HIV treatment cascade in regions of Peru with the highest HIV prevalence.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the HIV treatment cascade and care continuum in regions of highest HIV prevalence in Peru. METHODS: An observational longitudinal study was carried out in 14 tertiary hospitals in Peru. These are the main hospitals that administer antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the regions that represent approximately 95% of reports of HIV/AIDS cases in Peru in 2013. We included individuals older than 18 years newly diagnosed with HIV from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2012. Medical records were reviewed until 2015. RESULTS: A total of 2119 people living with HIV (PLHIV) were identified in the selected health facilities (mean age = 35.26 years, 78% male). 97.25% [1845/1897; 95% confidence interval (CI): 96.4-97.9%] of the patients attended the consultation at least once during the follow-up, but only 64.84% (885/1365; 95% CI: 62.2-67.4%) attended within a month after the diagnosis. After starting ART, 74.63% (95% CI: 71.9-77.2%) of PLHIV remained in healthcare. Regardless of the time after diagnosis, 88.40% (1837/2078; 95% CI: 86.9-89.7%) of PLHIV started ART during the observation time. However, 78.68% (95% CI: 76.8-80.4%) did so during the first post-treatment year and only 28.88% (95% CI: 27.9-31.9%) after 1 month. After starting treatment, it was observed that 51.60% (95% CI: 49.2-54%) of PLHIV reached viral suppression during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Further analysis and improvements in the definition of indicators are required to achieve conclusive results; however, these data will give us a general understanding of the progress of Peruvian health policies in achieving the goal established by the WHO.

[Access barriers to comprehensive care for people affected by tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in Peru, 2010-2015]. / Barreras para el acceso a la atención integral de las personas afectadas por la coinfección por tuberculosis y virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en Perú, 2010­2015.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the programmatic barriers that hinder access to comprehensive care of patients with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) coinfection. METHODS: This is a mixed-method study. Qualitative research was conducted via in-depth interviews with key actors and the quantitative component involved cross-sectional descriptive analysis of programmatic data from 2010-2015 on tuberculosis and HIV programs at health facilities in the cities of Lima and Iquitos. RESULTS: Twenty-two key actors in seven establishments were interviewed. The identified barriers were: little or no coordination between tuberculosis and HIV teams, separate management of tuberculosis and HIV cases at different levels of care, insufficient financing, limited or poorly trained human resources, and lack of an integrated information system. It was found that HIV screening in TB patients increased (from 18.8% in 2011 to 95.2% in 2015), isoniazid coverage of HIV patients declined (from 62% to 9%), and the proportion of deaths among TB/HIV coinfection cases averaged 20%. CONCLUSIONS: There is poor coordination between HIV and TB health strategies. Management of TB/HIV coinfection is fragmented into different levels of care, which has an impact on comprehensive patient care. As a result of this research, a technical document was prepared to establish joint procedures that should be implemented to improve comprehensive care of TB/HIV coinfection.

[Cutaneous larva migrans after a trip to the Caribean]. / Larva migrans cutánea tras un viaje al Caribe.

Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic disease caused by Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum larvae, which is transmitted by contact with sand infested with these parasites. Dogs and cats are the definitive hosts. This parasitic disease is endemic in the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, and Asia. We present the case of a 27-year-old woman, who developed skin lesions compatible with cutaneous larva migrans on her right foot after returning from beach vacations in the Mexican Caribbean. After clinical diagnosis, oral ivermectin was administered, with good clinical response.

Transmitted resistance in HIV-1 of patients from nine departments of Peru. / Resistencia transmitida en VIH-1 de pacientes provenientes de nueve departamentos del Perú.

The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la resistencia transmitida (RT) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en pacientes procedentes de nueve departamentos del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 132 adultos que aceptaron participar mediante un consentimiento informado. Se colectaron muestras de sangre para realizar el recuento de células CD4/CD8, determinar la carga viral y la genotipificación del VIH. Se recabó información socioepidemiológica de los participantes mediante encuestas. Los resultados revelaron una frecuencia de RT de 9,8% (13/132). Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a mejorar los programas de intervención y monitoreo de la resistencia a los antirretrovirales en el país.

