Nanoparticle-based chewable gels of praziquantel.

Chewable gels present significant advantages over conventional dosage forms, despite their development is not comprehensively assessed. In this sense, six formulations, varying gelatine concentration, dose, and form of incorporation of praziquantel, were developed and characterized. The novelty of this approach focused not only on the development of the formulation itself but also on the incorporation of the drug in a nanoparticulated form. The obtained results for moisture content, water activity, pH, and drug content were within the expected values for this type of formulation. On the other hand, texture and disintegration parameters were influenced by the form of incorporation of praziquantel and the amount of gelatine added. Finally, in vitro dissolution of chewable gels showed significant differences with intermediate products, though the improved dissolution of the nanoparticulated drug was maintained. In conclusion, nanoparticulate drugs can be incorporated into these semisolid formulations and could be successfully applied to other low-aqueous solubility drugs.

[Incidence and prevalence of burn injuries in children under the age of 20 years]. / Incidencia y prevalencia de las lesiones por quemaduras en menores de 20 años.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the incidence of burn injuries in 2011 and prevalence in population < 20 years old in three districts of Chile's Metropolitan Region. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A Prevalence census study of 4,968 households in the mentioned areas. Probability, representative, and two-stage cluster sampling, with sampling error < 5%, was applied. Complex sample modules were used to analyze data using SPSS 17.0. The census was conducted in the site, asking in each selected household those 18 and older, about household composition by gender and age to identify those < 20 years with burns that occurred sometime in their life or in 2011. RESULTS: A burn incidence of 2.02% [95% CI: 1.63-2.61%] and a prevalence of 13.50% [95% CI: 11.8815.31%] were obtained. The highest incidence was reported in female patients (2.31%) [95% CI: 1.77- 2.99%]. In males < 5 years of age, the incidence was 2.76% [95% CI: 1.42-5.28%] and in females, it was 2.46% [95% CI: 1.37-4.36%]. The municipality of Lo Prado had the highest incidence (2.73%) [95% CI: 1.82-4.07%]; Pudahuel recorded the highest prevalence (14.01%) [95% CI: 11.87-16.46%]. CONCLUSION: In 20 years, the incidence of burns in patients < 15 years of age fell by 46.4%. On average in the communities studied, 1 in 7 children/adolescent has suffered burns between birth and the time of his 20th birthday.

Cambios percibidos por personas con diversidad funcional motora adquirida en sus vidas cotidianas tras la obtención de perros de servicio / Changes perceived by people with acquired motor functional diversity in their daily lives after obtainment service dogs

El presente estudio surge del interés por analizar los cambios percibidos por personas con diversidad funcional motora adquirida en sus vidas cotidianas tras la adquisición de perros de servicio. La revisión de investigaciones internacionales sobre efectividad de la tenencia de estos animales, así como la revisión de las teorías del vínculo y de la biofilia proporcionan un primer acercamiento para comprender los posibles cambios. A partir de todo ello surge la pregunta: ¿Cómo perciben los cambios en sus vidas cotidianas las personas en estudio tras la obtención de perros de servicio otorgado por la corporación Bocalán Confiar? El estudio se visualiza desde el paradigma interpretativo y contempla la revisión teórica y fuentes directas a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, mediante las cuales se obtuvo una perspectiva personal acerca de la situación. Se analizaron los cambios desde nueve categorías: Actividades de la vida diaria, trabajo remunerado, tiempo libre, relaciones interpersonales, familia, accesibilidad, responsabilidad, seguridad y vínculo. Los hallazgos dejan en evidencia que la obtención del perro de servicio no sólo influye en independencia funcional, sino también en el ámbito emocional, social y familiar...

This study arises from the interest in analyzing the changes perceived by people with motor functional diversity acquired in their daily lives following the acquisition of service dogs. The revision of international research on effectiveness of tenure of these animals, as well as the revision of the theories on bonding and biophilia provides insight to understand the possible changes. From all this, the question arises: How do the people under study perceive the changes in their daily lives after obtaining service dogs by Bocalán Confiar Corporation? The study is visualized from the interpretive paradigm and provides the theoretical review and direct sources through semistructured interviews, by means of which a personal perspective on the situation was obtained. Changes were analyzed from nine categories: activities of daily living, paid work, free time, relationships, family, accessibility, accountability, security and link. Findings evidence that the obtainment of the service dog does not only influences functional independence, but also in the emotional, social and family field...

Incidencia y prevalencia de las lesiones por quemaduras en menores de 20 años / Incidence and prevalence of burn injuries in children under the age of 20 years

Objective: To estimate the incidence of burn injuries in 2011 and prevalence in population < 20 years old in three districts of Chile's Metropolitan Region. Patients and Method: A Prevalence census study of 4,968 households in the mentioned areas. Probability, representative, and two-stage cluster sampling, with sampling error < 5%, was applied. Complex sample modules were used to analyze data using SPSS 17.0. The census was conducted in the site, asking in each selected household those 18 and older, about household composition by gender and age to identify those < 20 years with burns that occurred sometime in their life or in 2011. Results: A burn incidence of 2.02% [95% CI: 1.63-2.61%] and a prevalence of 13.50% [95% CI: 11.8815.31%] were obtained. The highest incidence was reported in female patients (2.31%) [95% CI: 1.77- 2.99%]. In males < 5 years of age, the incidence was 2.76% [95% CI: 1.42-5.28%] and in females, it was 2.46% [95% CI: 1.37-4.36%]. The municipality of Lo Prado had the highest incidence (2.73%) [95% CI: 1.82-4.07%]; Pudahuel recorded the highest prevalence (14.01%) [95% CI: 11.87-16.46%]. Conclusion: In 20 years, the incidence of burns in patients < 15 years of age fell by 46.4%. On average in the communities studied, 1 in 7 children/adolescent has suffered burns between birth and the time of his 20th birthday.

