RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus can asymptomatically colonize the human anterior nares and skin, and nasal colonization by this bacterium represents a potential risk for development of invasive infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among healthcare workers and students attending a university hospital and to characterize the isolates phenotypically and molecularly. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 324 volunteers. Cultures from nasal samples were obtained and S. aureus isolates were characterized according to their antimicrobial susceptibility profile and four virulence factors-encoding genes. MRSA isolates were characterized regarding their oxacillin/cefoxitin susceptibility, SCCmec, and REP-PCR types. Potential risks for S. aureus and MRSA carriage were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 324 nasal samples, 42.9% were identified as S. aureus, of which 28.8% were MRSA. S. aureus carriers were significantly higher in males and students (OR = 2.898, 95%CI 1.553-5.410); however, no variables were associated with MRSA carriage. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and the highest rate of resistance was observed for penicillin (90.6%). All isolates harbored the coa gene, and 97.8%, the icaA gene; 15.8% and 6.5% were positive for tst and lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes, respectively. Among MRSA isolates, 45% carried the mecA gene but were phenotypically susceptible to oxacillin/cefoxitin; two harbored the tst and none had lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes. All MRSAs were distributed into six SCCmec types and type I (62.5%) was the most frequent. REP-PCR typing identified four main clusters among MRSA isolates. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of healthcare workers and students were identified as nasal carriers of S. aureus exhibiting different antimicrobial resistance profiles, including mecA-positive oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus (OS-MRSA) and the presence of virulence-encoding genes. Both cohorts may represent potential sources for the emergence of a successful S. aureus strain highly adapted to the hospital environment.
RESUMO
Introdução: o sono pode ser alterado com o uso de psicofármacos e consumo de café, dessa forma este estudo teve a finalidade de analisar a qualidade do sono dos estudantes universitários e sua relação com o consumo dessas substâncias, realizou-se um estudo transversal com universitários com 18 anos ou mais. Métodos: A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de um questionário online entre abril e junho de 2019. A variável dependente foi a qualidade de sono e as variáveis independentes foram o consumo de medicamentos psicoativos e consumo elevado de café. Para as análises de associação foi utilizada a regressão de poisson com variância robusta, com cálculo da razão de prevalência (RP) e intervalo de confiança à 95 % (IC 95 %). Resultados: dentre os estudantes avaliados (N=2721), a prevalência de má qualidade do sono foi de 75,6 %. O consumo de medicamentos psicoativos e consumo elevado de café foi de 11,2 % e 14,1 %, respectivamente. A má qualidade de sono demonstrou maior prevalência em estudantes que utilizam medicamentos psicoativos (RP 1,11; IC 95 % 1,06-1,16), consomem elevada quantidade de café (RP 1,06; IC 95 % 1,01-1,11), ou utilizam uma das duas substâncias (RP 1,10; IC 95 % 1,06-1,15). Conclusão: o presente estudo demonstrou haver associação entre má qualidade do sono e uso de psicoativos e maior consumo de café em universitários, o que atrelado à elevada prevalência de má qualidade do sono em universitários demostra a importância do manejo adequado do uso destes produtos, bem como ações de prevenção e resolução de distúrbios do sono.
SUMMARY Introduction: sleep can be altered with the use of psychotropic drugs and coffee consumption, so this study aimed to analyze the quality of sleep of university students and its relationship with the consumption of these substances, a cross-sectional study was carried out with university students aged 18 years or over. Methods: Data collection took place through an online questionnaire between April and June 2019. The dependent variable was sleeping quality and the independent variables were consumption of psychoactive medications and high consumption of coffee. For the association analyses, Poisson regression with robust variance was used, with calculation of the prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence interval at 95 % (95 % CI). Results: among the evaluated students (N=2721), the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 75.6 %. The consumption of psychoactive drugs and high consumption of coffee was 11.2 % and 14.1 %, respectively. Poor sleep quality was more prevalent in students who use psycho-active medications (PR 1.11; 95 % CI 1.06 to 1.16), consuming a high amount of coffee (PR 1.06; 95 % CI 1.01- 1.11), or use one of the two substances (RP 1.10; 95 % CI 1.06-1.15). Conclusion: the present study showed an association between poor sleep quality and the use of psychoactive drugs and higher coffee consumption in college students, which, together with the high prevalence of poor sleep quality in college students, demonstrates the importance of proper management of the use of these products, as well as actions to prevent and resolve sleep disorders.
Introducción: el sueño se puede alterar con el uso de psicofármacos y el consumo de café, por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la calidad del sueño de los estudiantes universitarios y su relación con el consumo de estas sustancias, se realizó un estudio transversal con estudiantes universitarios de 18 años o más. Métodos: La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario en línea entre abril y junio de 2019. La variable dependiente fue la calidad del sueño y las variables independientes fueron el consumo de medicamentos psicoactivos y el alto consumo de café. Para los análisis de asociación se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, con cálculo de la razón de prevalencia (RP) y el intervalo de confianza al 95 % (IC 95 %). Resultados: entre los estudiantes evaluados (N = 2721), la prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño fue del 75,6 %. El consumo de psicofármacos y alto consumo de café fue de 11,2 % y 14,1 %, respectivamente. La mala calidad del sueño fue más prevalente en los estudiantes que usan medicamentos psicoactivos (PR 1,11; IC del 95 %: 1,06 a 1,16), que consumen una gran cantidad de café (RP 1,06; IC del 95 %: 1,01 a 1,11) o consumen una de las dos sustancias (RP 1,10; IC 95 % 1,06-1,15). Conclusión: el presente estudio mostró una asociación entre la mala calidad del sueño y el uso de psicofármacos y un mayor consumo de café en estudiantes universitarios, lo que, junto con la alta prevalencia de mala calidad del sueño en estudiantes universitarios, demuestra la importancia de un adecuado manejo del uso. de estos productos, así como acciones para prevenir y resolver los trastornos del sueño.