[Continuum of care of people living with HIV and gaps in achieving the 90-90-90 goals in Peru]. / Continuo de la atención de personas que viven con VIH y brechas para el logro de las metas 90-90-90 en Perú.

In 2013, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) proposed, in terms of public health, to end the HIV epidemic by 2030 by achieving the so-called 90-90-90 targets by 2020. This goal will only be possible if coverage in the HIV care continuum indicators is increased. With the methodology proposed by PAHO/WHO, this paper estimates the indicators of the continuum of care in Peru for 2014, consisting of diagnostic coverage, antiretroviral treatment (ART), and viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Of the 72,000 PLHIV estimated in Peru for 2014, 64% were diagnosed, 56% and 55% were linked and retained in the system, respectively; 46% were receiving ART, and 36% had viral suppression. The main gaps identified were: 19,917 PLHIV did not know their diagnosis, 25,078 had no access to treatment, and 25,633 did not achieve viral suppression at study closing. This is the first estimation exercise of the continuum of care indicators in Peru. These indicators will serve as a baseline for the monitoring progress toward the 90- 90-90 Targets. It is also the starting point for analysis and research on the determinants of each gap and new proposals by authorities and actors involved in the fight against HIV in Peru.

En 2013, el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/Sida (ONUSIDA) propone, en términos de salud pública, poner fin a la epidemia de VIH hacia el 2030, mediante el logro de las denominadas Metas 90-90-90 hacia el 2020. Esta meta será posible solamente si se elevan las coberturas en los indicadores del continuo de la atención del VIH. En el presente artículo, utilizando la metodología propuesta por OPS/OMS, se estimaron los indicadores del continuo de la atención en el Perú para el 2014, consistentes en coberturas de diagnóstico, tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) y supresión viral en las personas viviendo con VIH (PVV). De las 72 000 PVV estimadas en el Perú para el 2014, el 64% fueron diagnosticadas, el 56% y 55% vinculadas y retenidas en el sistema respectivamente, 46% recibían TARV y el 36% tuvieron supresión viral. Las principales brechas identificadas fueron: 19 917 PVV no conocían su diagnóstico, 25 078 no accedían al tratamiento y 25 633 no consiguieron supresión viral al cierre del estudio. Este es el primer ejercicio de estimación de los indicadores del continuo de la atención en el Perú. Estos indicadores servirán como línea de base para el monitoreo del avance hacia las Metas 90-90-90. Asimismo, constituye el punto de partida para el análisis e investigaciones en los determinantes de cada brecha y nuevas propuestas por parte de las autoridades y los actores involucrados en la lucha contra el VIH en el Perú.

