Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, dementia, and memory performance among Caribbean Hispanic versus US populations.

INTRODUCTION: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is considered the major susceptibility gene for developing Alzheimer's disease. However, the strength of this risk factor is not well established across diverse Hispanic populations. METHODS: We investigated the associations among APOE genotype, dementia prevalence, and memory performance (immediate and delayed recall scores) in Caribbean Hispanics (CH), African Americans (AA), Hispanic Americans (HA) and non-Hispanic White Americans (NHW). Multivariable logistic regressions and negative binomial regressions were used to examine these associations by subsample. RESULTS: Our final dataset included 13,516 participants (5198 men, 8318 women) across all subsamples, with a mean age of 74.8 years. Prevalence of APOE ε4 allele was similar in CHs, HAs, and NHWs (21.8%-25.4%), but was substantially higher in AAs (33.6%; P < 0.001). APOE ε4 carriers had higher dementia prevalence across all groups. DISCUSSION: APOE ε4 was similarly associated with increased relative risk of dementia and lower memory performance in all subsamples.

ihtObtura: A novel liquid embolic agent with post-embolization radiopacity loss, in endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations, dural arteriovenous fistulas, and tumors: CLARIDAD trial.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular embolization is frequently used for vascular lesions of the head and neck. Newer agents may help to enhance visualization and improve treatment outcomes. METHODS: The CLARIDAD clinical trial was a prospective, single center, first-in-man investigation of neurovascular embolization using the novel embolic agent ihtObtura for a broad indication, covering the need for a liquid embolic agent in head and neck procedures. The primary outcomes assessed were therapeutic efficacy to deliver ihtObtura to embolize the catheterized pedicle and associated angiographic vascularity, and subsequent loss of radiopacity. Safety endpoints included procedural adverse events, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, morbidity, and mortality. Radiologic and clinical follow-up evaluations were conducted at 30, 90, 180 days, and 1 year post-treatment. RESULTS: 65 consecutive patients (mean age 37.8 years, 50.8% women) were treated over 129 sessions. A total of 42 brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs; 90% grades III and IV), 8 dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), and 15 hypervascular tumors were treated with ihtObtura using an average of 3.9 mL per session and 7.7 mL per patient. We achieved therapeutic effectiveness in 99% of catheterizations. Radiopacity loss was complete after 74.3% of the sessions at 30 days, 95.6% at 90 days, and 100% at the 1 year follow-up. Serious adverse events (mRS score >2) occurred in two patients (3.1%) with previously ruptured high grade AVMs leading to one death and one permanent disabling morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that ihtObtura was a novel, safe, and effective liquid embolic agent for the treatment of AVMs, DAVFs, and hypervascular tumors. Its key property of significant radiopacity loss contributes to improve anatomical understanding, particularly in staged procedures, as well as reduction in post-procedural imaging artifact. There may be additional benefits of eliminating tantalum from the embolic mixture in terms of lesion penetration.

[Endovascular treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformation with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Working methods and experience in 58 cases]. / Tratamiento endovascular de malformaciones arteriovenosas intracerebrales con n-butil cianoacrilato. Métodos de trabajo y experiencia en 58 casos.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) constitute malformative lesions of the central nervous system vasculature and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Endovascular embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate is a well established modality of AVM treatment, usually combined with surgery or radiosurgery. The purpose of this study was to characterise the AVMs that were treated endovascularly with n-butyl cyanoacrylate and to evaluate the post-embolization results in the Cuban population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From February 2006 to February 2011, a group of 58 consecutive patients with brain AVMs were embolized using n-butyl cyanoacrylate in the endovascular therapy unit of the Medical Surgical Research Centre in Havana (Cuba). In all, 91sessions were carried out with intranidal embolization and mainly partial devascularization, 25-30% per session, and closing 123 arterial pedicles. Safety times for n-butyl cyanoacrylate injection were established by calculating the polymerisation times for different dilutions, using post-embolisation hypotension systematically, as well as a superselective test with propofol to determine cerebral eloquence. RESULTS: Haemorrhagic signs were the initial presentation in 68.8% of the patients, 24.1% presented with epileptic episodes and 1.7% with ischemic stroke. Of the AVMs, 93.2% were supratentorial; according to the Spetzler and Martin classification, 13.8% were grade II, 56.9% were grade III, 22.4% were grade IV and 6.8%, grade V. One hundred and twenty-eight selective tests with propofol were performed and 118 (92.2%) of those were negative. Partial devascularization (20-30%) prevailed; complete obliteration was achieved in 17.2% of the patients and 70%-99% in 27.5% of the patients. Safety times for n-butyl cyanoacrylate injection were established and the use of post-procedure hypotension was settled. Morbidity of 17.2%, with 6.9% haemorrhagic complications and mortality of 3.4% were registered in the whole series. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of total occlusion and of morbidity and mortality in the series are in the internationally described ranges. The implementation of intranidal closings with 20-30% devascularization per session and the use of post-embolization hypotension after the haemorrhage complications described resulted in the total absence of haemorrhagic complications.

