The prevalence and demographic associations of headache in the adult population of Peru: a national cross-sectional population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The Global Campaign against Headache is conducting a series of population-based studies to fill the large geographical gaps in knowledge of headache prevalence and attributable burden. One major region not until now included is South America. Here we present a study from Peru, a country of 32.4 million inhabitants located at the west coast of South America, notable for its high Andes mountains. METHODS: The study was conducted in accordance with the standardized methodology used by the Global Campaign. It was a cross-sectional survey using cluster randomised sampling in five regions to derive a nationally representative sample, visiting households unannounced, and interviewing one randomly selected adult member (aged 18-65 years) of each using the Headache-Attributed Restriction, Disability, Social Handicap and Impaired Participation (HARDSHIP) questionnaire translated into South American Spanish. The neutral screening question ("Have you had headache in the last year?") was followed by diagnostic questions based on ICHD-3 and demographic enquiry. RESULTS: The study included 2,149 participants from 2,385 eligible households (participating proportion 90.1%): 1,065 males and 1,084 females, mean age 42.0 ± 13.7 years. The observed 1-year prevalence of all headache was 64.6% [95% CI: 62.5-66.6], with age-, gender- and habitation-adjusted prevalences of 22.8% [21.0-24.6] for migraine (definite + probable), 38.9% [36.8-41.0] for tension-type headache (TTH: also definite + probable), 1.2% [0.8-1.8] for probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH) and 2.7% [2.1-3.5] for other headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15+). One-day prevalence of headache (reported headache yesterday) was 12.1%. Migraine was almost twice as prevalent among females (28.2%) as males (16.4%; aOR = 2.1; p < 0.001), and strongly associated with living at very high altitude (aOR = 2.5 for > 3,500 versus < 350 m). CONCLUSION: The Global Campaign's first population-based study in South America found headache disorders to be common in Peru, with prevalence estimates for both migraine and TTH substantially exceeding global estimates. H15 + was also common, but with fewer than one third of cases diagnosed as pMOH. The association between migraine and altitude was confirmed, and found to be strengthened at very high altitude. This association demands further study.

[Evolution of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients during 4 years of follow]. / Evolución del estado nutricional en pacientes en hemodiálisis durante 4 años de seguimiento.

Protein-calorie malnutrition as well as systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders are common among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis), which contributes to their morbidity and mortality. This work has followed 90 patients of both sexes with chronic kidney disease who were treated with hemodialysis periodically in our unit for four years. All patients were performed quarterly measurements of plasma albúmina (A1b), total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP) and monthly transferrin (Tr), Anthropometric measurements of height and weight were taken on all patients by using a balance/stadiometer (Perperson 113481); weight was measured in kilograms and height in centimetres. BMI was calculated with this formula: weight/height2 and classified according to the WHO criteria: BMI < 18.50: Underweight; from 18.50 to 24.99: Normal range; from 25.00 to 29.99: Overweight; and BMI > or =30.00: Obese. The aim of this work was evaluate the nutritional status of these patients through the assessment of biochemical parameters and anthropometric parameters and determine if these patients suffer alterations suggesting nutritional deterioration directly related to the time on dialysis. During the 4 years all patients showed a significant decline of biochemical parameters, on the other hand the BMI did not significant changes in relation to malnutrition. Malnutrition in patients on dialysis is therefore evident, the BMI does not correspond with the biochemical parameters observed, so nutritional deterioration of these patients is mainly manifested by biochemical parameters studied.

[Assessment of lipid profiles and bone mineral density in renal transplant patients]. / VALORACIÓN DEL PERFIL LIPÍDICO Y DE LA DENSIDAD MINERAL ÓSEA EN PACIENTES TRASPLANTADOS RENALES.

