Femoral condylar fractures in four continental giant breed rabbits.

Four male neutered continental giant rabbits aged between 10 and 30 months were presented with femoral condylar fractures, which developed without an observed traumatic injury. Stabilisation of the condylar fracture was achieved with screw fixation in all cases, which was supplemented with additional fixation in three cases. Complications consequent to the surgical intervention occurred in two cases: a femoral fracture and loss of fixation. Three rabbits were reported to have recovered normal limb function, and the rabbit that developed a femoral fracture as a consequence of its surgical intervention was treated with amputation.

Surgical management of intrathoracic wooden skewers migrating from the stomach and duodenum in dogs: 11 cases (2014-2020).

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentation, management and outcome of cases presenting with intrathoracic wooden skewers originating from the abdominal gastrointestinal tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical records of dogs presented and treated for an intrathoracic wooden skewer were reviewed from June to August 2020. Data included signalment, clinical presentation, duration of clinical signs, haematological and biochemical abnormalities, diagnostic imaging findings, surgical procedure, postoperative complications and outcome. RESULTS: Eleven dogs were included in the study. In all cases, the foreign body was identified as a wooden skewer. The most common clinical signs were anorexia/hyporexia (n=7), vomiting/regurgitation (n=7), lethargy (n=6), pyrexia (n=4) and gait abnormalities/lameness (n=3). CT correctly identified a wooden skewer in all cases when performed (n=7). A coeliotomy combined with transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy was performed in six of 11 cases (55%), a coeliotomy combined with median sternotomy in four of 11 cases (36%) and a median sternotomy alone was performed in one case. Foreign bodies penetrated from the stomach (n=10) or the duodenum (n=1). Intrathoracic trauma was most commonly identified to the lungs (n=3) and pericardium (n=3). Complications occurred in three of 11 cases (27%), two minor and one resulting in death. Ten of the 11 cases (91%) survived to discharge. Long-term outcome was available for seven of 11 cases (66%), all of them excellent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the challenges of managing wooden skewers penetrating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal gastrointestinal tract, the majority of the patients are stable to undergo diagnostic procedures, surgical exploration and management with low morbidity and excellent short- and long-term prognosis.

Defining a safe corridor for trans-iliac pin placement in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether a theoretical predictable safe corridor is available in cats for placement of trans-iliac pins without the use of fluoroscopy. METHODS: Twenty-one cats with straight orthogonal normal pelvic radiographs were included. Two start points were evaluated: a midpoint and a dorsal point. The midpoint was defined as midway between the dorsal lamina of the sacral vertebral canal and the cranial dorsal iliac spine. The dorsal start point was 2 mm ventral to the cranial dorsal iliac spine. The pin was assumed to be driven at 90 degrees to the lateral face of the ilium, and considered surgeon accuracy was ±4 degrees from the perpendicular. The angular range and the distance between the iliac wings from the ventrodorsal radiograph were used to calculate the possible cross-sectional area and pin exit location if driven from one iliac wing to the other. The corridor was then evaluated for repeatability in six randomly selected cats. RESULTS: Vertebral foramina penetration risk was identified in some cats when using a 1.6 and 2 mm-diameter pin using the mid-iliac wing start point. The dorsal start point decreased the available pin placement area but reduced the risk of entering the hazardous zone for all pin sizes up to 2 mm. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: A theoretical defined safe corridor is available for trans-iliac pin placement in cats between 2.0 and 5.5 kg. A 1.2-mm pin is the safest if using the mid-iliac wing start point. A more dorsal start point can accommodate up to a 2.0-mm pin if correctly aligned to the sacrum.

Diaphragmotomy to aid exposure during hepatobiliary surgery: a multi-centre retrospective review of 31 dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To report surgical technique, intra- and post-operative complications, and short- and long-term outcome following canine hepatobiliary surgery in which exposure of intra-abdominal hepatobiliary lesions was aided by diaphragmotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical records from four multi-disciplinary UK-based small animal referral hospitals were retrospectively reviewed for dogs in which diaphragmotomy was performed between January 2014 and May 2019. Signalment, diagnosis, surgery performed, diaphragmotomy technique, management of diaphragmotomy and pneumothorax, intra- and post-operative complications, short-term outcome and long-term outcome were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty-one cases were identified. The most common hepatobiliary surgeries performed alongside diaphragmotomy were single hepatic lobectomy (14/31) and cholecystectomy (11/31). The most common diagnoses were hepatocellular carcinoma (10/31), gall bladder mucocoele (7/31) and hepatic nodular hyperplasia (4/31). Peri-operative mortality rate was 9.7% (3/31 cases) though none of these deaths were considered attributable to diaphragmotomy. Post-operative complications were encountered in 67.9% (19/28) cases that survived the peri-operative period, of which 25.0% (7/28) suffered complications that were considered attributable or likely attributable to diaphragmotomy. These seven complications resolved following non-surgical intervention. Follow-up was available for 26 of 28 patients that survived to discharge at a median of 4-months (range 10 days to 24 months) following surgery and revealed no evidence of complications related to diaphragmotomy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Diaphragmotomy appears safe and increases abdominal exposure of hepatobiliary lesions. The benefit of improved exposure must be carefully weighed up against the risks inherent in inducing pneumothorax.

Presentation, treatment and outcome of long-bone fractures in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence, aetiology, characteristics, assessment, management and outcome of long-bone fractures in rabbits presenting to a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of pet rabbits diagnosed with long-bone fractures over a 12-year period were analysed. Patient signalment, fracture aetiology, fracture location, fracture description, time from fracture occurrence to veterinary presentation, fixation method, postoperative complications, clinical outcome and follow-up were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-eight pet rabbits that sustained 30 fractures were included in the study [femoral (n=12), tibial (n=6), metacarpal/metatarsal/phalangeal (n=5), radial and ulnar (n=4) and tarsal (n=3)]. Twenty-one (75%) of the rabbits were less than 2 years of age, including seven (25%) under 6 months of age. Twenty-five fractures had no identifiable cause and five were traumatic. Only one fracture was open. Surgical stabilisation was performed in 22 fractures, four were non-surgically managed, two had the affected limb amputated, one underwent digital amputation and one was euthanased. Postoperative complications occurred in nine fractures [major (n=6), minor (n=3)]. The frequency of complications or attainment of a functional recovery was not notably different between the different methods of fixation. Overall, 24 rabbits recovered, two were euthanased and four underwent limb amputation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Fractures in rabbits typically occur in young animals and they usually lack an obvious aetiology. The majority of the rabbits treated achieved a functional recovery, although the postoperative complication rate was high in fractures treated surgically (41%).