Docosahexaenoic acid enhances the treatment efficacy for castration-resistant prostate cancer by inhibiting autophagy through Atg4B inhibition.

Autophagy induction in cancer is involved in cancer progression and the acquisition of resistance to anticancer agents. Therefore, autophagy is considered a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. In this study, we found that long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have inhibitory effects on Atg4B, which is essential for autophagosome formation, through screening based on the pharmacophore of 21f, a recently developed Atg4B inhibitor. Among these fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, exhibited the most potent Atg4B inhibitory activity. DHA inhibited autophagy induced by androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) in LNCaP and 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells and significantly increased apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of DHA on resistance to ARSI by establishing darolutamide-resistant prostate cancer 22Rv1 (22Rv1/Dar) cells, which had developed resistance to darolutamide, a novel ARSI. At baseline, 22Rv1/Dar cells showed a higher autophagy level than parental 22Rv1 cells. DHA significantly suppressed Dar-induced autophagy and sensitized 22Rv1/Dar cells by inducing apoptotic cell death through mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that DHA supplementation may improve prostate cancer therapy with ARSI.

Fluoroquinolone resistance and clinical characteristics of acute bacterial prostatitis in Japan: A multicenter study by the Japanese research group for urinary tract infection.

OBJECTIVE: This multicenter study aimed to analyze the risk factors for fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance and to clarify the clinical characteristics of acute bacterial prostatitis (ABP) in Japan. METHODS: A total of 124 patients clinically diagnosed with ABP at 13 medical institutions participating in the Japanese Research Group for Urinary Tract Infection between January and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 124 patients included in this study, 37 were outpatients, and 87 were inpatients. The main underlying medical conditions before the onset of ABP were severe dysuria, urinary retention, transurethral manipulation, indwelling urinary catheter, and transrectal prostate biopsy (TRBx). The main symptoms were fever (≥37.5 °C), prostate tenderness, dysuria, micturition pain, urinary retention, and macrohematuria. Bacteremia was observed in 14 patients. Prostatic abscess was observed in three patients. Escherichia coli was the predominant organism, accounting for 48 % (51/106). FQ-resistant E. coli was detected in 33 % (17/51), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in 12 % (6/51). TRBx (odds ratio [OR] = 48.60, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 5.49-430.00, p < 0.001) and inpatient status (OR = 29.00, 95 % CI: 1.95-430.00, p = 0.014) were risk factors for the detection of FQ-resistant bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The detection rate of FQ-resistant bacteria was significantly higher with TRBx ABP and inpatient status. These findings have important implications for the management of ABP and antimicrobial treatment, especially for TRBx ABP, which should be considered a separate category.

GnRH antagonist monotherapy versus a GnRH agonist plus bicalutamide for advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer; KYUCOG-1401.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and safety of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist monotherapy to combined androgen blockade (CAB) with a GnRH agonist and bicalutamide in patients with advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). METHODS: The study was conducted as KYUCOG-1401 trial (UMIN000014243) and enrolled 200 patients who were randomly assigned to either group A (GnRH antagonist monotherapy followed by the addition of bicalutamide) or group B (CAB by a GnRH agonist and bicalutamide). The primary endpoint was PSA progression-free survival. The secondary endpoints were the time to CAB treatment failure, radiographic progression-free survival, overall survival, changes in serum parameters, including PSA, hormones, and bone and lipid metabolic markers, and adverse events. RESULTS: PSA progression-free survival was significantly longer in group B (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.40, 1.01-1.95, p = 0.041). The time to CAB treatment failure was slightly longer in group A (HR, 95% CI; 0.80, 0.59-1.08, p = 0.146). No significant differences were observed in radiographic progression-free survival or overall survival. The percentage of patients with serum testosterone that did not reach the castration level was higher at 60 weeks (p = 0.046) in group A. No significant differences were noted in the serum levels of bone metabolic or lipid markers between the two groups. An injection site reaction was more frequent in group A. CONCLUSIONS: The present results support the potential of CAB using a GnRH agonist and bicalutamide as a more effective treatment for advanced HSPC than GnRH antagonist monotherapy.