INTRODUCTION: Alterations in lipid metabolism and bone mineral metabolism disturbances are common disorders among renal transplant patients, contributing to the apparition of oxidative metabolic and cardiovascular diseases that threaten the integrity of the graft. AIMS: Describe and observe the evolution of alterations in bone mineral density (BMD) and lipid abnormalities in a population of kidney transplant patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The samples consisted of 119 kidney transplant patients of both sexes, measurements were performed pretransplant and posttransplant for five years of biochemical parameters, anthropometric measurements and measurement of bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, femur and radioulnar. RESULTS: During the five years after transplantation a significant increase in biochemical parameters, BMI, dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension occurs. At six months there is a high percentage of patients with pathologic BMD increase by 4.1% per year of transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: After kidney transplantation, a large increase of hyperlipidemia associated with a characteristic pattern of altered lipid with elevated total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and the resulting increase in triglycerides, occurs despite statin therapy, leading to an increase in risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, diseases and cardiovascualres further loss of bone mass which carries a high risk of serious fractures occurs, threatening kidney graft and quality of life of patients.

Introducción: las alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico y del metabolismo mineral óseo son trastornos frecuentes entre los pacientes trasplantados renales, lo que contribuye a la aparación de enfermedades matabólicas y cardiovasculares que ponen en peligro la integridad del injerto. Objetivo: describir y observar la evolución de las alteraciones de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y las alteraciones lipídicas en una población de pacientes trasplantados renales. Material y método: en este trabajo se ha seguido a 119 pacientes de ambos sexos trasplantados renales, a los cuales se les realizaron mediciones pretrasplante y postrasplante durante cinco años de parámetros bioquímicos, mediciones antropométricas y de la densidad mineral ósea en columna lumbar, fémur y radio-cubital. Resultados: durante los cinco años tras el trasplante se produce un importante aumento de parámetros bioquímicos, IMC, dislipemia, diabetes e hipertensión arterial. A los seis meses existe un alto porcentaje de pacientes con DMO patológica, aumentando un 4,1% al año del trasplante. Conclusiones: tras el trasplante se produce un gran incremento de la hiperlipidemia que se asocia con un patrón característico de alteración de lípidos con elevación del colesterol total, lipoproteínas de baja densidad, lipoproteínas de alta densidad, así como el consiguiente aumento de los triglicéridos, a pesar del tratamiento con estatinas, lo que conlleva un aumento en los factores de riego de padecer diabetes, hipertension arterial y enfermedades cardiovasculares; además se produce una pérdida de masa ósea, lo que conlleva un alto riesgo de sufrir fracturas graves, poniendo en peligro el injerto renal y la calidad de vida del paciente.

[Longitudinal study of the metabolic syndrome after kidney transplantation]. / Estudio longitudinal del síndrome metabólico tras el trasplante renal.

BACKGROUND: The occurence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) between the renal receptors is one of the major complications after transplantation and is associated with an increased risk of graft failure and high rates of obesity and diabetes new appearance. AIMS: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with the development of the MS and to evaluate the association between the same with the allograft dysfunction. METHODS: The samples consisted of 138 renal transplant patients, 83 men and 55 women, kidney transplant, which was attended by over five years for the transplant consultation. Were analyzed as potential risk factors for MS: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), weight, hypertension, diabetes, LDL, HDL, triglycerides in serum and immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil), was also assessed the prevalence of acute rejection episodes and renal function. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 39.85 %. As statistically significant risk factors were obtained the BMI, overweight, HDL cholesterol levels, triglycerides and LDL as well as hypertension and diabetes. There were high rates of acute rejection and differences in story to the glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of the MS that severely compromised renal function and graft survival in renal transplant patients, it is very important the control and strict monitoring of all risk factors identified.