[Prevention of Maternal-Child Transmission of HIV in Pregnant Women and Mothers of the Awajun and Wampis Communities in the Amazon Region of Peru]. / Prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del VIH en gestantes y madres awajún y wampis de la región amazonas en Perú.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the barriers that limit compliance with the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV measures in two indigenous communities of the Amazon region of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pregnant women and mothers of children younger than 1 year of the awajún and wampis indigenous communities diagnosed with HIV in the period 2014-2015. RESULTS: The study sample included 15 of 29 eligible women and 87% were Awajún. Limitations and possible negative effects were observed in cases in which sanitary measures for PMTCT were imposed. Considering their knowledge of diseases, including the presence of symptoms and disabilities, many women from these communities do not believe they are infected with HIV and consider the diagnosis a lie or relate the diagnosis to harm, and these beliefs limit their compliance with medical indications and decrease their trust in health services. In addition, the women believe that their children will inevitably be born sick and will die soon, and thus consider cesarean sections and child care a futile effort. Other factors influencing the successful implementation of PMTCT measures include language barriers, remoteness of health centers, and the fear of judgment and moral condemnation by the local community. CONCLUSIONS: PMTCT measures challenge the customs, values, and beliefs of pregnant women and mothers in the Awajún and Wampis indigenous communities, and thus these measures are not understood or accepted, jeopardizing the relationship of the mothers with health personnel. Therefore, cultural factors and interventions appropriate to this population must be better understood.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar las barreras que limitan el cumplimiento de las medidas de prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil (TMI) del VIH, en comunidades indígenas de la región Amazonas en Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a gestantes y madres de niños menores de un año de las comunidades indígenas awajún y wampis diagnosticadas con VIH durante el 2014-2015. RESULTADOS: Participaron 15 de 29 mujeres, siendo el 87% de la etnia awajún. Se identificaron limitaciones y posibles efectos cuando se impone medidas sanitarias para la prevención de la TMI. Dada la concepción que tienen de las enfermedades, que implica la presencia de síntomas e incapacidad, muchas no creen tener VIH y consideran el diagnóstico una mentira o lo relacionan con "daño", estas ideas las disuaden de aceptar las indicaciones médicas, afectando la credibilidad y confianza hacia los servicios de salud. Además, piensan que sus hijos inevitablemente nacerán enfermos y morirán pronto, por lo que consideran la cesárea y el cuidado del niño un esfuerzo vano. A estas barreras se suman las diferencias de idioma y lejanía de los establecimientos de salud; también el temor al juicio y condena moral de su comunidad. CONCLUSIONES: Las medidas para la prevención de la TMI parecen extrañas para las costumbres, valores y creencias de las gestantes/madres, por lo que no son comprendidas ni aceptadas, resultando ineficaces y perjudicando la relación con el personal de salud. Se necesita una mejor comprensión de la cultura y el diseño de intervenciones adecuadas a ésta población.

[Antiretroviral therapy containing raltegravir in HIV-infected pregnant women: Systematic review]. / Tratamiento anti-retroviral conteniendo raltegravir en mujeres gestantes con infección por VIH: Revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: The risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV increases in pregnant women diagnosed late in pregnancy. Some experts suggest that the use of raltegravir (RAL), as part of the antiretroviral treatment in these pregnant women, could reduce the risk of MTCT, since RAL can quickly decrease the viral load. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the available scientific information on the efficacy and safety of RAL, during the third trimester of pregnancy, in reducing MTCT of HIV. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature. The following databases were consulted: MEDLINE, Tripdatabase, Cochrane, Lilacs and Web of Science. We included systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies or case reports. The search was not filtered by language. RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Selected studies were case reports or case series. We included, in total, 44 pregnancies (with 45 live births). A case of TMI of HIV was reported. Eight studies reported adverse events, of which four cases can be attributed to the use of RAL. CONCLUSION: There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy and safety of RAL to decrease the risk of MTCT in HIV pregnant women who present in the last trimester of pregnancy.

[Barriers to implementing screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment for substance use in HIV/AIDS health services in Peru]. / Barreras para implementar el despistaje, intervenciones breves y referencia al tratamiento por problemas de consumo de alcohol y otras drogas en hospitales que atienden personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA en el Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: Screening and treatment for substance use among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is highly recommended. Nevertheless, in Peru healthcare for PLWHA does not include a standardized or systematic assessment to identify substance use. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in healthcare settings attending people living with PLWHA. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: After providing training in SBIRT for PLWHA's healthcare personnel (including nurses and physicians) focus groups were conducted to explore knowledge, beliefs and perceived barriers to implementation and interviews were conducted to assess the barriers and facilitators of two tertiary hospitals in Lima, Peru. RESULTS.: focus groups and interviews' thematic coding revealed three dimensions: 1) the unknown extent of substance use within PLWHA, 2) space and time limitations hinder completion of brief interventions during routine visits, and 3) insufficient access to substance use treatment appropriate for HIV patients. CONCLUSIONS.: Multiple barriers, including lack of awareness of substance use problems, limited space and time of providers, and lack of specialized services to refer patients for treatment make it difficult to implement SBIRT in the Peruvian healthcare system.

