RESUMO
Motivation: Shotgun DNA sequencing provides sensitive detection of all 182 HPV types in tissue and body fluid. However, existing computational methods either produce false positives misidentifying HPV types due to shared sequences among HPV, human and prokaryotes, or produce false negative since they identify HPV by assembled contigs requiring large abundant of HPV reads. Results: We designed HPViewer with two custom HPV reference databases masking simple repeats and homology sequences respectively and one homology distance matrix to hybridize these two databases. It directly identified HPV from short DNA reads rather than assembled contigs. Using 100 100 simulated samples, we revealed that HPViewer was robust for samples containing either high or low number of HPV reads. Using 12 shotgun sequencing samples from respiratory papillomatosis, HPViewer was equal to VirusTAP, and Vipie and better than HPVDetector with the respect to specificity and was the most sensitive method in the detection of HPV types 6 and 11. We demonstrated that contigs-based approaches had disadvantages of detection of HPV. In 1573 sets of metagenomic data from 18 human body sites, HPViewer identified 104 types of HPV in a body-site associated pattern and 89 types of HPV co-occurring in one sample with other types of HPV. We demonstrated HPViewer was sensitive and specific for HPV detection in metagenomic data. Availability and implementation: HPViewer can be accessed at https://github.com/yuhanH/HPViewer/. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Metagenômica/métodos , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções Respiratórias/genética , Software , Humanos , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodosRESUMO
This case report presents a 62-year-old male who had previously undergone curative colectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 2005 for colorectal cancer. He presented with jaundice, which was initially attributed to choledocholithiasis. After cholecystectomy and repeat ERCPs, hyperbilirubinemia persisted. There was persistent dilation of the right posterior duct on imaging, concerning for biliary stricture, possibly due to cholangiocarcinoma or intraductal papillary neoplasm. During a right posterior hepatectomy, a peripheral liver lesion was found in association with the dilated bile duct. On frozen evaluation, the lesion was found to be invasive adenocarcinoma. The final pathology was compatible with a metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma of colonic origin. A repeat colonoscopy was done with no recurrence or new lesion in the colon. This case underscores the challenges associated with diagnosing biliary issues and assessing liver lesions in patients with a remote history of cancer. It raises the question of when and whether, after primary cancer treatment, it becomes safe to explore alternative diagnoses without immediately suspecting metastasis. Another significant challenge arises in ascertaining the most suitable therapeutic approaches for these patients. This is because these extremely late recurrences might be linked to an indolent, slow-growing type of tumor, but also have been linked to cancer stem cells, and as any recurrence, demands attention.
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Mixed carcinomas in the esophagus are highly uncommon neoplasms that represent a diagnostic challenge on small tissue biopsies. We present a case of a primary mixed sarcomatoid-small cell carcinoma of the esophagus that was diagnosed after repeat sampling of the lesion. The components were morphologically distinct and could be further classified by immunohistochemistry. Next-generation sequencing identified mutations in PIK3CA and CDKN2A. The small cell component morphology was also identified in brain metastasis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/secundário , Carcinossarcoma/secundário , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Neoplasias Complexas Mistas/patologia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/secundário , Carcinoma de Células Pequenas/genética , Classe I de Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Neoplasias Complexas Mistas/genéticaRESUMO
Products derived from bacterial members of the gut microbiota evoke immune signalling pathways of the host that promote immunity and barrier function in the intestine. How immune reactions to enteric viruses support intestinal homeostasis is unknown. We recently demonstrated that infection by murine norovirus (MNV) reverses intestinal abnormalities following depletion of bacteria, indicating that an intestinal animal virus can provide cues to the host that are typically attributed to the microbiota. Here, we elucidate mechanisms by which MNV evokes protective responses from the host. We identify an important role for the viral protein NS1/2 in establishing local replication and a type I interferon (IFN-I) response in the colon. We further show that IFN-I acts on intestinal epithelial cells to increase the proportion of CCR2-dependent macrophages and interleukin (IL)-22-producing innate lymphoid cells, which in turn promote pSTAT3 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells and protection from intestinal injury. In addition, we demonstrate that MNV provides a striking IL-22-dependent protection against early-life lethal infection by Citrobacter rodentium. These findings demonstrate novel ways in which a viral member of the microbiota fortifies the intestinal barrier during chemical injury and infectious challenges.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Intestinos/imunologia , Intestinos/virologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/toxicidade , Proliferação de Células , Citrobacter rodentium/fisiologia , Colo/citologia , Colo/imunologia , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/virologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/prevenção & controle , Interleucinas/genética , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/citologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/citologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Mutantes , Mutação , Norovirus/imunologia , Norovirus/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Organismos Livres de Patógenos Específicos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Replicação Viral , Interleucina 22RESUMO
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) self-renew or differentiate into all tissues of the developing embryo and cell-specification factors are necessary to balance gene expression. Here we delineate the function of the PHD-finger protein 5a (Phf5a) in ESC self-renewal and ascribe its role in regulating pluripotency, cellular reprogramming and myoblast specification. We demonstrate that Phf5a is essential for maintaining pluripotency, since depleted ESCs exhibit hallmarks of differentiation. Mechanistically, we attribute Phf5a function to the stabilization of the Paf1 transcriptional complex and control of RNA polymerase II elongation on pluripotency loci. Apart from an ESC-specific factor, we demonstrate that Phf5a controls differentiation of adult myoblasts. Our findings suggest a potent mode of regulation by Phf5a in stem cells, which directs their transcriptional programme, ultimately regulating maintenance of pluripotency and cellular reprogramming.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Reprogramação Celular/genética , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/citologia , Mioblastos/citologia , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes/citologia , Transcrição Gênica , Envelhecimento , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA , TransativadoresRESUMO
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC), as the third most common new cancer diagnosis, poses a significant health risk to the population. Interval CRCs are those that appear after a negative screening test or examination. The development of interval CRCs has been shown to be multifactorial: location of exam-academic institution versus community hospital, experience of the endoscopist, quality of the procedure, age of the patient, flat versus polypoid neoplasia, genetics, hereditary gastrointestinal neoplasia, and most significantly missed or incompletely excised lesions. The rate of interval CRCs has decreased in the last decade, which has been ascribed to an increased understanding of interval disease and technological advances in the screening of high risk individuals. In this article, we aim to review the literature with regard to the multifactorial nature of interval CRCs and provide the most recent developments regarding this important gastrointestinal entity.