Introducción: La aparición del síndrome metabólico (SM) entre los receptores renales es una de la mayores complicaciones postrasplante y se asocia con un mayor riesgo de fracaso del injerto y altas tasas de obesidad y diabetes de nueva aparición. Objetivos: Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo del SM y evaluar la asociación del mismo con la disfunción del injerto. Métodos: La muestras estuvo formada por 138 pacientes trasplantados renales, 83 hombres y 55 mujeres, trasplantados renales, que asistieron durante cinco años a la consulta postrasplante. Se analizaron como posibles factores de riesgo para DMPT: edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), peso, hipertensión, diabetes, LDL, HDL, triglicéridos en suero y terapia inmunosupresora (Ciclosporina, tacrolimus, micofenolato mofetil), también se evaluó la prevalencia de episodios de rechazo agudo y función renal. Resultados: La prevalencia de SM fue del 39,85%. Como factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos se obtuvieron el IMC, sobrepeso, niveles colesterol HDL, triglicéridos y LDL así como la hipertensión y la diabetes. Se obtuvieron altas tasas de rechazo agudo y diferencias en cuento a la tasa de filtración glomerular. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia del SM que compromete gravemente la funcion renal y la supervivencia del injerto en pacientes trasplantados renales, Es importantisimo el control y seguimiento estricto de todos los factores de riesgo identificados.

[Longitudinal study of weight and body mass index after renal transplantation during 5 years of evolution]. / Estudio longitudinal del peso e índice de masa corporal tras el trasplante renal durante 5 años de evolución.

INTRODUCTION: Gain weight after transplantation is relatively common, also tends to be multifactorial and can be influenced by glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive medications, delayed graft function and cause serious health complications. OBJECTIVES: Assess changes in weight, degree of obesity and body mass index as well as the effect of immunosuppressive treatment over these 5 years after kidney transplantation. METHODS: The samples were 119 kidney transplant recipients, 70 men and 49 women, that attended the query post for five years. All patients were measured Pretransplant and post (from 1st year to the 5th year) weight, height and body mass index calculated by the formula weight/size2 relating it to immunosuppressive treatment taking. RESULTS: There is a considerable increase of body mass index, weight and degree of obesity in the first year after transplantation to increase more slowly in the next four years. The type of immunosuppressive treatment influence the weight and degree of obesity that occurs in this period of time. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence there are overweight and obesity after the transplant especially during the first year. A year patients earn an average of 6.6 kg in weight and an average of 2.5 kg/m2 in their BMI. During treatment should minimize doses of steroids and include dietary treatment and adequate physical exercise.

Introducción: El aumento de peso después del trasplante es relativamente común, además suele ser multifactorial y suele estar influenciado por glucocorticoides y los medicamentos inmunosupresores, pudiendo retrasar la funcion del injerto y provocar complicaciones graves de salud. Objetivos: Evaluar los cambios en el peso, grado de obesidad e índice de masa corporal asi como el efecto que el tratamiento inmunosupresor produce sobre estos 5 años postrasplante renal sobre estos. Métodos: La muestra estuvo formada por 119 pacientes trasplantados renales, 70 hombres y 49 mujeres, trasplantados renales, que asistieron durante cinco años a la consulta postrasplante. A todos los pacientes se realizaron mediciones pretrasplante y postrasplante (desde el 1º año hasta el 5º año) de peso, altura e índice de masa corporal calculado mediante la fórmula peso/talla2 relacionándolo con el tratamiento inmunosupresor que tomaban. Resultados: Existe un aumento considerable del índice de masa corporal, peso y grado de obesidad en el primer año tras el trasplante aumentando mas lentamente en los siguientes cuatro años. El tipo de tratamiento inmunosupresor influencia el peso y grado de obesidad que se produce en este periodo de tiempo. Conclusiones: Hay una elevada prevalencia sobrepeso y obesidad tras el trasplante especialmente durante el primer año. Al año los pacientes ganan una media de 6,6 kg de peso y una media de 2,5 kg/m2 en su IMC. Durante el tratamiento se debe minimizar las dosis de esteroides e incluir tratamiento dietético y ejercicio físico adecuado.