Resistencia transmitida en VIH-1 de pacientes provenientes de nueve departamentos del Perú / Transmitted resistance in HIV-1 of patients from nine departments of Peru

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la resistencia transmitida (RT) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en pacientes procedentes de nueve departamentos del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 132 adultos que aceptaron participar mediante un consentimiento informado. Se colectaron muestras de sangre para realizar el recuento de células CD4/CD8, determinar la carga viral y la genotipificación del VIH. Se recabó información socioepidemiológica de los participantes mediante encuestas. Los resultados revelaron una frecuencia de RT de 9,8% (13/132). Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a mejorar los programas de intervención y monitoreo de la resistencia a los antirretrovirales en el país.

ABSTRACT The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

Resistencia transmitida en VIH-1 de pacientes provenientes de nueve departamentos del Perú / Transmitted resistance in HIV-1 of patients from nine departments of Peru

RESUMEN El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la resistencia transmitida (RT) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en pacientes procedentes de nueve departamentos del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 132 adultos que aceptaron participar mediante un consentimiento informado. Se colectaron muestras de sangre para realizar el recuento de células CD4/CD8, determinar la carga viral y la genotipificación del VIH. Se recabó información socioepidemiológica de los participantes mediante encuestas. Los resultados revelaron una frecuencia de RT de 9,8% (13/132). Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a mejorar los programas de intervención y monitoreo de la resistencia a los antirretrovirales en el país.

ABSTRACT The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

Continuo de la atención de personas que viven con VIH y brechas para el logro de las metas 90-90-90 en Perú / Continuum of care of people living with HIV and gaps in achieving the 90-90-90 goals in Peru

En 2013, el Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/Sida (ONUSIDA) propone, en términos de salud pública, poner fin a la epidemia de VIH hacia el 2030, mediante el logro de las denominadas Metas 90-90-90 hacia el 2020. Esta meta será posible solamente si se elevan las coberturas en los indicadores del continuo de la atención del VIH. En el presente artículo, utilizando la metodología propuesta por OPS/OMS, se estimaron los indicadores del continuo de la atención en el Perú para el 2014, consistentes en coberturas de diagnóstico, tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) y supresión viral en las personas viviendo con VIH (PVV). De las 72 000 PVV estimadas en el Perú para el 2014, el 64% fueron diagnosticadas, el 56% y 55% vinculadas y retenidas en el sistema respectivamente, 46% recibían TARV y el 36% tuvieron supresión viral. Las principales brechas identificadas fueron: 19 917 PVV no conocían su diagnóstico, 25 078 no accedían al tratamiento y 25 633 no consiguieron supresión viral al cierre del estudio. Este es el primer ejercicio de estimación de los indicadores del continuo de la atención en el Perú. Estos indicadores servirán como línea de base para el monitoreo del avance hacia las Metas 90-90-90. Asimismo, constituye el punto de partida para el análisis e investigaciones en los determinantes de cada brecha y nuevas propuestas por parte de las autoridades y los actores involucrados en la lucha contra el VIH en el Perú.

In 2013, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) proposed, in terms of public health, to end the HIV epidemic by 2030 by achieving the so-called 90-90-90 targets by 2020. This goal will only be possible if coverage in the HIV care continuum indicators is increased. With the methodology proposed by PAHO/WHO, this paper estimates the indicators of the continuum of care in Peru for 2014, consisting of diagnostic coverage, antiretroviral treatment (ART), and viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Of the 72,000 PLHIV estimated in Peru for 2014, 64% were diagnosed, 56% and 55% were linked and retained in the system, respectively; 46% were receiving ART, and 36% had viral suppression. The main gaps identified were: 19,917 PLHIV did not know their diagnosis, 25,078 had no access to treatment, and 25,633 did not achieve viral suppression at study closing. This is the first estimation exercise of the continuum of care indicators in Peru. These indicators will serve as a baseline for the monitoring progress toward the 90-90-90 Targets. It is also the starting point for analysis and research on the determinants of each gap and new proposals by authorities and actors involved in the fight against HIV in Peru.

