results A total of seven articles were included in the analysis. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.40 to 0.99, with most studies achieving values ≥0.60, indicative of moderate to substantial reliability. Conclusion In spite of appropriate test-retest scores attributed to most reliability indicators, heterogeneity among the studies remained high. Therefore, further studies with low risk of bias are needed to support the reliability of the self-reported The International Fitness Scale.

Psychometric properties of The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire: systematic review and meta-analysis / Propriedades psicométricas do The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the necessity to assess musculoskeletal complaints caused by computer use, The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) was created, which aims to assess musculoskeletal complaints of the upper limbs, shoulder complex and cervical spine in computer users. However, there is currently no comprehensive summary in the scientific literature on the psychometric properties of the MUEQ. The objective of this study was to conduct a synthesis of all available scientific evidence that has analyzed the psychometric properties of the MUEQ. CONTENTS: This study followed the PRISMA recommendations. The bibliographic search was carried out in the following databases: MEDLINE (via VHL), Embase, LILACS (via VHL), Pubmed, PsycINFO, Scielo, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, MEDLINE Complete, Web of Science CENTRAL, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Studies that addressed the psychometric properties of the MUEQ were included, as long as they were original articles of research carried out with human beings and indexed in the databases used. The studies were selected in two phases, with two independent reviewers. A total of 6 articles were included in the analysis. The evidence based on internal structure showed acceptable results. The reliability indexes ranged from α=0.52 to α=0.84, and ICC/composite reliability > 0.70 in the analyzed studies, classified as "good" and "excellent," respectively. CONCLUSION: In general, this research found a lack of detail on the process of content validity and evidence related to external variables and the description of the sample. These problems extended to the evidence based on the internal structure and reliability of the MUEQ, which did not reach levels considered acceptable to ensure its adequacy and accuracy.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Com a necessidade de avaliar as queixas musculoesqueléticas ocasionadas pelo uso de computadores, foi criado o The Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ), cujo objetivo foi avaliar as queixas musculoesqueléticas relativas aos membros superiores, ao complexo do ombro e à cervical em usuários de computadores. No entanto, atualmente não existe uma sumarização abrangente, na literatura científica, sobre as propriedades psicométricas do MUEQ. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma síntese de evidências científicas disponíveis que analisaram as propriedades psicométricas do MUEQ. CONTEÚDO: Este estudo seguiu as recomendações do PRISMA. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline (via BVS), Embase, LILACS (via BVS), Pubmed, PsycINFO, Scielo, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, MEDLINE Complete, Web of Science CENTRAL, Scopus e SPORTDiscus. Foram incluídos estudos que abordaram as propriedades psicométricas do MUEQ, desde que fossem artigos originais de pesquisas desenvolvidas com seres humanos e indexados nas bases utilizadas. A seleção dos estudos ocorreu em duas fases, com dois revisores independentes. Foram incluídos 6 artigos/publicações na análise. A evidência baseada na estrutura interna apresentou resultados aceitáveis. Os índices de fidedignidade variaram de α=0,52 a α=0,84 e ICC/confiabilidade composta foram maiores que 0,70 nos estudos selecionados, classificados como "bom" e "excelente", respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: De um modo geral, esta pesquisa constatou a falta de detalhamento sobre o processo de validade de conteúdo e de evidências relacionados a variáveis externas e à descrição da amostra. Esses problemas se estenderam à evidência baseada na estrutura interna e à confiabilidade do MUEQ, que não alcançaram níveis considerados aceitáveis para garantir sua adequação e precisão.

Resilience, Life Satisfaction and Flourishing: Mediation of Positive and Negative Affects in the Covid-19 Pandemic / Resiliencia, satisfacción con la vida y florecimiento: mediación de los afectos positivos y negativos en la pandemia de Covid-19 / Resiliência, satisfação com a vida e florescimento: mediação de afetos positivos e negativos na pandemia de Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic generated mental health problems, which motivated this research to test the effect of resilience, mediated by positive and negative affects, on life satisfaction and flourishing. A total of 261 Brazilian university students participated; they had an average age of 24.38 ± 7.44 years old, and 63.9 % were female. They answered an online survey at the beginning of social isolation containing scales on resilience, life satisfaction, positive and negative affects, and flourishing, in addition to sociodemographic questions. In the mediation model, the results indicated sufficiently adequate fits [B-Sχ² (328) = 698.28; p = 0.001; B-Sχ² / df = 2.13; cfi= 0.91; tli= 0.90; rmsea= 0.066 p (rmsea<0.05) = 0.001], showing a mediating effect for positive affect, which corroborates previous stu-dies, suggesting the importance of resilience and po-sitive emotions even during the Covid-19 pandemic to preserve the mental health of university students. These results can contribute to the implementation of an intervention project using positive psychology va-riables to promote mental health in university students.