[Study of serum albumin and BMI as nutritional markers in hemodialysis patients]. / Estudio de la albúmina sérica y del índice de masa corporal como marcadores nutricionales en pacientes en hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Protein calorie malnutrition as well as systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders are common among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing renal replacement therapy (haemodialysis), which contributes to its morbidity and mortality. AIMS: The aims of this work was to evaluate the nutritional status of patients in a hemodialysis treatment through the assessment of biochemical parameters nutritional as albumin, and anthropometric parameters of body mass index during ten years of follow up. METHODS: In this work has been followed 90 patients of both sexes with chronic kidney disease who were treated with hemodialysis regularly on our unit for ten years. All patients were conducted quarterly measurements of plasma albumin (Alb), and other biochemical determinations, and anthropometric measurements of height, weight and body mass index calculated by the formula weight/height², grouped n BMI < 23 kg/m² and albumin levels <3.8 g/dl according to the consensus of the panel of experts of the International Society for renal Nutrition and metabolism. RESULTS: During the 10 years all patients showed a significant decline in the biochemical parameters and the albumin, change in BMI does not presented significant changes in relation to malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition in patients on dialysis is a fact patent, BMI does not correspond with the biochemical parameters were observed, for what nutritional impairment in these patients is mainly expressed by serum albumin.

Introducción: La malnutrición proteíco calorica asi como la inflamación sistémica y metabólica son trastornos frecuentes entre los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica sometidos a tratamiento renal sustitutivo (Hemodiálisis), lo que contribuye a su morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional de los pacientes de una unidad de hemodiálisis mediante la valoración de parámetros bioquímicos nutricionales como la albúmina, y parámetros antropométricos de índice de masa corporal durante diez años de seguimiento. Métodos: En este trabajo se ha seguido a 90 pacientes de ambos sexos con insuficiencia renal crónica que fueron tratados con hemodiálisis periódicamente en nuestra unidad durante diez años. A todos los pacientes se le realizaron mediciones trimestrales de albúmina plasmática (Alb), y otras determinaciones bioquimicas, y se les efectuaron mediciones antropométricas de peso, altura e índice de masa corporal calculado mediante la formula peso/talla², agrupada enIMC < 23 kg/m2 y niveles de albumina.

[Assessment of nutritional status in renal transplant patients during 5 years of follow-up]. / Evaluación del estado nutricional en pacientes trasplantados renales durante 5 años de seguimiento.

INTRODUCTION: Weight gain and malnutrition after kidney transplantation is common and the resulting overweight and obesity is associated with serious health complications. By contrast, the prevalence of malnutrition in patients with renal transplantation and its impact on the outcome of kidney transplantation is underestimated. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of renal transplant patients and determine if the five-year follow-up, these patients undergo alterations that suggest nutritional deterioration. METHODS: The sample consisted of 119 renal transplant patients who attended for five years post-transplant consultation. All patients measurements of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides and ferritin (Ft) were performed. and anthropometric measurements were made of weight, height and BMI. Patients were divided into three groups according to GFR Group 1: <60 mL/min, Group 2: 89-60 mL/min Group 3: ≥ 90 mL/min. RESULTS: The weight and BMI tended to decrease in group 3 while increasing in the other groups. A decrease in total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides and Ferritin less pronounced in group 3 occurs. CONCLUSIONS: After five years you can see a significant reduction in nutritional biochemical parameters in general, likewise the nutritional status is closely related, and is directly proportional to the function of the graft.