Clinicopathological characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma in the Kyushu-Okinawa area of Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare condition, with limited comprehensive reports from Japan. This study aimed to review Japan's data on adrenocortical carcinoma by assessing information from 46 patients-with adrenocortical carcinoma across 10 Japanese university hospitals. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multi-institutional analysis of the clinical characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma in Japan. We evaluated data from 46 patients across 10 university hospitals over 10 years and analyzed the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival. RESULTS: Five- and 10-year overall survival rates were 59% and 53%, respectively. Overall survival was significantly different among the tumor-node-metastasis system for adrenocortical carcinoma of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer, with the worst prognosis in stage IV (p = 0.0044). In our cohort, neither the Weiss score nor the Ki-67 proliferation index correlated with overall survival. Adjuvant treatment did not yield improved overall survival, whereas resection of the primary tumor in stage IV disease was significantly associated with improved overall survival (p = 0.0262). Out of the cases evaluated for plasma hormones, plasma cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and DHEA-S levels were measured at 23%, 42%, 29%, and 62%, respectively, demonstrating higher levels than the upper normal limits. CONCLUSION: Patients with stage IV adrenocortical carcinoma had a poor prognosis; however, resection of the primary tumor in stage IV disease was associated with prolonged survival. The results of this study are expected to contribute to future treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma in Japan.

Treatment Outcomes of Second-Line Systemic Therapy for Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer: A Report of Four Cases.

Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a histological variant of prostate cancer and is characterized by aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes. NEPC usually develops as a mechanism of treatment resistance in patients receiving hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer. NEPC is sensitive to primary platinum-based chemotherapy, and has a short response duration. Second-line therapy is required in many cases, but clinical data on subsequent treatment after progression to first-line chemotherapy is limited. Here we report our experience of four cases of NEPC treated with second-line chemotherapy. Progression-free and overall survival rates were very low in three of the patients. One patient received multidisciplinary therapy using systemic and local chemotherapy and radiation therapy and survived for 24 months after initiation of second-line chemotherapy. Multidisciplinary therapy with chemotherapy and radiation is a promising option for improving the survival of patients with NEPC.

ANGPTL8 links inflammation and poor differentiation, which are characteristics of malignant renal cell carcinoma.

Inflammation is observed in many tumors, which affects metastasis, infiltration, and immune escape and causes poor differentiation of the cancer cells. However, the molecular basis underlying the relationship between inflammation and poor differentiation in tumors has not been identified. In this study, we demonstrate that angiopoietin-like protein-8 (ANGPTL8), which is induced by stress stimuli such as inflammation, is involved in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. ANGPTL8 is also involved in the production of chemokines that attract immune suppressor cells to the tumor microenvironment. ANGPTL8 sustains the continuous production of chemokines by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway and maintains the undifferentiated state of ccRCC cells. Finally, ANGPTL8 is induced by STAT3 signaling, which is activated by immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. These results support a role for ANGPTL8 in determining the properties of ccRCC by hampering tumor cell differentiation and establishing the tumor microenvironment.

Genetic variations predicting progression with docetaxel and novel androgen-receptor pathway inhibitors.

Genetic variations represented by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be helpful for choosing an effective treatment for patients with prostate cancer. This study investigated the prognostic and predictive values of SNPs associated with the prognoses of pharmacotherapy for prostate cancer through their pharmacological mechanisms. Patients treated with docetaxel or androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs), such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, for castration-resistant prostate cancer were included. The SNPs of interest were genotyped for target regions. The prognostic and predictive values of the SNPs for time to progression (TTP) were examined using the Cox hazard proportional model and interaction test, respectively. Rs1045642 in ABCB1, rs1047303 in HSD3B1, rs1856888 in HSD3B1, rs523349 in SRD5A2, and rs34550074 in SLCO2A1 were differentially associated with TTP between docetaxel chemotherapy and ARPI treatment. In addition to rs4775936 in CYP19A1, rs1128503 in ABCB1 and rs1077858 in SLCO2B1 might be differentially associated with TTP between abiraterone and enzalutamide treatments. Genetic predictive models using these SNPs showed a differential prognosis for treatments. This study identified SNPs that could predict progression as well as genetic models that could predict progression when patients were treated with docetaxel versus ARPI and abiraterone versus enzalutamide. The use of genetic predictive models is expected to be beneficial in selecting the appropriate treatment for the individual patient.

Artepillin C overcomes apalutamide resistance through blocking androgen signaling in prostate cancer cells.

