Pyridine and pyridinone-based factor XIa inhibitors.

The structure-activity relationships (SAR) of six-membered ring replacements for the imidazole ring scaffold is described. This work led to the discovery of the potent and selective pyridine (S)-23 and pyridinone (±)-24 factor XIa inhibitors. SAR and X-ray crystal structure data highlight the key differences between imidazole and six-membered ring analogs.

Discovery of Potent Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Antagonists with in Vivo Antithrombotic Efficacy.

In an effort to identify novel antithrombotics, we have investigated protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonism by developing and evaluating a tool compound, UDM-001651, in a monkey thrombosis model. Beginning with a high-throughput screening hit, we identified an imidazothiadiazole-based PAR4 antagonist chemotype. Detailed structure-activity relationship studies enabled optimization to a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable PAR4 antagonist, UDM-001651. UDM-001651 was evaluated in a monkey thrombosis model and shown to have robust antithrombotic efficacy and no prolongation of kidney bleeding time. This combination of excellent efficacy and safety margin strongly validates PAR4 antagonism as a promising antithrombotic mechanism.

Design and SAR of selective T-type calcium channel antagonists containing a biaryl sulfonamide core.

T-type calcium channel antagonists were designed using a protocol involving the program SPROUT and constrained by a ComFA-based pharmacophore model. Scaffolds generated by SPROUT were evaluated based on their ability to be translated into structures that were synthetically tractable. From this exercise, a novel series of potent and selective T-type channel antagonists containing a biaryl sulfonamide core were discovered.

PK/PD Disconnect Observed with a Reversible Endothelial Lipase Inhibitor.

Screening of a small set of nonselective lipase inhibitors against endothelial lipase (EL) identified a potent and reversible inhibitor, N-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-4-carboxamide (5; EL IC50 = 61 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 454 nM). Deck mining identified a related hit, N-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (6a; EL IC50 = 41 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 1760 nM). Both compounds were selective against lipoprotein lipase (LPL) but nonselective versus hepatic lipase (HL). Optimization of compound 6a for EL inhibition using HDL as substrate led to N-(4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)butan-2-yl)-1-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (7c; EL IC50 = 148 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 218 nM) having improved PK over compound 6a, providing a tool molecule to test for the ability to increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in vivo using a reversible EL inhibitor. Compound 7c did not increase HDL-C in vivo despite achieving plasma exposures targeted on the basis of enzyme activity and protein binding demonstrating the need to develop more physiologically relevant in vitro assays to guide compound progression for in vivo evaluation.

Phenylimidazoles as potent and selective inhibitors of coagulation factor XIa with in vivo antithrombotic activity.

Novel inhibitors of FXIa containing an (S)-2-phenyl-1-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanamine core have been optimized to provide compound 16b, a potent, reversible inhibitor of FXIa (Ki = 0.3 nM) having in vivo antithrombotic efficacy in the rabbit AV-shunt thrombosis model (ID50 = 0.6 mg/kg + 1 mg kg(-1) h(-1)). Initial analog selection was informed by molecular modeling using compounds 11a and 11h overlaid onto the X-ray crystal structure of tetrahydroquinoline 3 complexed to FXIa. Further optimization was achieved by specific modifications derived from careful analysis of the X-ray crystal structure of the FXIa/11h complex. Compound 16b was well tolerated and enabled extensive pharmacologic evaluation of the FXIa mechanism up to the ID90 for thrombus inhibition.

A new class of high affinity thyromimetics containing a phenyl-naphthylene core.

High affinity thyromimetics containing a novel phenyl-naphthylene core are reported. The functionalized core is readily accessible via a Suzuki coupling protocol. Examples of this new class of TR ligands have sub-nanomolar binding affinities for the TRbeta receptor and low to modest selectivity for TRbeta. They also exhibit an SAR that diverges from other thyromimetics that are based on the diaryl ether core found in 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.

Thyroid receptor ligands. Part 2: Thyromimetics with improved selectivity for the thyroid hormone receptor beta.

A set of thyromimetics having improved selectivity for TR-beta1 were prepared by replacing the 3'-isopropyl group of 2 and 3 with substituents having increased steric bulk. From this limited SAR study, the most potent and selective compounds identified were derived from 2 and contained a 3'-phenyl moiety bearing small hydrophobic groups meta to the biphenyl link. X-ray crystal data of 15c complexed with TR-beta1 LBD shows methionine 442 to be displaced by the bulky R3' phenyl ethyl amide side chain. Movement of this amino acid side chain provides an expanded pocket for the bulky side chain while the ligand-receptor complex retains full agonist activity.