[Liver enzymes elevation: etiologic study and efficiency of a single-act office visit]. / Elevación de las enzimas de función hepática en nuestro medio: estudio etiológico y de la eficacia de una consulta de acto único.

BACKGROUND: Liver enzyme (LE) elevation is a common finding in routine blood analysis. There is very little information on the most prevalent causes of these alterations in our population. In addition, a number of tests and several visits to the specialist are required to reach a diagnosis. For these reasons, we designed a protocol to streamline the evaluation of patients with LE elevations in a single-act office visit. METHODS: From March 2008 until June 2010, we studied all patients with incidental LE elevation (isolated transaminase elevation, combined elevation of alkaline phosphatase [FA] and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], or isolated elevation of GGT) who were referred by their primary care physicians. At the time of referral, a complete biochemistry analysis was performed (LE, viral serology, autoantibodies, ceruloplasmin, iron metabolism, alpha-1-antitrypsin and thyroid hormones) and the patients underwent an abdominal ultrasound scan on the day of the office evaluation by the hepatologist. RESULTS: A total of 427 patients were included in our study. The most common cause of transaminase elevation was non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (40%), followed by alcohol intake (17%), and hepatitis C virus infection (13%). Elevated GGT levels were most commonly related to NAFLD (30%), closely followed by alcohol intake (27%), and hepatotoxicity (8%). Combined elevation of GGT and FA was associated with NAFLD (21%), alcohol (17%), and hepatotoxicity (11%). Self-limited elevation was seen in 9% of the patients and we could not identify a definite cause in 11%. A definitive diagnosis was reached in 79% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The single-act office visit has proven to be efficient, yielding a diagnosis in most of the patients. The most common cause of elevated LE was NAFLD. Transaminase elevation must be confirmed before a more thorough work-up is started.

[Acute toxic hepatitis due to drinking water]. / Hepatitis aguda tóxica por agua potable.

Toxic-induced liver disease is uncommon, although the true proportion of cases of hepatotoxicity is unknown, as this entity is underdiagnosed and underreported. The main reasons why toxic-induced liver disease goes unnoticed is the lack of pathognomonic data and the lack of spontaneous reporting by doctors and pharmacists. In some cases, the toxic substance can leave its «signature¼ in the form of clinical semiology suggestive of an underlying toxic cause. We present a case of hepatotoxicity induced by drinking water (chlorinated), which produced a reactive metabolites syndrome (trihalomethanes from the reaction of chlorine with organic products). Although the clinical presentation was typical, the case posed a diagnostic challenge for the various professionals involved.

Descriptive Analysis of Everolimus Conversion in Liver Transplant Recipients With Malignant Neoplastic Disease.

BACKGROUND: Calcineurin inhibitors are associated with the development of de novo tumors and increased recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplant. It has been suggested that mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (everolimus [EVR]) may improve prognosis. We analyzed our experience on the use of EVR in malignant neoplasms in liver transplantation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive analysis of 477 transplants performed between 2002 and 2019 at Virgen de las Nieves Hospital. A total of 100 patients received EVR; 23 transplants were because of tumor disease (23%), with de novo tumor in 12 patients and hepatocarcinoma in 11. The statistical study was carried out using the statistical program SPSS 17.0 software. RESULTS: The study included 18 male patients (78.3%) and 5 female patients (21.7%) with an average age of 59.67 years. The most common indications of liver transplant have been alcoholic cirrhosis in 39% and hepatitis C virus cirrhosis in 21.7%. De novo tumors were lung neoplasm in 4 patients (33.3%), lymphoma in 2 patients(16.7%), oropharynx in 2 patients (16.7%), skin tumors in 2 patients (16.7%), and a kidney tumor (8.3%) in 1 patient. As for hepatocellular carcinoma, 8 patients met Milan criteria on the explant (61.5%). Tacrolimus was discontinued in all cases. The average onset time of post-transplant EVR was 2231.42 days in the de novo neoplasms and 307.45 days in those receiving transplants because of hepatocellular carcinoma (P = .05). We observed 5 deaths (21.7%). CONCLUSION: Although the beneficial long-term role of EVR in liver transplant recipients with tumor disease is not demonstrated, it is used by most transplant units, both in de novo neoplasms and those receiving transplants because of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Specific Language Impairment: Evaluation and detection of differential psycholinguistic markers in phonology and morphosyntax in Spanish-speaking children.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is very complex, given the variety of clinical pictures described in this disorder. Knowledge about the linguistic markers of SLI can facilitate its differentiation from the normal profile of language development. These markers can also be used as tools that may improve diagnostic. AIMS: To determine which psycholinguistic markers best discriminate Spanish-speaking children with SLI from children with typical language development. METHOD AND PROCEDURE: The performance of 31 Spanish-speaking children with SLI was analysed using a battery of 13 psycholinguistic tasks organized into two areas: phonology and morphosyntax. The performance of the SLI group was compared to that of two subgroups of controls: aged matched (CA) and linguistically matched (CL). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The data show that the SLI group performed worse than the CA subgroup on all 13 verbal tasks. However, the performance of the SLI group did not significantly differ from that of the CL subgroup on most (11/13) of the tasks. Stepwise discriminant analysis established the canonical function of three tasks (morphologic integration, sentence understanding and diadochokinesis) which significantly discriminated SLI from CA, with sensitivity 84% and specificity 90%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These results contribute to determining the psycholinguistic and clinical characteristics of SLI in Spanish-speaking children and provide some methods for screening assessment.