El Covid-19 ha generado problemas de salud mental, lo que motivó esta investigación. El objetivo es pro-bar el efecto de la resiliencia en la satisfacción con la vida y el florecimiento, mediado por afectos positivos y negativos. Participaron 261 universitarios brasileros, el 63.9 % eran mujeres, con edad promedio de 24.38 ± 7.44 años. Al comienzo del aislamiento social, respondieron en línea cuestionarios que contenían escalas de resiliencia, satisfacción con la vida, afectos positivos y negativos, y florecimientos, además de cuestiones sociodemográficas. En el modelo de mediación, los resultados indicaron ajustes suficientemente adecuados [B-Sχ² (328) = 698.28; p = 0.001; B-Sχ² / gl = 2.13; cfi= 0.91; tli= 0.90; rmsea= 0.066; p (rmsea<0.05) = 0.001], mostrando un efecto mediador de afecto positivo, lo que corrobora estudios previos, sugiriendo la importancia de la resiliencia y de las emociones positivas durante la pandemia de Covid-19 para mantener la salud mental. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir a la implementación de un proyecto de intervención utilizando variables de psicología positiva para promover la salud mental en estudiantes universitarios.

A Covid-19 gerou problemas de saúde mental, o que motivou esta pesquisa. O objetivo é testar o efeito da resiliência na satisfação com a vida e no florescimento, mediado por afetos positivos e negativos. Participaram 261 universitários brasileiros, 63.9 % eram mulhe-res, com idade média de 24.38 ± 7.44 anos. No início do isolamento social, eles responderam questionários on-line contendo escalas de resiliência, satisfação com a vida, afetos positivos e negativos e florescimento, além de questões sociodemográficas. No modelo de mediação, os resultados indicaram ajustes suficiente-mente adequados [B-Sχ² (328) = 698.28; p = 0.001; B-Sχ²/gl = 2,13; cfi= 0.91; tli= 0.90; rmsea= 0.066; p (rmsea<0.05) = 0.001], mostrando efeito mediador do afeto positivo, o que corrobora estudos anteriores, su-gerindo a importância da resiliência e das emoções posi-tivas durante a pandemia de Covid-19 para a manutenção da saúde mental. Os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para a implementação de um projeto de inter-venção utilizando variáveis da psicologia positiva para promoção de saúde mental em estudantes universitários.

Analysis of the association between exercise induced bronchospasm, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity levels of adolescents / Análise da relação entre broncoespasmo induzido por exercício, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e nível de atividade física de adolescentes / Análisis de la relación entre el broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y el nivel de actividad física entre adolescentes