Introducción: El aumento de peso y la malnutricion despues del trasplante renal es frecuente, y el sobrepeso y la obesidad resultante se asocia con complicaciones graves de salud. Por el contrario, la prevalencia de la desnutricion en pacientes con trasplante renal y sus efectos en el resultado del trasplante de rinon se subestima. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional de pacientes trasplantados renales y determinar si en el periodo de cinco anos de seguimiento, estos pacientes sufren alteraciones que sugieran deterioro nutricional. Métodos: La muestras estuvo formada por 119 pacientes trasplantados renales, que asistieron durante cinco anos a la consulta postrasplante. A todos los pacientes se realizaron determinaciones de colesterol total, lipoproteinas de baja densidad (LDL), lipoproteinas de alta densidad (HDL), concentraciones de trigliceridos y ferritina (Ft), y se les efectuaron mediciones antropometricas de peso, altura e IMC. Los pacientes fueron divididos en tres grupos segun la tasa de filtracion glomerular : Grupo 1: < 60 mL/min, Grupo 2: 89­60 mL/min Grupo 3: ≥ 90 mL/min. Resultados: El peso e IMC tiende a disminuir en el grupo 3 mientras aumenta en el resto de grupos. Se produce una disminucion de Colesterol total, HDL, LDL, Trigliceridos y Ferritina menos acusado en el grupo 3. Conclusiones: Tras cinco anos se puede observar una reduccion significativa de los parametros bioquimicos nutricionales en general, asi mismo el estado nutricional esta estrechamente relacionado y es directamente proporcional a la funcion del injerto.

[Study of the metabolic syndrome and obesity in hemodialysis patients]. / Estudio del síndrome metabólico y de la obesidad en pacientes en hemodiálisis.

INTRODUCTION: The metabolic syndrome (MS) consists of a set of clinical and biochemical changes. It is very common among chronic hemodialysis patients, being the leading cause of death in these patients, 44% of all patients undergoing this therapy. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MS and risk factors associated with its development, as well as the prevalence of obesity in HD patients. METHODS: This study has followed 90 patients of both sexes with chronic renal failure (CRF) who were treated with hemodialysis periodically in our unit for ten years. All patients were performed quarterly measurements of plasma albumin (A1b) and other biochemical analysis; besides, they underwent some anthropometric measurements like weight, height and body mass index (BMI). This was calculated using weight / size2 formula and grouped in BMI values according to WHO criteria. The data concerning hypertension and glucose were also considered. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 25% and obesity was presented as follows: 45% with type I overweight; 30.8% with type II overweight and 12 patients (2%) were obese. Being statistically significant as risk factors, BMI, overweight, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol as well as hypertension and elevated glucose levels were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic syndrome compromises the patient survival causing a high prevalence in these patients. The principal risk factors in MS are monitoring weight, BMI, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, hypertension and diabetes.

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico (SM) esta formado por un conjunto de alteraciones clínicas y bioquímicas es muy comun entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica y representa la principal causa de mortalidad en estos pacientes, 44% del total de pacientes sometidos a diálisis. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la prevalencia del Sindrome Metabolico y factores de riesgo asociados a su desarrollo, asi como la prevalencia de la obesidad en pacientes en HD. Métodos: En este trabajo se ha seguido a 90 pacientes de ambos sexos con IRC que fueron tratados con hemodiálisis periódicamente en nuestra unidad durante diez años. A todos los pacientes se le realizaron mediciones trimestrales de albúmina plasmática (Alb), y otras determinaciones bioquimicas, y se les efectuaron mediciones antropométricas de peso, altura e índice de masa corporal calculado mediante la formula peso/talla2, agrupada en valores IMC según la OMS, se recogieron datos acerca de hipertensión, glucosa. Resultados: La prevalencia de SM fue del 25º% y de la obesidad fue, 45% sobrepeso tipo I; 30,8% de pacientes con sobrepeso tipo II y 12 ,2% obesas. Como factores de riesgo estadísticamente significativos se obtuvieron el IMC, sobrepeso, triglicéridos, colesterol total y colesterol HDL así como la hipertensión y niveles elevados de glucosa. Conclusiones: El SM compromete la supervivencia del paciente hemodiálisis pudiendo apreciarse una alta prevalecia del mismo. Los factores de riesgo fundamenteles en el SM son la vigilancia del peso, IMC, trigliceridos y colesterol HDL, hipertension y la diabetes.

[Study and prevalence of post-transplant diabetes mellitus; analysis on a group of kidney transplant recipients]. / Estudio y prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus postrasplante; análisis en un grupo de pacientes trasplantados renales.