[Addressing the controversy regarding the association between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism]. / La evidencia acerca de la controversia de las vacunas que contienen timerosal y su asociación con el autismo.

Vaccination is one of the most important public health interventions in the reduction childhood morbidity and mortality. Thimerosal is an organic mercury compound used as preservante in multi-dose vials. Often in Peru, there are waves of controversy about the safety of this type of vaccines, mainly arguing that there is an association between them and autism. As a result of these controversies, there have been some voices asking for laws banning thimerosal-containing vaccines, which would have a large impact in costs and the logistic aspects of the public vaccination programs. The aim of this article is to review the literature for the main controversies about thimerosal in vaccines and its supposed association to autism. We made an historical review about these controversies given the available scientific evidence and the statements from important international organizations. We concluded that the current available evidence do not support an association between thimerosal and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism.

Barreras para el acceso a la atención integral de las personas afectadas por la coinfección por tuberculosis y virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en Perú, 2010-2015 / Access barriers to comprehensive care for people affected by tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in Peru, 2010-2015 / Barreiras no acesso à atenção integral de pessoas afetadas pela coinfecção por tuberculose e vírus da imunodeficiência humana no Peru, 2010-2015

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar las barreras programáticas que dificultan el acceso a la atención integral de pacientes con coinfección por tuberculosis y virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (TB/VIH). Métodos Se trata de un estudio de métodos mixtos. La investigación cualitativa se realizó mediante entrevistas en profundidad a actores clave y el componente cuantitativo a través del análisis descriptivo de corte transversal de datos programáticos del período 2010–2015 sobre los programas de tuberculosis y VIH de establecimientos de salud de las ciudades de Lima e Iquitos. Resultados Se entrevistaron a 22 actores clave en siete establecimientos. Las barreras identificadas fueron: poca o ninguna coordinación entre los equipos de tuberculosis y VIH, manejo por separado de los casos de tuberculosis y de VIH en diferentes niveles de atención, financiamiento insuficiente, recursos humanos escasos o poco capacitados y ausencia de un sistema de información integrado. Se evidenció que el tamizaje para VIH en pacientes con tuberculosis se incrementó (de 18,8% en 2011 a 95,2% en 2015), la cobertura de isoniazida en pacientes con VIH disminuyó (de 62% a 9%) y la proporción de fallecidos entre los casos de coinfección por TB/VIH fue de 20% en promedio. Conclusiones Existe una débil coordinación entre las estrategias sanitarias sobre VIH y sobre tuberculosis. El manejo de la coinfección por TB/VIH es fragmentado en diferentes niveles de atención, lo que repercute en la atención integral del paciente. Como producto de esta investigación, se elaboró un documento técnico para establecer los procedimientos conjuntos, el cual deberá ser implementado para una mejora en la atención integral de la coinfección por TB/VIH.