ABSTRACT This study aims to verify the association between exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB), cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity levels in adolescents. To do so, we evaluated 202 healthy adolescents aged from 13 to 18 years, out of which 94 (46.5%) were females and 108 (53.5%) males. Participants performed a bronchial challenge test in a treadmill (Master Super ATL, Inbramed®) to evaluate bronchial hyper-responsiveness; a spirometric test (Microquark, Cosmed®) to evaluate lung function; answered the Baecke's Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity; and performed the progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation, chi-square test, and odds ratio. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. No statistically significant correlations were found between the decrease of the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity levels. Likewise, the chi-squared test revealed no significant differences between classifications of cardiorespiratory fitness (low or adequate) and EIB (presence or absence) (χ2=0.155; p=0.694). Finally, odds ratio showed no increased chances of the presence of EIB in participants who presented low cardiorespiratory fitness (OR=1.130; CI: 0.616-2.073). We concluded that cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels are not associated with the decrease of FEV1 and that there is no relation between the presence of EIB and the classification of cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescents.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre o broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE), a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o nível de atividade física de adolescentes. Para tanto, participaram do estudo 202 adolescentes saudáveis com idades entre 13 e 18 anos, sendo 94 (46,5%) do sexo feminino e 108 (53,5%) do sexo masculino. Os participantes realizaram um teste de broncoprovocação em esteira ergométrica e um teste espirométrico, além de responderem a um questionário de nível de atividade física (Baecke's Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity) e realizarem um teste de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test). Os dados foram analisados por meio da correlação de Spearman, teste qui-quadrado e cálculo de razão de chances (odds ratio). O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o nível de atividade física dos adolescentes. Da mesma maneira, o teste qui-quadrado não revelou diferenças significativas entre as classificações da aptidão cardiorrespiratória (baixa ou adequada) e o BIE (presença ou ausência) (χ2=0,155; p=0,694). Por fim, a análise de razão de chance não demonstrou maiores chances de se verificar a presença de BIE nos participantes que apresentaram baixa aptidão cardiorrespiratória (OR=1,130; IC: 0,616-2,073). Conclui-se que a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o nível de atividade física não estão associados com a queda do VEF1, e que não há relação entre a presença de BIE com a classificação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória de adolescentes.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la asociación entre el broncoespasmo inducido por el ejercicio (BIE), la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y el nivel de actividad física entre adolescentes. Para ello, participaron en el estudio 202 adolescentes sanos de entre 13 y 18 años, de los cuales 94 (46,5%) son mujeres y 108 (53,5%) hombres. Los participantes realizaron una prueba de provocación bronquial en cinta rodante (Master Super ATL, Inbramed®) y una prueba espirométrica (Microquark, Cosmed®), respondieron un cuestionario de nivel de actividad física (Baecke's Questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity) y realizaron una prueba de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run test). Los datos se analizaron mediante la correlación de Spearman, la prueba de chi-cuadrado y la razón de probabilidades (odds ratio). El nivel de significancia adoptado p<0,05. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la caída del volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo (VEF1), la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y el nivel de actividad física de los adolescentes. Asimismo, la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado no reveló diferencias significativas entre las clasificaciones de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (baja o adecuada) y la BIE (presencia o ausencia) (χ2=0,155; p=0,694). Finalmente, el análisis de la razón de posibilidades no mostró mayores posibilidades de presencia de EIB en participantes que tenían baja capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (OR=1,130; IC: 0,616-2,073). Se concluye que la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y el nivel de actividad física no se asocian con una caída del VEF1 y que no existe relación entre la presencia de BIE y la clasificación de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria de los adolescentes.

Comparison of the printed and online administration of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) / Comparação da administração impressa e on-line do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2)

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the traditional printed form of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire with a proposed online form in terms of validity, reliability, and applicability. Methods: A crossover design study was conducted with 157 undergraduate students. Half of the sample answered the printed questionnaire first and then answered the online questionnaire 7 days later, while the other half of the sample did the inverse. Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze the internal consistency of both the online and printed questionnaires. The construct validity was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, using a weighted least square mean and adjusted variance estimation and oblique rotation. The quality of the model was tested with fit indices. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed the 19-item structure with five factors: χ2 of 230.718; degrees of freedom of 142; χ2/degrees of freedom of 1.625; comparative fit index of 0.978 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.073. All items presented factorial loads above 0.5. There was also excellent consistency between the formats of administration in all dimensions, with Cronbach's alpha values above 0.70. The stability between the formats of administration varied between 0.78 (95%CI: 0.69-0.85) and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.77-0.89), suggesting desirable confidence between both formats of administration. Conclusion: The five-factor model of the online Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire shows internal consistency both in terms of the scale dimensions as well as in terms of the total items.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a forma tradicional impressa do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire com uma proposta de formulário on-line, em termos de validade, confiabilidade e aplicabilidade. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento cruzado (crossover) realizado com 157 estudantes universitários de graduação. Metade da amostra respondeu primeiro ao questionário impresso e, 7 dias depois, ao questionário on-line, enquanto a outra metade da amostra fez o inverso. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi usado para analisar a consistência interna dos questionários on-line e impressos. A validade de construção foi verificada por análise fatorial confirmatória, utilizando-se um estimador de mínimos quadrados ajustados pela média e variância e rotação oblíqua. A qualidade do modelo foi testada com índices de ajuste. Resultados: A análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou a estrutura de 19 itens com cinco fatores: χ2 de 230,718; graus de liberdade de 142; χ2/grau de liberdade de 1,625; índice de ajuste comparativo de 0,978 e raiz do erro quadrático médio de aproximação de 0,073. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,5. Também houve excelente consistência entre os formatos de administração em todas as dimensões, com valores de alfa de Cronbach acima de 0,70. A estabilidade entre os formatos de administração variou entre 0,78 (IC95%: 0,69-0,85) e 0,84 (IC95%: 0,77-0,89), sugerindo confiança desejável entre os dois formatos de administração. Conclusão: O modelo de cinco fatores do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire on-line apresenta consistência interna tanto em relação às dimensões da escala quanto em relação ao total de itens.