INTRODUCTION: The onset of post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) among kidney recipients is associated with an increased risk of graft failure and high rates of morbidity and mortality. Minimize the risk of PTDM is a priority for improving long-term survival rates. Aims. This study aims to assess the prevalence of PTDM in a renal transplant patient population, to identify risk factors and assess the graft and patient survival. METHODS: The sample consisted of 112 renal transplant patients , 69 men and 43 women , renal transplant , who attended for five years post-transplant consultation. Were analyzed as potential risk factors for PTDM : age , sex, body mass index (BMI ) , obesity , VHC , hypertension, dyslipidemia , total cholesterol (TC) , serum triglyceride and immunosuppressive therapy ( cyclosporine , tacrolimus , mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus ), also the prevalence of acute rejection episodes was evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of PTDM was 24.2 %, compared with 85 patients (75.8%) with standard glucose (PGN) . PTDM patients showed a higher BMI , a higher percentage of overweight , dyslipidemia , total cholesterol levels , triglycerides and performed a greater percentage of patients with PDMPT including Mycophenolate mofetil was administered. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of PTDM in kidney recipients , the importance of weight control and strict adherence to all identified risk factors , as well as in minimizing the doses of immunosuppressive therapies to prevent the onset of PTDM.

Introducción: La aparición de la diabetes mellitus postrasplante (DMPT) entre los receptores renales se asocia con un mayor riesgo de fracaso del injerto y altas tasas de morbimortalidad. Minimizar el riesgo de DMPT es una prioridad para la mejora a largo plazo de las tasas de supervivencia. Objetivos: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de DMPT en una población de paciente trasplantados renales, para identificar los factores de riesgo y evaluar el injerto y supervivencia de los pacientes. Métodos: La muestras estuvo formada por 112 pacientes trasplantados renales, 69 hombres y 43 mujeres, trasplantados renales, que asistieron durante cinco años a la consulta postrasplante. Se analizaron como posibles factores de riesgo para DMPT: edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), sobrepeso, hepatitis C, hipertensión, dislipemia, colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos en suero y terapia inmunosupresora (Ciclosporina, tacrolimus, micofenolato mofetil y sirolimus), también se evaluó la prevalencia de episodios de rechazo agudo. Resultados: La prevalencia de PTDM fue del 24,2%, frente a 85 pacientes (75,8%) con glucosa normalizada (PGN). Los pacientes con DMPT mostraron un IMC mayor, un porcentaje mayor de sobrepeso, dislipemias, niveles colesterol total, triglicéridos y se presento un mayor porcentaje de pacientes con PDMPT entre los que se administraron Micofenolato mofetil. Conclusiones: Existe una alta incidencia de DMPT en receptores renales, la importancia del control de peso y de un seguimiento estricto para todos los factores de riesgo identificados, asi como una minimización en las dosis de tratamientos inmunosupresores para prevenir la aparición de DMPT.

[Effect of cinacalcet on parathyroid hormone level in hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism of patients with renal transplantation]. / Efecto de cinacalcet sobre la hormona paratiroidea en el hiperparatiroidismo hipercalcémico del trasplantado renal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cinacalcet reduces parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in uremic hyperparathyroidism (HPT), and in renal transplantation it is useful in the management of HPT with hypercalcemia. Our main aim is to evaluate if cinacalcet administered once daily, reduces and maintains reduced PTH levels for 24 hours in renal transplant recipients with HPT and hypercalcemia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied PTH levels and other bone biomarkers in two groups of renal transplant recipients: one with HPT and hypercalcemia (Group 1), another without alteration of mineral metabolism (Group 2), and a third group of healthy volunteers (Group 3): 35 subjets. Group 1 received a single dose of 60 mg of cinacalcet at 9 am. In all the groups we withdrew blood samples at 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19 hours (day 1) and 9 am the following day (day 2), determining levels of PTH and bone biomarkers. RESULTS: In Group 1, basal PTH levels decreased shortly after dispensing cinacalcet (basal PTH level 237 [86.7] versus 10 hour level 113 [54.7] p<0.05), objectifying a progressive increase to a similar level to baseline after 24 hours of the administration (day 2 9h PTH level 241 [117.4] ns). In Group 2, comparisons among PTH mean levels were not different at any time. In Group 3, the mean baseline PTH level was higher than that observed at 10h (47 [22.7] versus 28 [11.2] p<0.05) and other comparisons were not significant. Beta-ctx was higher at baseline in the three groups in comparison with levels at 11, 12, 13 and 19 hour, and similar to that at 10 am on day 1 and 9 am on day 2. With respect to other bone biomarkers, no differences were observed. CONCLUSION: Cinacalcet administered once daily reduces PTH in renal transplant recipients with HPT and hypercalcemia, without holding it for 24 hours.

