RESUMO
Background and objective: This scientific review involves a sequential analysis of randomized trial research focused on the incidence of shivering in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The study conducted a comprehensive search of different databases, up to the end of 2020. Only randomized trials comparing magnesium administration with either placebo or no treatment in patients expected to experience shivering were included. The primary objective was to evaluate shivering occurrence, distinguishing between patients receiving general anesthesia and those not. Secondary outcomes included serum magnesium concentrations, intubation time, post-anesthesia care unit stay, hospitalization duration, and side effects. Data collection included patient demographics and various factors related to magnesium administration. Material and methods: This scientific review analyzed 64 clinical trials meeting inclusion criteria, encompassing a total of 4303 patients. Magnesium was administered via different routes, primarily intravenous, epidural, and intraperitoneal, and compared against placebo or control. Data included demographics, magnesium dosage, administration method, and outcomes. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Some studies were excluded due to unavailability of data or non-responsiveness from authors. Result: and discussion: Out of 2546 initially identified articles, 64 trials were selected for analysis. IV magnesium effectively reduced shivering, with epidural and intraperitoneal routes showing even greater efficacy. IV magnesium demonstrated cost-effectiveness and a favorable safety profile, not increasing adverse effects. The exact dose-response relationship of magnesium remains unclear. The results also indicated no significant impact on sedation, extubation time, or gastrointestinal distress. However, further research is needed to determine the optimal magnesium dose and to explore its potential effects on blood pressure and heart rate, particularly regarding pruritus prevention. Conclusion: This study highlights the efficacy of intravenous (IV) magnesium in preventing shivering after cardiac surgery. Both epidural and intraperitoneal routes have shown promising results. The safety profile of magnesium administration appears favorable, as it reduces the incidence of shivering without significantly increasing costs. However, further investigation is required to establish the ideal magnesium dosage and explore its potential effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and pruritus prevention, especially in various patient groups.
RESUMO
Underground resources, particularly hydrocarbons, are critical assets that promote economic development on a global scale. Drilling activities are necessary for the extraction and recovery of subsurface energy resources, and the rate of penetration (ROP) is one of the most important drilling parameters. This study forecasts the ROP using drilling data from three Iranian wells and hybrid LSSVM-GA/PSO algorithms. These algorithms were chosen due to their ability to reduce noise and increase accuracy despite the high level of noise present in the data. The study results revealed that the LSSVM-PSO method has an accuracy of roughly 97% and is more precise than the LSSVM-GA technique. The LSSVM-PSO algorithm also demonstrated improved accuracy in test data, with RMSE = 1.92 and R2 = 0.9516. Furthermore, it was observed that the accuracy of the LSSVM-PSO model improves and degrades after the 50th iteration, whereas the accuracy of the LSSVM-GA algorithm remains constant after the 10th iteration. Notably, these algorithms are advantageous in decreasing data noise for drilling data.