Acute Exercise Improves Insulin Clearance and Increases the Expression of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Swiss Mice.

The effects of exercise on insulin clearance and IDE expression are not yet fully elucidated. Here, we have explored the effect of acute exercise on insulin clearance and IDE expression in lean mice. Male Swiss mice were subjected to a single bout of exercise on a speed/angle controlled treadmill for 3-h at approximately 60-70% of maximum oxygen consumption. As expected, acute exercise reduced glycemia and insulinemia, and increased insulin tolerance. The activity of AMPK-ACC, but not of IR-Akt, pathway was increased in the liver and skeletal muscle of trained mice. In an apparent contrast to the reduced insulinemia, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in isolated islets of these mice. However, insulin clearance was increased after acute exercise and was accompanied by increased expression of the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), in the liver and skeletal muscle. Finally, C2C12, but not HEPG2 cells, incubated at different concentrations of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-ß-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) for 3-h, showed increased expression of IDE. In conclusion, acute exercise increases insulin clearance, probably due to an augmentation of IDE expression in the liver and skeletal muscle. The elevated IDE expression, in the skeletal muscle, seems to be mediated by activation of AMPK-ACC pathway, in response to exercise. We believe that the increase in the IDE expression, comprise a safety measure to maintain glycemia at or close to physiological levels, turning physical exercise more effective and safe.

Impact of climate variability on exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescents living in a semi-arid region / Influência de alterações climáticas sobre a ocorrência do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício em adolescentes de uma região semiárida

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the impact of climate variability on the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in the rainy and dry seasons of a Brazilian semi-arid region. Methods: This sample comprised 82 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years, who were submitted to exercise-induced bronchospasm assessment on a treadmill and outdoors, during the rainy and the dry season. Anthropometric variables, sexual maturity and forced expiratory volume in the first second were analyzed. Air temperature and humidity, decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) and frequency of bronchospasm were compared between seasons using the independent Student's t test, the Wilcoxon and McNemar tests, respectively. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age was 15.65±0.82 years. Air temperature, air humidity and decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) differed between seasons, with higher air temperature and humidity in the rainy season (29.6ºC±0.1 and 70.8%±0.6 versus 28.5ºC±0.2 and 48.5%±0.6; p<0.05). The decline in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%) was greater in the dry season (9.43%±9.97 versus 12.94%±15.65; p<0.05). The frequency of bronchospasm did not differ between seasons. Conclusion: The dry season had a negative impact on forced expiratory volume in the first second in adolescents, with greater decrease detected during this period. Findings of this study suggested bronchospasm tends to be more severe under low humidity conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a influência das alterações climáticas sobre o broncoespasmo induzido por exercício, nos períodos chuvoso e seco de uma região do semiárido brasileiro. Métodos: Foram submetidos à avaliação do broncoespasmo em esteira ergométrica, em ambiente externo, nos períodos chuvoso e seco, 82 adolescentes, com idades de 15 a 18 anos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis antropométricas, a maturação sexual e o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo. Para comparação da temperatura e umidade, queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (%) e frequência do broncoespasmo entre os períodos, foram utilizados o teste t de Student independente, o teste de Wilcoxon e o teste de McNemar, respectivamente. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. Resultados: A média de idade foi 15,65±0,82 anos. A temperatura, a umidade e a queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (%) diferiram entre os períodos, com valores de temperatura e umidade maiores no período chuvoso (29,6ºC±0,1 e 70,8%±0,6 versus 28,5ºC±0,2 e 48,4%±0,6; p<0,05). A queda do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (%) foi maior no período seco (9,43%±9,97 versus 12,94%±15,65; p<0,05), e não foi encontrada diferença da frequência do broncoespasmo entre os períodos. Conclusão: O período seco influenciou negativamente no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo de adolescentes, observando maior percentual de queda dessa variável nesse período. De acordo com os achados, propõe-se uma maior gravidade do broncoespasmo induzido por exercício em condições de baixa umidade.