The OLGA-OLGIM staging and the interobserver agreement for gastritis and preneoplastic lesion screening: a cross-sectional study.

Stomach cancer (SC) incidence and mortality are relevant public health issues worldwide. In Colombia, screening for preneoplastic lesions (PNL) and the presence of H. pylori is not routinely performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate OLGA-OLGIM staging and the interobserver agreement in gastritis and preneoplastic lesions in patients with gastroduodenal symptoms from Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 272 patients with gastroduodenal symptoms. Gastric biopsies were taken following the Updated Sydney System with the OLGA-OLGIM classification, and the results were evaluated by two pathologists. Chronic gastritis and PNL were reported in 76% and 24% of the patients, respectively. Furthermore, 25% of the patients with PNL displayed gastric atrophy (GA) and 75% intestinal metaplasia (IM). Agreement in the histopathological reading for IM was good, whereas for OLGA was variable, and for the H. pylori quantity was poor. OLGA-OLGIM stages 0-II were the most frequent (96%), while stage III (4%) and SC (4%) were the least frequent. Age and coffee consumption were associated with a higher prevalence of PNL. This work determined that 4% of the population is at high risk of developing SC and would benefit from follow-up studies. Reinforcement of training programs to improve the agreement in histopathology readings is required.

Comparison of developmental and stress-induced nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula.

Mature indeterminate Medicago truncatula nodules are zonated with an apical meristem, an infection zone, a fixation zone with nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, and a "developmental" senescence zone that follows nodule growth with a conical front originating in the center of the fixation zone. In nitrogen-fixing cells, senescence is initiated coincidently with the expression of a family of conserved cysteine proteases that might be involved in the degradation of symbiotic structures. Environmental stress, such as prolonged dark treatment, interferes with nodule functioning and triggers a fast and global nodule senescence. Developmental and dark stress-induced senescence have several different structural and expression features, suggesting at least partly divergent underlying molecular mechanisms.

Whole exome sequencing in a child with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, and periodic fever syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is generally preceded by an infection, and it is usually self-limiting and non-recurrent. However, when there are multiple attacks of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis followed by optic neuritis, it is defined as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis-optic neuritis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and optic neuritis preceded by autoinflammation, triggered by periodic fever syndrome. We report on a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with optic neuritis and periodic fever syndrome in a 12-year-old Ecuadorian Hispanic boy with several relapses over the past 10 years, always preceded by autoinflammatory manifestations and without evidence of infectious processes. Whole exome sequencing was performed, and although the results were not conclusive, we found variants in genes associated with both autoinflammatory (NLRP12) and neurological (POLR3A) phenotypes that could be related to the disease pathogenesis having a polygenic rather than monogenic trait. CONCLUSION: We propose that an autoinflammatory basis should be pursued in patients diagnosed as having acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and no record of infections. Also, we show that our patient had a good response after 1 year of treatment with low doses of intravenous immunoglobulin and colchicine.

Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma and Behavioral Changes Due to a Dural Arteriovenous Fistula. A Case Report and Literature Review.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) represent 10-15% of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Of these, only 12-29% cause intracranial hemorrhage. The presentation of DAVF as a subdural hematoma (SDH) and intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) is infrequent; additionally, behavioral changes are not common among these patients. We report, for the first time in our country, the case of a 23-year-old man with no history of head injury, in which a brain computed tomography (CT) scan revealed SDH and IPH with behavioral disturbances. The angiotomography showed ecstatic venous vessels, indicating the presence of a DAVF, which was later confirmed by cerebral angiography. Endovascular therapy, which followed the clinical diagnosis, resulted in satisfactory evolution two years after treatment. A review of the literature concerning cases with DAVF and behavioral disturbances is presented. DAVF may lead to cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, and dementia as a result of diffuse white matter and thalamus modifications related to venous ischemia, and it should be considered as a reversible cause of vascular dementia.

