How the knowledge of fracture risk might influence adherence to oral therapy of osteoporosis in Italy: the ADEOST study.

UNLABELLED: The patients' adherence to osteoporosis treatments is low. In our study population a history of osteoporotic fractures was associated to better compliance and persistence; however, a 12-month randomized study carried out on 816 osteoporotic women showed that providing the patients with their individual fracture risk information did not prove effective. PURPOSE: Several drugs are currently available for the treatment of osteoporosis, but the patients' compliance and persistence with these treatments are low. This study aimed to both analyze the adherence to oral osteoporosis medications among Italian osteoporotic patients (cross-sectional study) and evaluate if providing patients with their individual fracture risk information may improve compliance and persistence (prospective study). METHODS: A total of 3379 osteoporotic patients referred as outpatients for a visit 1 year after receiving a prescription of oral osteoporosis medications for the first time, were enrolled for the retrospective study. Moreover, 816 postmenopausal women receiving an oral prescription for osteoporosis for the first time, were randomized into two groups: group 1 (managed according to standard clinical practice) and group 2 (managed with greater patient involvement and information on the individual risk of major osteoporotic fractures calculated by DeFRA algorithm). RESULTS: In the retrospective study, a history of osteoporotic fractures, the frequency of drug administration and a condition of being overweight/obese had a significant influence on both compliance and persistence. Of the 816 patients enrolled in the longitudinal study, 731 (374 of group 1 and 357 of group 2) attended the 1 year follow-up visit. The percentage of women with high compliance or persistence was greater in group 2 (64.2 vs. 58.1 % and 66.8 vs. 62.6 %, respectively), but without reaching any statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Although providing the patients with their individual fracture risk information was not statistically effective, further studies on additional interventions able to improve the patients' perceived risk of fracture are warranted.

Augmentation or reconstruction of PCL? A quantitative review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this quantitative review is to document effectiveness and complications of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) surgery and compare outcomes, advantages and disadvantages of reconstructive and augmentation procedures. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline, Ovid, Google Scholar and Embase databases using the combined keywords "PCL reconstruction," "PCL augmentation," "clinical outcomes" and "functional outcomes" with no limit for year of publication. Articles were included if they reported data on clinical, functional and imaging outcomes who had undergone reconstruction or augmentation of the PCL for management of PCL injuries. Two authors screened the selected articles for title, abstract and full text in accordance with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of all articles was assessed by two authors according to the Coleman methodology score. The critical appraisal was made using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS: A total of 34 studies, 22 retrospective, 9 prospective and 5 were randomized control trials were included by full text. The modified Coleman methodology score averaged 70.8 (SD 6.5), median 73 (range from 60 to 82). At IKDC assessment, the average rate of normal (A) and nearly normal (B) outcomes was 89.8% (SD 4.2) (from 85 to 93%; median 91.4) after PCL augmentation and 80.1% (SD 12.4) after PCL reconstruction (from 57.2 to 100%; median 81.8 %) were rated as normal (A) and nearly normal (B). The average Lysholm Knee Scores after PCL augmentation were 93.1 points (SD 1.9) and ranged from 82.1 to 94.2 (median 90.5) after PCL reconstruction. The KT 1000 difference improved from an average preoperative difference of 8.8 mm (SD 0.9) to an average postoperative of 2.1 mm (SD 0.6) after PCL augmentation (average improvement of 6.7 mm (SD 4.7)) and from 8.2 (SD 3.6) to 2.3 mm (SD 2.0) (average improvement of 5.9 mm SD 4.2) after PCL reconstruction. Postoperatively, the Telos stress radiographic side to side difference averagely improved by 8.6 mm (SD 6.1) after PCL augmentation, from 11.1 mm (SD 1.4) to 2.5 mm (SD 0.4), and by 8.0 mm (SD 5.7) after PCL reconstruction, from 11.5 mm (SD 2.2) to 3.5 mm (SD 1.3). CONCLUSIONS: Augmentation and reconstruction procedures are grossly equivalent, but more data examining the long-term functional status, recovery to preinjury daily and sport activities and occurrence of degenerative changes are needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Periprosthetic bone density as outcome of therapeutic response.

The bone surrounding a prosthetic implant normally experiences a progressive quantitative reduction as a result of stress shielding and wear debris production, that can lead to the aseptic loosening of the implant. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), using software algorithms, can ensure a surrogate measure of load redistribution after the implant of the prosthetic components and can be a valid tool to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological therapy to reduce the periprosthetic bone loss. In several animal and human studies DXA has been able to quantify antiresorptive action of bisphosphonates in the periprosthetic area.

Prevention of falls and role of calcium and vitamin D.

Falls in the elderly are very common and represent a serious cause of morbidity, severe disability and death. Impairments of the mechanisms of postural stability with age and the presence of acute and chronic diseases may favour the occurrence of falls in the elderly. Together with the adoption of non-pharmacological measures, supplementation of calcium and vitamin D demonstrated to reduce hip fracture risk, particularly in institutionalized people.