Nerve conduction and sensorineural function in dental hygienists using high frequency ultrasound handpieces.

BACKGROUND: Oscillatory vibration from industrial power tools poses a well-recognized risk of peripheral nerve injury. There have been reports of elevated vibrotactile perception thresholds (VPT) among dentists, dental technicians, and dental hygienists, using rotary devices and ultrasonics. Elevated VPTs are an indicator of small fiber nerve or mechanoreceptor injury, but the high frequencies associated with dental instruments are presumed by the ISO to exceed physiological response upper thresholds. This study examines nerve conduction and sensorineural deficits in dental hygienists. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 94 experienced dental hygienists was conducted to assess peripheral nerve function and clinical signs and symptoms. Specialized testing included measurement of VPTs for three different categories of mechanoreceptors, sensory nerve conduction tests with fractionated digit and palmar segments, and measurement of calibrated pinch force with force sensitive resistors (FSRs) during a simulated procedure. RESULTS: Chronic hand paresthesias were described by 44.7% of experienced dental hygienists. Sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) across the wrist-palm segment of the median nerve. VPTs were particularly elevated at the FAII mechanoreceptor among experienced dental hygienists. Compared to participants without carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), as defined by study criteria, 14 experienced hygienists with diagnosed CTS had almost twice the average weekly use of vibratory instruments -8.3 hr versus 4.5 hr, and had SNCV deficits along the digit -47.11 m/sec (+8.70) versus 42.57 m/sec (+8.25), and across the wrist -44.04 m/sec (+7.15) versus 41.36 m/sec (+9.27). There was a distinct subset of dental hygienists (27%) with a combination of low calibrated pinch force in simulations, subjective loss of strength and elevated VPTs, especially in the FAII mechanoreceptor population -110.82 db (+8.57) versus 104.84 db (+6.80) in the rest of the cohort. This subset also had a higher prevalence of paresthesias (67% vs. 39%) and greater cumulative vibration exposure (OR = 1.206 [CI 1.005-1.448]), than other hygienists. CONCLUSIONS: The high levels of paresthesias observed among dental hygienists appear to be attributable to several pathophysiological mechanisms, including, sensory nerve demyelination at the carpal tunnel and intrinsic to the digits, and dysfunction of fingertip mechanoreceptors. A distinct sub-population appears to exhibit a high level of accumulated abnormality.

Toward designed assembly of microporous coordination networks constructed from silver(I)-hexamethylenetetramine layers.

Eight interesting microporous networks based on 2-D [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)] (hmt = hexamethylenetetramine) layers were obtained via rational synthetic strategies. Out of these products isolated and structurally characterized, six present a metal-to-hmt molar ratio of 1:1 and contain 2-D coordination layers assembled by 2-D Ag(I)-hmt networks with aromatic monocarboxylates, which are [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)(p-nba)].2.5H(2)O (1), [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)(m-nba)].2.5H(2)O (2), [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)(dnba)] (3), [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)(alpha-hna)](EtOH) (4), [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)(beta-hna)](EtOH) (5), and [Ag(mu(3)-hmt)(noa)](H(2)O)(EtOH) (6) (p-nba = 4-nitrobenzoate, m-nba = 3-nitrobenzoate, dnba = 3,5-dinitrobenzoate, alpha-hna = 1-hydroxy-2-naphthate, beta-hna = 3-hydroxy-2-naphthate, and noa = 2-naphthoxyacetate), and two present a metal-to-hmt molar ratio of 2:1 and contain 3-D microporous networks constructed from the 2-D Ag-hmt layers and linear dicarboxylates as molecular pillars, which are [Ag(2)(mu(3)-hmt)(2)(fa)].4H(2)O (7) and [Ag(2)(mu(3)-hmt)(2)(adp)].8H(2)O (8) (fa = fumarate and adp = adipate). The result shows that the pore sizes may be tuned with different carboxylates. Gas adsorption measurements were performed to confirm the microporosity of these coordination open frameworks.

Segmental nerve conduction velocity in vibration-exposed shipyard workers.

OBJECTIVES: Segmental sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) was measured from the wrists to the hands and digits of a population of vibration-exposed shipyard workers. This study was designed to investigate whether SNCV was selectively slowed in the fingers and whether a laboratory approach could be adapted for robust field use. METHODS: Wrist-palm, palm-proximal digit, and digital segments were determined from stimulation at the wrist with recording electrodes placed distally and adjusted to individual anatomy. The cohort was selected on the basis of current use of vibratory tools. RESULTS: Wrist-palm and digital segments were slower than palm-proximal digit segments for dominant and non-dominant hands and for both ulnar and median nerves. In the dominant-hand median nerve of participants with current exposure, the SNCV was 41.4 m/s (SD 8.0) for the wrist-palm segment, 50.8 (SD 9.5) for the palm segment, and 42.1 m/s (SD 9.3) for the digital segment. Temperature had an important effect on nerve conduction velocity but not equally across segments. Other explanatory variables had modest effect on SNCV. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced SNCV in the digits may be a consequence of industrial exposure to vibration. Each sensory nerve segment appeared to have a different characteristic velocity and different pattern of association with skin temperature. There are differences between median and ulnar nerve segments, with potentially important consequences when standard distances are used to assess wrist-digit velocity.