Objetivo: Estimar incidencia de lesiones por quemaduras en año 2011 y prevalencia en población < 20 años, en tres comunas de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de prevalencia con empadronamiento de 4.968 hogares de comunas mencionadas. Se aplicó muestra probabilística, representativa, bietápica y de conglomerados, con error muestral < 5%. Se usó módulo de muestras complejas para procesar datos con SPSS 17.0. El empadronamiento se realizó en terreno, preguntando en cada vivienda seleccionada a personas de 18 años y más, sobre composición del hogar por género y edad para identificar < 20 años con quemaduras, ocurridas alguna vez en su vida o en el año 2011. Resultados: Se obtuvo una incidencia de quemaduras de 2,02% [IC95%:1,63-2,61%] y prevalencia de 13,50% [IC95%:11,88-15,31%]. La mayor incidencia fue en mujeres (2,31%) [IC95%:1,77-2,99%]. En varones < 5 años, la incidencia fue de 2,76% [IC95%:1,42-5,28%] y en mujeres de 2,46% [IC95%:1,37-4,36%]. La comuna de Lo Prado tuvo mayor incidencia (2,73%) [IC95%:1,82-4,07%]; Pudahuel registró prevalencia mayor (14,01%) [IC95%:11,87-16,46%]. Conclusión: En 20 años, la incidencia de quemaduras en < 15 años, descendió un 46,4%; en promedio, 1 de cada 7 niños/jóvenes se ha quemado entre el nacimiento y el momento de cumplir 20 años en comunas estudiadas.

Explorando la participación ocupacional en niños con epidermólisis bullosa integrados al sistema educacional chileno / Exploring to occupational participation in children with epidermolisys bullosa integrated into the chilean educational system

El presente estudio explora la participación ocupacional en el área de educación de niños con epidermólisis bullosa (E.B.) en sus tipos distrófica y de la unión, los cuales, dada su condición de salud general son considerados como estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE). Con el objetivo de conocer si la integración es satisfactoria y cuenta con los apoyos necesarios, se realiza mediante un estudio de tipo exploratorio cualitativo, un análisis de tres casos según criterios de inclusión establecidos. A través de un análisis pragmático de los datos obtenidos durante el trabajo de campo se realiza el perfil ocupacional inicial del niño (S.C.O.P.E.), instrumento propio del modelo de ocupación humana, desprendiéndose de éste conclusiones, que se estructuran en base al mismo modelo. La importancia y relevancia de estudiar esta temática está dada por la pertinencia de la intervención y el aporte que la terapia ocupacional puede brindar a las personas con E.B., que si bien desde el punto de vista epidemiológico tiene una baja incidencia en la población general, quienes la padecen requieren de un abordaje multidisciplinar e integral, dado por la complejidad de la condición de salud y el impacto que esta provoca en todas las áreas de la ocupación.

This study explores the occupational participation of children with epydermolisys bullosa (E.B.) dystrophic and junctional in the educational area, which because of their health condition, are considered as student with special educational needs (SEN). With the aim to know how satisfactory is the integration and whether it has the necessary support, the study carried out, through a qualitative and exploratory focus, on three selected cases with the established selection criteria. Through a pragmatic analysis of data obtained during the field work, the short child occupational self assessment (S.C.O.P.E.) is used, from the Model of human occupation (M.O.H.O.), some conclusions emerge, which are structured and based on the model announced. The importance and relevance of studying this subject from occupational therapy is given by the pertinence of the intervention and contribution to E.B. in people who live this condition, even though it as a low incidence in general population from an epidemiological perspective, because they need a multidisciplinary and integral intervention to mitigate the impact caused by the disease in all occupational areas.

Factores predictores de riesgo de morbimortalidad en hipertensos esenciales seguidos 25 años / Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in subjects with essential hypertension, followed for 25 years

Background: Among hypertensive patients, other risk factors for mortality and morbidity, besides blood pressure, must be considered when therapeutic decisions are done. Aim: To assess the incidence and relevance of cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of patients with essential hypertension. Material and methods: A cohort of 1.072 treated patients with essential hypertension was followed for a period up to 25 years. Four hundred eighty six were men and 586 were women, age ranged from 31 to 70 years. At entry, 56 percent of subjects did not have any organic complications associated to hypertension (stage I WHO criteria), 30 percent had mild alterations (Stage II) and 14 percent had major complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or renal failure). Likewise, 43.8 percent had mild, 14.5 percent, moderate and 41.7 percent, severe hypertension. Patients were treated with monotherapy or combined therapy based on diuretics, beta blockers, calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Goal of therapy was 140/90 mm Hg. Risk factors associated diseases and complications were registered carefully. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Mortality was analyzed using life tables (intention to treat method included). Results: Blood pressure dropped significantly during follow up from a mean of 182/110 to 154/92 mm Hg. During follow up, 143 patients died and 429 complications (lethal or non lethal) were recorded. Twenty four percent of patients smoked, 24 percent reported alcohol intake, 56 percent had hypercholesterolemia, 11 percent were obese, 13 percent had diabetes and 3 percent had gout. The proportional hazard model showed that the existence of previous complications, the presence of more than 3 risk factors, and age over 60 and mean systolic and diastolic pressure during therapy, were independent and significant risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: The incidence of risk factors among our hypertensive patients is very similar to that of other national or international cohorts