ABSTRACT Objective Identify the programmatic barriers that hinder access to comprehensive care of patients with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (TB/HIV) coinfection. Methods This is a mixed-method study. Qualitative research was conducted via in-depth interviews with key actors and the quantitative component involved cross-sectional descriptive analysis of programmatic data from 2010-2015 on tuberculosis and HIV programs at health facilities in the cities of Lima and Iquitos. Results Twenty-two key actors in seven establishments were interviewed. The identified barriers were: little or no coordination between tuberculosis and HIV teams, separate management of tuberculosis and HIV cases at different levels of care, insufficient financing, limited or poorly trained human resources, and lack of an integrated information system. It was found that HIV screening in TB patients increased (from 18.8% in 2011 to 95.2% in 2015), isoniazid coverage of HIV patients declined (from 62% to 9%), and the proportion of deaths among TB/HIV coinfection cases averaged 20%. Conclusions There is poor coordination between HIV and TB health strategies. Management of TB/HIV coinfection is fragmented into different levels of care, which has an impact on comprehensive patient care. As a result of this research, a technical document was prepared to establish joint procedures that should be implemented to improve comprehensive care of TB/HIV coinfection.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as barreiras programáticas que dificultam o acesso à atenção integral de pacientes com coinfecção por tuberculose e vírus da imunodeficiência humana (TB/HIV). Métodos Estudo de métodos mistos. A pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada mediante entrevistas aprofundadas com atores-chave, e o componente quantitativo baseou-se na análise descritiva transversal de dados programáticos dos programas de tuberculose e HIV de estabelecimentos de saúde das cidades de Lima e Iquitos no período de 2010 a 2015. Resultados Foram entrevistados 22 atores-chave em sete estabelecimentos. As barreiras identificadas foram: pouca ou nenhuma coordenação entre as equipes de tuberculose e HIV, manejo separado dos casos de tuberculose e HIV em diferentes níveis de atenção, financiamento insuficiente, recursos humanos escassos ou pouco capacitados e ausência de um sistema de informação integrado. Constatou-se que o rastreamento de HIV em pacientes com tuberculose aumentou (de 18,8% em 2011 para 95,2% em 2015), a cobertura da profilaxia com isoniazida em pacientes com HIV diminuiu (de 62% para 9%) e a proporção média de óbitos entre os casos de coinfecção por TB/HIV foi de 20%. Conclusões Existe uma má coordenação entre as estratégias de saúde para HIV e tuberculose. O manejo da coinfecção por TB/HIV é fragmentada nos diferentes níveis de atenção, o que prejudica a atenção integral do paciente. Esta pesquisa resultou na elaboração de um documento técnico para estabelecer os procedimentos conjuntos que deverão ser implementados para melhorar a atenção integral da coinfecção por TB/HIV.

Prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del VIH en gestantes y madres awajún y wampis de la región amazonas en Perú / Prevention of Maternal-Child Transmission of HIV in Pregnant Women and Mothers of the Awajun and Wampis Communities in the Amazon Region of Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos Identificar las barreras que limitan el cumplimiento de las medidas de prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil (TMI) del VIH, en comunidades indígenas de la región Amazonas en Perú. Materiales y métodos Investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a gestantes y madres de niños menores de un año de las comunidades indígenas awajún y wampis diagnosticadas con VIH durante el 2014-2015. Resultados Participaron 15 de 29 mujeres, siendo el 87% de la etnia awajún. Se identificaron limitaciones y posibles efectos cuando se impone medidas sanitarias para la prevención de la TMI. Dada la concepción que tienen de las enfermedades, que implica la presencia de síntomas e incapacidad, muchas no creen tener VIH y consideran el diagnóstico una mentira o lo relacionan con "daño", estas ideas las disuaden de aceptar las indicaciones médicas, afectando la credibilidad y confianza hacia los servicios de salud. Además, piensan que sus hijos inevitablemente nacerán enfermos y morirán pronto, por lo que consideran la cesárea y el cuidado del niño un esfuerzo vano. A estas barreras se suman las diferencias de idioma y lejanía de los establecimientos de salud; también el temor al juicio y condena moral de su comunidad. Conclusiones Las medidas para la prevención de la TMI parecen extrañas para las costumbres, valores y creencias de las gestantes/madres, por lo que no son comprendidas ni aceptadas, resultando ineficaces y perjudicando la relación con el personal de salud. Se necesita una mejor comprensión de la cultura y el diseño de intervenciones adecuadas a ésta población.

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify the barriers that limit compliance with the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV measures in two indigenous communities of the Amazon region of Peru. Materials and methods Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with pregnant women and mothers of children younger than 1 year of the awajún and wampis indigenous communities diagnosed with HIV in the period 2014-2015. Results The study sample included 15 of 29 eligible women and 87% were Awajún. Limitations and possible negative effects were observed in cases in which sanitary measures for PMTCT were imposed. Considering their knowledge of diseases, including the presence of symptoms and disabilities, many women from these communities do not believe they are infected with HIV and consider the diagnosis a lie or relate the diagnosis to harm, and these beliefs limit their compliance with medical indications and decrease their trust in health services. In addition, the women believe that their children will inevitably be born sick and will die soon, and thus consider cesarean sections and child care a futile effort. Other factors influencing the successful implementation of PMTCT measures include language barriers, remoteness of health centers, and the fear of judgment and moral condemnation by the local community. Conclusions PMTCT measures challenge the customs, values, and beliefs of pregnant women and mothers in the Awajún and Wampis indigenous communities, and thus these measures are not understood or accepted, jeopardizing the relationship of the mothers with health personnel. Therefore, cultural factors and interventions appropriate to this population must be better understood.