Prostate cancer has a relatively good prognosis, but most cases develop resistance to hormone therapy, leading to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists and a cytochrome P450 17A1 inhibitor have been used to treat CRPC, but cancer cells readily develop resistance to these drugs. In this study, to improve the therapy of CRPC, we searched for natural compounds which block androgen signaling. Among cinnamic acid derivatives contained in Brazilian green propolis, artepillin C (ArtC) suppressed expressions of androgen-induced prostate-specific antigen and transmembrane protease serine 2 in a dose-dependent manner. Reporter assays revealed that ArtC displayed AR antagonist activity, albeit weaker than an AR antagonist flutamide. In general, aberrant activation of the androgen signaling is involved in the resistance of prostate cancer cells to hormone therapy. Recently, apalutamide, a novel AR antagonist, has been in clinical use, but its drug-resistant cases have been already reported. To search for compounds which overcome the resistance to apalutamide, we established apalutamide-resistant prostate cancer 22Rv1 cells (22Rv1/APA). The 22Rv1/APA cells showed higher AR expression and androgen sensitivity than parental 22Rv1 cells. ArtC inhibited androgen-induced proliferation of 22Rv1/APA cells by suppressing the enhanced androgen signaling through blocking the nuclear translocation of AR. In addition, ArtC potently sensitized the resistant cells to apalutamide by inducing apoptotic cell death due to mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that the intake of Brazilian green propolis containing ArtC improves prostate cancer therapy.

Real-world treatment outcomes of patients with penile cancer in the Kyushu-Okinawa area of Japan in the pre-guideline era.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the real-world outcomes for patients with penile cancer in the Kyushu-Okinawa area before the introduction of practice guidelines in Japan. METHODS: We retrospectively collected medical information on patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma and penile intraepithelial neoplasia at 12 university hospitals and their affiliated hospitals in the Kyushu-Okinawa area from January 2009 to December 2020. Patients with unknown clinical stage were excluded. Patient background characteristics and survival, as well as pretreatment factors involved in survival, were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 196 patients were included. Patients with clinical stage 0, I, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB and IV comprised 9.7, 26.0, 22.4, 2.6, 10.7, 14.3 and 14.3%, respectively. The median follow-up was 26 months, and the mean 5-year overall survival and cancer-specific survival rates were 74.3 and 79.8%, respectively. On univariate analysis, tumor diameter ≥ 30 mm, penile shaft tumor, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 1, cT ≥ 3, cN ≥ 2 and cM1 were associated with significantly poorer cancer-specific survival. On multivariate analysis, pretreatment factors of cN ≥ 2 (hazard ratio, 32.5; 95% confidence interval, 5.08-208; P = 0.0002), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 1 (4.42; 1.79-10.9; P = 0.0012) and cT ≥ 3 (3.34; 1.11-10.1; P = 0.0319) were identified as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed basic data for future penile cancer treatment and research, including survival rates according to clinical stages, and identified cN ≥ 2, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 1 and cT ≥ 3 at initial diagnosis as independent prognostic factors. Evidence for penile cancer in Japan is particularly scarce, and future large-scale prospective studies are warranted.

Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab and axitinib as first-line treatment for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Real-world experience in Japan.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes following combined treatment with pembrolizumab and axitinib as first-line therapy for patients with advanced RCC. METHODS: This study retrospectively included 47 consecutive Japanese patients who were diagnosed with advanced RCC and subsequently received pembrolizumab and axitinib between February 2020 and January 2022. Efficacy and safety of this combined therapy in these patients were comprehensively investigated. RESULTS: The 47 included patients were classified into the following 3 groups by the IMDC system: favorable, 7 (14.9%); intermediate, 24 (51.1%) and poor, 16 (34.0%). Responses to this combined therapy in the 47 patients were as follows: CR, 8 (17.0%); PR, 20 (42.6%); SD, 16 (34.0%) and PD, 3 (6.4%); thus, the ORR was 59.6%. During the observation period, disease progression and death occurred in 19 (40.4%) and 9 (19.1%) patients, respectively, and the median PFS and OS were 18 months and not reached, respectively. Univariate analyses identified the following significant predictors for poor prognostic outcomes: lack of nephrectomy, liver metastasis, bone metastasis, elevated CRP and IMDC poor risk for PFS; and lack of nephrectomy, non-CCC and elevated CRP for OS. AEs and those corresponding to grade ≥ 3 occurred in all (100%) and 30 (63.8%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on real-world outcomes following pembrolizumab and axitinib for treatment-naïve advanced Japanese RCC patients, which showed the efficacy and safety of this combined therapy being similar or even superior to those in clinical trial.