Evolución del estado nutricional en pacientes en hemodiálisis durante 4 años de seguimiento

La malnutrición proteíco calorica asi como la inflamación sistémica y metabólica son trastornos frecuentes entre los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica sometidos a tratamiento renal sustitutivo (Hemodiálisis), lo que contribuye a su morbilidad y mortalidad. En este trabajo se ha seguido a 90 pacientes de ambos sexos con insuficiencia renal crónica que fueron tratados con hemodiálisis periódicamente en nuestra unidad durante cuatro años. A todos los pacientes se le realizaron mediciones trimestrales de albúmina plasmática (Alb), colesterol total (CT), proteínas totales (PT) y mensuales de transferrina (Tr), y se les efectuaron mediciones antropométricas de peso, altura e índice de masa corporal calculado mediante la formula peso/talla², y agrupada según la clasificación de la OMS en IMC < 18,50 infrapeso, 18,50 a 24,99 normal, 1,25 a 29,99 sobrepeso y >30 del IMC s/OMS. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el estado nutricional de estos pacientes mediante la valoración de parámetros bioquímicos y parámetros antropométricos y determinar si estos pacientes sufren alteraciones que sugieran deterioro nutricional directamente relacionado con el tiempo en diálisis. Durante los 4 años todos los pacientes manifestaron un importante descenso de los parámetros bioquímicos, en cambio el IMC no presentó cambios significativos en relación a la desnutrición. Por lo tanto la desnutrición de los pacientes en diálisis es un hecho patente, el IMC no se corresponde con lo parámetros bioquímicos observados, por lo que el deterioro nutricional de estos pacientes se manifiesta principalmente mediante los parámetros bioquímicos estudiados.

Protein-calorie malnutrition as well as systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders are common among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis), which contributes to their morbidity and mortality. This work has followed 90 patients of both sexes with chronic kidney disease who were treated with hemodialysis periodically in our unit for four years. All patients were performed quarterly measurements of plasma albumina (Alb), total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP) and monthly transferrin (Tr), Anthropometric measurements of height and weight were taken on all patients by using a balance/stadiometer (Perperson 113481); weight was measured in kilograms and height in centimetres. BMI was calculated with this formula: weight/height2 and classified according to the WHO criteria: BMI.

Epidemiología de la patología tumoral en el trasplante renal / Epidemiology of tumoral pathology in renal transplantation

Introducción: La patología tumoral (PT) implica una morbimortalidad no despreciable después del trasplante renal, siendo la inmunosupresión un factor de riesgo potencialmente responsable de su desarrollo. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar la prevalencia de malignidad durante el trasplante y estudiar su posible asociación con el uso de anticuerpos antilinfocitarios, infección por citomegalovirus y el antecedente de rechazo agudo. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, en 1034 receptores de trasplante renal en el que se revisaron los eventos tumorales acontecidos entre abril de 1981 y marzo de 2010. Se consignaron el uso de anticuerpos antilinfocitarios (AAL), infección por CMV y episodios de rechazo agudo (RA), relacionando estas variables con el desarrollo posterior de patología tumoral. Resultados: NO se detectó mayor frecuencia de PT maligna en aquellos que recibieron AAL (13,8% vs. 17,6%, p=0,094) p=0,094). No hubo mayor frecuencia de PT en pacientes con infección por CMV (16,3% vs. 15,2%, p=0,69). Por último, hubo mayor frecuencia de PT en aquellos con antecedentes de RA, si bien con significación limítrofe (19,5% vs. 14,3%, p=0,05). Conclusiones: La patología tumoral maligna se ve potencialmente favorecida por la inmunosupresión cada vez más potente y duradera. No hemos encontrado asociación entre la administración de AAL, infección y / o enfermedad por CMV; si bien esta se ve ligeramente incrementada en aquellos pacientes con el antecedente de RA.