Maximum phonation time in the pulmonary function assessment / Tempo máximo de fonação para avaliação da função pulmonar

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the reliability of the maximum phonation time (MPT) and Vital Capacity intra and inter-examiner, by means of the single-breath counting test (CT) and the sustained /a/ phoneme, and the slow vital capacity (SVC). Methods: a reliability study carried out in three groups of healthy individuals, each group with 30 volunteers, allocated according to age. SVC was measured using a spirometer, while the MPT was assessed by the phoneme /a/ and CT. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Initially, descriptive statistics were used and for data reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were considered excellent, with significant results above 0.92 for SVC and greater than 0.79 for CT and phoneme /a/. Regarding the inter-examiner evaluation, the ICCs were also significant for both SVC with values greater than 0.96, and for CT and the phoneme /a/ with values greater than 0.85. The error inherent in the technique was assessed using the standard error of the measurement for intra and inter-examiner analyses with values ranging from 1.79 to 3.29 for phoneme /a/, 3.20 to 6.58 for CT and 65, 05 to 206.73 for SVCml. Conclusion: phonation techniques with the phoneme /a/ and CT, as well as SVC, have an excellent reliability, due to intra and inter-examiner agreement measures.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a concordância do tempo máximo de fonação (TMF) com a Capacidade Vital, intra e interexaminador, por meio da técnica de contagem numérica em uma única respiração (TC) e do fonema /a/ sustentado e da capacidade vital lenta (CVL). Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de concordância realizado em três grupos de indivíduos saudáveis, cada grupo com 30 voluntários, alocados de acordo a idade. A CVL foi mensurada por meio do espirômetro, enquanto o TMF foi avaliado pela emissão do fonema/a/ e da TC. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SPSS versão 20.0. Inicialmente utilizou-se estatística descritiva e para concordância dos dados foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: os Coeficientes de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI) intraexaminadores foram considerados excelentes, com resultados significantes acima de 0,92 para a CVL e maiores que 0.79 para a TC e fonema/a/. Em relação à avaliação interexaminadores, os CCIs também foram significantes tanto para a CVL com valores maiores que 0,96 quanto para a TC e o fonema/a/ com valores maiores que 0,85. O erro inerente a técnica foi avaliada por meio do erro padrão da medida para as analises intra e interexaminadores com valores que variaram de 1,79 a 3,29 para fonema/a/, 3,20 a 6,58 para TC e 65,05 a 206,73 para CVLml. Conclusão: as técnicas de fonação com o fonema /a/ e TC, assim como a CVL, demonstraram uma excelente concordância intra e interexaminadores.

Reliability of questionnaire The International Fitness Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Confiabilidade do questionário The International Fitness Scale: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective To perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the reliability of The International Fitness Scale questionnaire for assessing overall physical fitness and related components. Methods PubMed®, BIREME, SciELO, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, LILACS and Cochrane databases were searched using the following search terms: "The International Fitness Scale", "International Fitness Scale" and "IFIS". Article selection and data extraction were performed according to the following eligibility criteria: reliability and/or validity study of the measure tools of The International Fitness Scale; adoption of the The International Fitness Scale as a reference criterion (gold standard) and being an original article. Quality of the study was considered based on Assessment of Reliability Studies. Data analysis used Kappa coefficient of agreement, Cochran and the Higgins I2 test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the withdrawal model. Results A total of seven articles were included in the analysis. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.40 to 0.99, with most studies achieving values ≥0.60, indicative of moderate to substantial reliability. Conclusion In spite of appropriate test-retest scores attributed to most reliability indicators, heterogeneity among the studies remained high. Therefore, further studies with low risk of bias are needed to support the reliability of the self-reported The International Fitness Scale.