Differential impact of proton pump inhibitor on survival outcomes of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with chemotherapy versus pembrolizumab.

OBJECTIVES: We clarified the effect of concomitant proton pump inhibitor use on oncological outcomes in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated either with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitor. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma who received paclitaxel-gemcitabine therapy or pembrolizumab after platinum-based chemotherapy. The patients were divided into four groups based on the treatment regimen and the concomitant use of proton pump inhibitor. We compared survival outcomes between the groups and determined which factors predicted overall survival. RESULTS: Among the 60 and 75 patients treated with paclitaxel-gemcitabine and pembrolizumab, 15 and 29 used a concomitant proton pump inhibitor. Progression-free and overall survival was significantly shorter in patients who were administered pembrolizumab with concomitant proton pump inhibitor compared to those without. The use of a concomitant proton pump inhibitor had no effect on survival outcomes in patients who received paclitaxel-gemcitabine therapy. Furthermore, progression-free and overall survival were significantly shorter in patients treated with paclitaxel-gemcitabine therapy compared to those treated with pembrolizumab among patients without concomitant proton pump inhibitor. In contrast, there was no difference in survival outcomes between the two regimens among patients with concomitant proton pump inhibitor. Concomitant proton pump inhibitor use was associated with poor overall survival only in patients treated with pembrolizumab. CONCLUSION: The use of a concomitant proton pump inhibitor use had no impact on oncological outcomes in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with paclitaxel-gemcitabine therapy, different from those treated with pembrolizumab.

Prognostic significance of pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM and PALB2 genes in men undergoing hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic significance of germline variants in homologous recombination repair genes in advanced prostate cancer (PCa), especially with regard to hormonal therapy, remains controversial. METHODS: Germline DNA from 549 Japanese men with metastatic and/or castration-resistant PCa was sequenced for 27 cancer-predisposing genes. The associations between pathogenic variants and clinical outcomes were examined. Further, for comparison, DNA from prostate biopsy tissue samples from 80 independent patients with metastatic PCa were analysed. RESULTS: Forty-four (8%) patients carried germline pathogenic variants in one of the analysed genes. BRCA2 was most frequently altered (n = 19), followed by HOXB13 (n = 9), PALB2 (n = 5) and ATM (n = 5). Further, the BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 and ATM variants showed significant association with a short time to castration resistance and overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.99 and 2.36; 95% CI, 1.15-3.44 and 1.23-4.51, respectively), independent of other clinical variables. Based on log-rank tests, the time to castration resistance was also significantly short in patients with BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 or ATM somatic mutations and TP53 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Germline variants in BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2 or ATM are independent prognostic factors of the short duration of response to hormonal therapy in advanced PCa.

Effect of HLA genotype on intravesical recurrence after bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

The intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is widely used to control the intravesical recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This study aimed to reveal the effects of zygosity on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and individual HLA genotypes on intravesical recurrence after intravesical BCG therapy for NMIBC. This study included Japanese patients who had received intravesical BCG for NMIBC. HLA genotyping of HLA-A, B, C, and DRB1 was performed. The effect of HLA zygosity and HLA genotype on intravesical recurrence was evaluated. Among 195 patients, those homozygous for the HLA-B supertype were more likely than those heterozygous for the HLA-B supertype to experience intravesical recurrence by univariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.87, 1.14-3.05, P = 0.012) and multivariate analysis (HR, 95% CI; 2.26, 1.02-5.01, P = 0.045). Patients with B07 or B44 had a decreased risk of intravesical recurrence by univariate analysis (HR, 95% CI; 0.43, 0.24-0.78, P = 0.0056) and multivariate analysis (HR, 95% CI; 0.36, 0.16-0.82, P = 0.016). This study suggests the importance of the diversity and specificity of HLA-B loci in the antitumor effect of BCG immunotherapy for NMIBC. These findings may contribute to the delineation of risk strata for BCG therapy and improve the medical management of NMIBC.

Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis from oral wash specimens using the Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay and the Cobas 4800 CT/NG assay: A prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Isolating oropharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) from oral wash specimens (OWSs) is uncommon. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of the Abbott RealTime CT/NG assay and the Cobas 4800 CT/NG assay in detecting NG and CT in OWSs. METHODS: This multicenter prospective study included 457 patients from 14 medical facilities suspected of having untreated male urethritis or female cervicitis from November 2014 to December 2015. OWSs were collected and tested using the Abbott and Cobas assays. Finally, the discordant results were confirmed using the APTIMA Combo 2 transcription-mediated amplification assay and retested using each assay. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the Abbott assay were 100% and 97.2% for NG and 87.5% and 100% for CT, respectively, and of the Cobas assay were 100% and 98.8% for NG and 93.8% and 99.8% for CT, respectively. Both assays had high negative but low positive predictive values for oropharyngeal NG (Abbott assay: 65.7%, Cobas assay: 82.1%). Based on the definition of "true positive," the prevalence of oropharyngeal NG and CT were 5.0% and 3.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Abbott and Cobas assays using OWSs had high sensitivity and specificity, which can help diagnose oropharyngeal NG and CT. We consider that if a positive result is obtained, the patient should be treated because the negative predictive values were high. However, limited data are available on oropharyngeal NG and CT detection, and further studies are needed to clarify the role of oropharyngeal sexually transmitted infections.

Analysis of fluoroquinolone-resistance using MIC determination and homology modelling of ParC of contemporary Mycoplasma genitalium strains.

INTRODUCTION: The mechanisms of fluoroquinolone-resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium were analysed by a new method. METHODS: M. genitalium strains from urinary sediments of patients with urethritis were isolated and examined antimicrobial susceptibilities and the mutations in ParC, GyrA and 23S rRNA. Docking models between gyrase and topoisomerase IV with sitafloxacin showed that two binding modes in which the amine moiety at the C-7 position rotated could be constructed. RESULTS: Among 18 strains, 13 strains had mutations with amino-acid changes at Serine 83 in ParC. The MICs of moxifloxacin or sitafloxacin for three strains with only S83I in ParC were 2, 1 and 8 mg/L (moxifloxacin) or 0.13, 0.13 and 1 mg/L (sitafloxacin), respectively. In contrast, the MICs of moxifloxacin or sitafloxacin for 3 strain with S83N in ParC were 0.25, 0.13 and 0.25 mg/L (moxifloxacin) or 0.06, 0.03, and 0,03 mg/L (sitafloxacin), respectively, not significantly different from wild-type isolates. The docking model of sitafloxacin and topoisomerase IV showed that the oxygen atom at the gamma position of Serine 83 of ParC interacted with the sitafloxacin carboxylate moiety. When the S83I substitution occurs, the isoleucine side chain is lipophilic and the residue hydropathy changes from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity and important H-bond interactions between serine and the carboxylate moiety are lost. When the serine 83 to asparagine substitution (S83N) occurred, the asparagine side chain is hydrophilic and the residue hydropathy does not change. CONCLUSION: The docking model suggests that Ser83 replacements causes attenuation or loss of activity of fluoroquinolones such as sitafloxacin.

Clinical impact of HSD3B1 polymorphism by metastatic volume and somatic HSD3B1 alterations in advanced prostate cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the significance of HSD3B1 gene status including germline polymorphism and somatic alterations in prostate cancer. Patients with prostate cancer treated with androgen-deprivation therapy, as well as tissues from metastatic prostate cancer, were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from cancer tissues and whole blood samples, and HSD3B1 (rs1047303, 1245C) was genotyped by Sanger sequencing. The association of HSD3B1 genotype with progression-free survival according to metastatic volume was examined. Copy number alteration and gene expression of HSD3B1 were examined in prostate cancer cells and public datasets. Among 194 patients, 121 and 73 patients were categorized into low- and high-volume diseases respectively. In multivariate analysis, the adrenal-permissive genotype (AC/CC) was significantly associated with increased risk of progression compared with the adrenal-restrictive genotype (AA) in low volume, but not high-volume diseases. Somatic mutation in HSD3B1 was detected at least in two cases of castration-resistant prostate cancer tissues. HSD3B1 amplification and overexpression were detected in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells and tissues. The current findings suggest that both germline and somatic alterations of HSD3B1 may cooperatively promote castration resistance in prostate cancer and HSD3B1 as a promising biomarker for precision medicine, warranting further investigations.