Study on the formation and transport of ozone in relation to the air quality management and vegetation protection in Tenerife (Canary Islands).

An experimental study on the formation and transport of ozone in ambient air was performed in Tenerife (Canary Islands) in order to investigate the processes affecting ozone levels and air quality. The special features of Tenerife (prevalence of the trade wind pattern (NE), orography and the specific location of the local ozone sources) permit to quantify the role of the 'long-range transport from northern latitudes' versus the 'formation and transport of ozone downwind of the main urban areas' of Tenerife. Levels of O(3), NO(2) and O(X) were monitored in different types of environments to achieve this purpose. The results showed that: (1) upwind of the urban areas ozone is mainly transported from the ocean by trade winds, (2) local ozone titration (by NO) and ozone replenishment from the ocean are the main causes of ozone variations in urban and suburban areas, and (3) photochemical ozone production occurs downwind of the urban areas. Photochemical production causes daylight O(3) and O(X) levels downwind of urban areas to be frequently (60% and 35% days/year, respectively) higher than upwind of the urban sites (O(3) and O(X) excess frequently in the range 5-20 ppbv). Due to the above processes, different daily ozone cycles occur in short distances (<30 km), with maximum O(3) levels during daylight or night depending on the site. Ozone phytotoxicity was assessed by calculating the AOT40 index upwind and downwind of the main urban areas. The critical value for the 5-day-AOT40 index was simultaneously exceeded at the two sites (few times/year) during long-range transport events. During the additional exceedances of the critical value downwind of the urban area, relatively high 5-day-AOT40 values were recorded upwind of the urban site. Thus, long-range transport from northern latitudes may produce relatively high 5-days-AOT40 levels in the oceanic boundary layer. These results are important for the protection of the large number of endemic plants in the Canaries. The conceptual model discussed in this study may be qualitatively applied to other islands which possess features similar to those of Tenerife.

Feasibility of the superselective test with propofol for determining eloquent brain regions in the endovascular treatment of arteriovenous malformations.

The superselective test for determining eloquent brain areas, carried out prior to the embolization treatment for arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), is a tool contributing to increase the safety of endovascular procedures. Taking into account amobarbital unavailability, it was decided to carry out the present study to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of propofol as an alternative to amobarbital to perform this test. A group of 58 patients were treated in 91 embolization sessions for brain AVMs using endovascular surgery between February 2006 and February 2011. The superselective test was performed prior to embolization with Histoacryl, using the intra-arterial administration of 20 mg propofol through a microcatheter positioned near the AVM nidus. Ten (7.8%) of the 128 superselective tests were positive. Neurological deficits appeared immediately after propofol administration, lasted for one minute and disappeared after five minutes. Only one of the patients showing a negative test result developed neurological deficits after embolization, for 99.2% negative predictive vale. Despite their positive test results, six patients were embolized and five developed post-embolization neurological deficits, for 83.3% positive predictive value. The test showed 83.3% sensitivity and 99.2% specificity. The use of propofol to perform the superselective test during brain AVM embolization is a safe and effective alternative to amobarbital, and may predict the occurrence of post-embolization ischemic complications.

Trombolisis intrarterial en la oclusión de la arteria central de la retina / Intra-arterial thrombolysis in central retinal artery occlusion