Tratamiento anti-retroviral conteniendo raltegravir en mujeres gestantes con infección por VIH: revisión sistemática / Antiretroviral therapy containing raltegravir in HIV-infected pregnant women: systematic review

Introduction: The risk of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV increases in pregnant women diagnosed late in pregnancy. Some experts suggest that the use of raltegravir (RAL), as part of the antiretroviral treatment in these pregnant women, could reduce the risk of MTCT, since RAL can quickly decrease the viral load. Objective: To evaluate the available scientific information on the efficacy and safety of RAL, during the third trimester of pregnancy, in reducing MTCT of HIV. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature. The following databases were consulted: MEDLINE, Tripdatabase, Cochrane, Lilacs and Web of Science. We included systematic reviews, clinical trials, observational studies or case reports. The search was not filtered by language. Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Selected studies were case reports or case series. We included, in total, 44 pregnancies (with 45 live births). A case of TMI of HIV was reported. Eight studies reported adverse events, of which four cases can be attributed to the use of RAL. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence on the efficacy and safety of RAL to decrease the risk of MTCT in HIV pregnant women who present in the last trimester of pregnancy.

Introducción: El riesgo de transmisión materno-infantil (TMI) del VIH incrementa en mujeres gestantes diagnosticadas tardíamente en el embarazo. Algunos expertos sugieren que el uso de raltegravir (RAL), como parte del esquema de tratamiento anti-retroviral en estas pacientes, puede reducir el riesgo de TMI al disminuir rápidamente la carga viral. Objetivo: Evaluar la información científica existente sobre la eficacia y seguridad de RAL durante el tercer trimestre de gestación en la reducción de la TMI del VIH. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: MED-LINE, Tripdatabase, Cochrane, Lilacs y Web of Science. En la búsqueda se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, ensayos clínicos, estudios observacionales o reportes de caso. La búsqueda no se filtró por idioma. Resultados: Catorce estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los estudios seleccionados fueron reportes o series de caso. Se incluyeron 44 embarazos (con 45 nacidos vivos), se reportó un caso de TMI del VIH y ocho estudios reportaron eventos adversos, cuatro de ellos atribuibles al uso de RAL. Conclusión: No se encontró evidencia suficiente sobre la eficacia y seguridad RAL en mujeres gestantes con infección por VIH que se presentan en el último trimestre del embarazo, para disminuir el riesgo de TMI.

Larva migrans cutánea tras un viaje al Caribe / Cutaneous larva migrans after a trip to the Caribean

Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic disease caused by Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum larvae, which is transmitted by contact with sand infested with these parasites. Dogs and cats are the definitive hosts. This parasitic disease is endemic in the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, and Asia. We present the case of a 27-year-old woman, who developed skin lesions compatible with cutaneous larva migrans on her right foot after returning from beach vacations in the Mexican Caribbean. After clinical diagnosis, oral ivermectin was administered, with good clinical response.

La larva migrans cutánea es una parasitosis ocasionada por las larvas de Ancylostoma braziliense y Ancylostoma caninum, cuyo vehículo es la arena de playas infestadas. Los perros y gatos son los hospederos definitivos. Esta parasitosis es endémica en las costas del Caribe, África, Australia y Asia. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 27 años de edad, quien tras haber realizado un viaje al Caribe mexicano y haber estado en contacto con arena de playa, presentó unas lesiones en el pie derecho compatibles con larva migrans cutánea. El diagnóstico fue clínico. Recibió tratamiento con ivermectina oral, con buena respuesta.