RESUMO Objetivo Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise para verificar se o questionário The International Fitness Scale apresenta boa confiabilidade na avaliação da aptidão física geral e seus componentes. Métodos A busca bibliográfica realizou-se nas bases de dados: PubMed®, BIREME, SciELO, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, LILACS e Cochrane, a partir dos termos: "The International Fitness Scale ", " International Fitness Scale " e "IFIS". O processo de seleção e extração dos dados seguiram os critérios de elegibilidade: ser estudo de confiabilidade e/ou validade de instrumentos de medida do The International Fitness Scale ; ter o The International Fitness Scale como critério de referência (padrão-ouro); e ser artigo original. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada pelo Assessment of Reliability Studies . Para análise dos dados, utilizaram-se o coeficiente de concordância de Kappa, o teste Cochran e o I2de Higgins; para análise de sensibilidade, foi usado o modelo de retirada. Resultados No total, sete artigos foram incluídos na análise. Os coeficientes de confiabilidade teste-reteste dos estudos variaram de 0,40 a 0,99, sendo a maioria representada por valores ≥0,60, indicando de moderada a substancial confiabilidade. Conclusão Apesar dos indicadores de confiabilidade apresentarem um escore adequado para o teste-reteste, a heterogeneidade entre os estudos permaneceu elevada, necessitando de mais pesquisas com baixo risco de viés, para que o The International Fitness Scale autorrelatado seja considerado alternativa confiável.

A sportomics strategy to analyze the ability of arginine to modulate both ammonia and lymphocyte levels in blood after high-intensity exercise.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is an excellent tool to study the interactions between metabolic stress and the immune system. Specifically, high-intensity exercises both produce transient hyperammonemia and influence the distribution of white blood cells. Carbohydrates and glutamine and arginine supplementation were previously shown to effectively modulate ammonia levels during exercise. In this study, we used a short-duration, high-intensity exercise together with a low carbohydrate diet to induce a hyperammonemia state and better understand how arginine influences both ammonemia and the distribution of leukocytes in the blood. METHODS: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners (men, n = 39) volunteered for this study. The subjects followed a low-carbohydrate diet for four days before the trials and received either arginine supplementation (100 mg·kg-1 of body mass·day-1) or a placebo. The intergroup statistical significance was calculated by a one-way analysis of variance, followed by Student's t-test. The data correlations were calculated using Pearson's test. RESULTS: In the control group, ammonemia increased during matches at almost twice the rate of the arginine group (25 mmol·L-1·min-1 and 13 µmol·L-1·min-1, respectively). Exercise induced an increase in leukocytes of approximately 75%. An even greater difference was observed in the lymphocyte count, which increased 2.2-fold in the control group; this increase was partially prevented by arginine supplementation. The shape of the ammonemia curve suggests that arginine helps prevent increases in ammonia levels. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that increases in lymphocytes and ammonia are simultaneously reduced by arginine supplementation. We propose that increased serum lymphocytes could be related to changes in ammonemia and ammonia metabolism.

Diferentes ordens dos exercícios durante o método circuito não alteram as respostas hemodinâmicas / Different orders of exercises during the circuit method does not alter the hemodynamic responses

Introdução: O efeito da ordem dos exercícios no Treinamento Circuito (TC) sobre variáveis hemodinâmicas é inconclusivo. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes ordens de execução nas respostas hemodinâmicas agudas no TC. Métodos: Onze homens foram recrutados. As sessões de treinamento foram compostas pela seguinte sequência: Sequência A: multiarticulares/monoarticulares; Sequência B: monoarticulares/multiarticulares, realizados a 60% de 1-RM com intervalo de um minuto. Ambos circuitos foram compostos por três passagens com oito estações. Os desfechos foram: pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC) e duplo produto (DP). Para comparações utilizou-se ANOVA two-way medidas repetidas considerando p<0.05. Resultados: Os valores da FC foram significativamente mais altos durante e após o exercício em comparação ao momento pré (p<0,001), aumento do DP (p< 0,001) e diminuição da PAS (p<0,001) após os treinos, independente da ordem dos exercícios. Conclusão: O método de TC é eficiente em promover o efeito hipotensor pós-exercício independente da ordem de execução.

Introduction: The effect of Circuit Training (CT) order's on hemodynamics variables is inconclusive. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different orders of execution in acute hemodynamic responses in the CT. Methods: Eleven men were recruited. Training sessions were composed by the following sequence: sequence A: multi-joint/single-joint; Sequence B: single-joint/multi-joint, performed at 60% of 1-MR with one minute interval. Both circuits were composed of three passes with eight stations. The outcomes were: systolic blood pressure (BPS), diastolic (DPS), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP). For comparisons was used twoway ANOVA repeated measures considering p<0.05. Results: HR values were significantly higher during and after exercise compared to baseline, increase of DP (p< 0,001) and decrease of BPS (p<0,001) after practice, regardless of the order of exercise execution. Conclusion: The CT method is efficient in promoting the hypotensive effect post-exercise regardless of the order of execution.