Comprehensive assessments of immuno-oncology drug-based combination therapies as first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Over the last decade, there have been substantial progress in the field of systemic therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Through the transition from treatment with cytokines to molecular-targeted agents, and currently to immuno-oncology drugs, the prognostic outcomes of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma have been markedly improved. In particular, based on the promising outcomes of recently conducted pivotal randomized clinical trials, immuno-oncology drug-based combination therapy by either dual immune checkpoint inhibition or combined inhibition of an immune checkpoint and tyrosine kinase, is currently regarded as a standard of care for treatment-naïve advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. However, insufficient data are available with respect to the selection of optimal systemic therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma in the first-line setting due to the lack of a head-to-head comparison between approved immuno-oncology drug-based combination therapies. In this review, therefore, we summarize interesting findings associated with first-line combination therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma obtained from both randomized clinical trials and real-world clinical practices, in order to present useful guidance to help make treatment decisions for patients with treatment-naïve advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Antiandrogenic Effects of a Polyphenol in Carex kobomugi through Inhibition of Androgen Synthetic Pathway and Downregulation of Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines.

Prostate cancer (PC) represents the most common cancer disease in men. Since high levels of androgens increase the risk of PC, androgen deprivation therapy is the primary treatment; however this leads to castration-resistant PC (CRPC) with a poor prognosis. The progression to CRPC involves ectopic androgen production in the adrenal glands and abnormal activation of androgen signaling due to mutations and/or amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) as well as activation of androgen-independent proliferative pathways. Recent studies have shown that adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgens (11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone) with potencies equivalent to those of traditional androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) are biomarkers of CRPC. Additionally, dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 11 (DHRS11) has been reported to be a 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that catalyzes the production of the 11-oxygenated and traditional androgens. This study was conducted to evaluate the pathophysiological roles of DHRS11 in PC using three LNCaP, C4-2 and 22Rv1 cell lines. DHRS11 silencing and inhibition resulted in suppression of the androgen-induced expression of AR downstream genes and decreases in the expression of nuclear AR and the proliferation marker Ki67, suggesting that DHRS11 is involved in androgen-dependent PC cell proliferation. We found that 5,7-dihydroxy-8-methyl-2-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (Kobochromone A, KC-A), an ingredient in the flowers of Carex kobomugi, is a novel potent DHRS11 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.35 µM). Additionally, KC-A itself decreased the AR expression in PC cells. Therefore, KC-A suppresses the androgen signaling in PC cells through both DHRS11 inhibition and AR downregulation. Furthermore, KC-A enhanced the anticancer activity of abiraterone, a CRPC drug, suggesting that it may be a potential candidate for the development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of CRPC.

[Clinical Statistics From 2017 to 2019 in the Department of Urology, Hospital of the University of the Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan].

We introduced the da Vinci Xi surgical system (Intuitive Surgical G.K. CA) in January 2018, and here we report clinical statistics on outpatients, inpatients, and surgical procedures for the 3-year period from January 2017 to December 2019. The number of new outpatients since 2017 has remained almost unchanged at 1,406, 1,530, and 1,494 per year. There was an increasing trend in the number of inpatients, from 862 to 1,021 to 1,239. The main diseases of the inpatients over the 3-year period were bladder cancer in 676 (21.7%), renal cancer in 374 (12.0%), prostate cancer in 268 (8.6%), and urolithiasis in 263 (8.4%). The total number of surgeries in the three years was 1,931. The numbers of transurethral surgeries and laparoscopic surgeries, including robotic surgeries, were 1,063 (55.0%) and 396 (20.5%), respectively. The numbers of inpatients and surgery have been increasing year by year. Medical resources are limited and need to be distributed more efficiently.

Sensitivity of a transcription-mediated amplification method (Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay) to detect M. genitalium in vitro.

INTRODUCTION: Mycoplasma genitalium is a known causative pathogen for some sexually transmitted infections. Nucleic acid amplification tests are a recommended method for detecting M. genitalium. A transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) nucleic acid amplification test to detect M. genitalium, the Aptima Mycoplasma genitalium assay was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and has been used in other countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of TMA test as the detection limit for 20 strains. METHOD: The sensitivity of the TMA test was re-examined using 20 strains in vitro and the detection limit was estimated by comparison with the MgPa quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method. The M. genitalium strains used were isolated from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, France and Japan, and included macrolide or fluoroquinolone resistance. Stock strains were used at several dilutions, with each dilution of each strain examined using both TMA test and qPCR methods. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Estimated DNA loads of M. genitalium as the detection limit were 0.03-0.87 genome equivalents/mL. Sensitivity for TMA test was almost 100-fold higher than for the qPCR method.