Introduction: Tumoral pathology (TP) implies morbidity which is significant after the renal transplantation; Immunosuppression is a risk factor which is potentially responsible for tumoral development. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of malignancy during transplantation and to study its possible relation with the usage of antillymphocvte antibodies, cytomegalovirus infection and the history of acute rejection. Methods: It is a cohort study, retrospective, in 1014 receptors of Kidney transplantation in which tumoral events were revised between April 1981 and March 2010. The development of tumoral pathology in recipients was related with the usage of AAL, CMV infection and AR episodes. Results: a greater frequency of malign TP was no recorded in those who received AAL (13.8% vs. 17.6%, p=0.094). There was not greater frequency of TP in patients with infection due to CMV (16,3% vs, 15.2%, p=0.69). Finally, there was greater frequency of TP in those with antecedent of AR, though with bordering significance (19.5%, vs. 14.3% p=0.05). Conclusions: Malign tumoral pathology is potentially favored by immunosuppression increasingly powerful lasting. We have not found any relationship between AAL use, infection and/ or disease due to CMV, although this is slightly increased in those patients with AR history.

Pioderma gangrenoso en un paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica sobre fístula arteriovenosa secundaria a granulomatosis de Wegener: estudio de un caso / Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with chronic kidney disease on arteriovenous fistula secondary to Wegener´s granulomatosis: a case study

Fundamento y objetivo: El pioderma gangrenoso es un trastorno crónico que consiste en una ulceración dolorosa, de etiología desconocida. Puede desarrollarse en áreas que han sufrido un trauma o heridas quirúrgicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue la evaluación v atención de enfermería en un paciente varón de 47 años afecto de Granulomatosis de Wegener, con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica (IRC) en hemodiálisis desde hace 7 años. Pacientes: El paciente tras 15 días de intervención quirúrgica para realización de fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) comenzó a desarrollar, una úlcera dolorosa que aumentó de tamaño de manera progresiva. Resultados y conclusiones: Desde el comienzo se puso en marcha el tratamiento, que consistía, entre otras cosas, en curas locales con solución salina la aplicación tópica de valerato de betametasona con gentamicina, obteniendo una mejora significativa ele la úlcera. Se concluye (que el tratamiento local fué un éxito, siendo recomendable la realización de un protocolo para pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes, que aunque raras, pueden causar este tipo de lesiones.

Background and objectives: Pyoderrna gangrenosum is a chronic, painful, ulcerative skin of unknown etiology. In 50% of cases, is associated with systemic diseases, mainly inflammatory bowel disease. lt can develop in areas of trauma or surgical wounds. The aim of this study was the evaluation and nursing care in a patient with chronic kidney disease stage undergoes dialysis Wegener's granulomatosis, pyoderrna gangrenosum who developed a scar on cephalic arteriovenous fistula in his right hand. Patient and method: Since the beginning of the ulcer and 40 days was set in motion the plan, which consisted of local treatment with saline and topical betamethasone valerate with gentamicin, for a significant improvernent of the ulcer. Results and conclusion: Local treatment with saline and topical betamethasone valerate with gentamicin was a success, although it is clearly essential to nursing, performing a protocol for patients with autoimmune diseases, although rare, can cause this type injury, so interdisplicinar collaboration is essential to act quickly when they occur, the prevention of major risks to the patient.