La oclusión de la arteria central de la retina es considerada una urgencia oftalmológica con mal pronóstico visual, a pesar de los métodos convencionales de tratamiento. Los recientes avances en neurorradiología permiten realizar un cateterismo selectivo en la arteria oftálmica e inyectar un agente fibrinolítico cerca del lugar de la obstrucción. Esta intervención podría ser efectiva en ciertos tipos de oclusiones y se han obtenido resultados prometedores en pacientes con oclusiones de la arteria central de la retina. Se realizaron búsquedas en diferentes publicaciones relacionadas con la especialidad en los últimos 10 años en bases de datos de revistas líderes de Oftalmología, con el objetivo de mostrar la trombolisis intrarterial como opción de tratamiento para la oclusión de la arteria central de la retina. La baja incidencia de esta enfermedad, además de que los pacientes acuden a consulta con frecuencia fuera del periodo de ventana, son justificantes por las que no se recogen respuestas definitivas, lo que se suma a la heterogenicidad de tratamiento coadyuvante empleado en los diferentes centros y al uso de fibrinolíticos y de dosis variados. Se requieren ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que permitan determinar su superioridad frente a las medidas convencionales, el grado de beneficio en contraposición al riesgo de eventos adversos y el tipo de pacientes que son candidatos a esta medida terapéutica que se avecina de manera prometedora para mejorar el pronóstico visual de estos pacientes(AU)

The occlusion of the retina central artery is considered an ophthalmological emergency with poor visual prognosis, despite conventional treatment methods. Recent advances in neuroradiology allow a selective catheterization in the ophthalmic artery and inject a fibrinolytic agent near the site of the obstruction. This intervention could be effective in certain types of occlusions and promising results have been obtained in patients with Central Retina Artery occlusions. We searched different publications related to the specialty, using the database of leading journals of ophthalmology, in the last 10 years; with the objective of showing intra-arterial thrombolysis as an option of treatment for the Retinal Central Artery Occlusion. The low incidence of this disease, together with the fact that patients frequently visit outside the window period, are justifying why no definitive answers are collected, which adds to the heterogeneity of coadjutant treatment used in the different centers, controversial window period and use of fibrinolytics and varied doses. Randomized clinical trials are required to determine its superiority to conventional measures, the degree of benefit as opposed to the risk of adverse events and the type of patients that are candidates for this therapeutic approach that is promising to improve the visual prognosis of these patients(AU)

Relación médico paciente y la eSalud / Doctor-patient relationship and eHealth

Para lograr una excelencia en la atención médica, se debe establecer un principio inviolable, la relación médico-paciente, aspecto más sensible y humano de la medicina. La eSalud, también denominada Cibersalud, es la utilización de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en el apoyo a la salud, incluida la asistencia médica. Se propone una reflexión alrededor de los conceptos de relación médico-paciente, tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, eSalud y la relación entre estos. Incuestionables son los logros de la esalud (Cibersalud) y las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones en las ciencias médicas. Este desarrollo impetuoso de la tecnología aplicada a la medicina, si no es controlado racionalmente por el hombre puede convertir la relación médico-paciente en una deshumanizada relación paciente-aparato. Se impone el deber impostergable para todo el personal de salud el cultivar y perfeccionar la relación médico-paciente, principio sagrado en el ejercicio medico

To achieve healthcare excellence, an inviolable principle should be established: Doctor-patient relationship is the most sensitive and humane aspect of medical practice. EHealth, also known as cyberhealth, is the use of information and communication technologies in support of health programs, including medical care. A discussion is provided about the concepts of doctor-patient relationship, information and communication technologies and eHealth, and about the links between them. EHealth (cyberhealth) and information and communication technologies have achieved undeniable progress in the field of medical sciences. However, such impetuous development of technology applied to medicine should be rationally controlled to prevent doctor-patient relationship from becoming a dehumanized patient-device relationship. Healthcare personnel have the unpostponable duty to cultivate and improve doctor-patient relationship, a sacred principle in medical practice

Enfermedad de moyamoya, macrocefalia y déficit intelectual en un adolescente / Moyamoya disease, macrocephaly and intellectual impairment in an adolescent

El patrón moyamoya se caracteriza por un estrechamiento crónico progresivo de la porción terminal de la arteria carótida interna o sus principales ramas terminales principalmente. Los niños con moyamoya típicamente se presentan con ictus arteriales isquémicos, o con accidentes isquémicos transitorios. Se presenta el caso clínico de un adolescente, con déficit intelectual y macrocránea, con evidencia en los estudios de resonancia magnética nuclear cerebral de infartos arteriales isquémicos a repetición, e imágenes sugestivas de moyamoya, y se comprueba el patrón moyamoya por angiografía de sustracción digital. Comprobado el diagnóstico de enfermedad de moyamoya, el objetivo con este enfermo fue tratar de mejorar la irrigación cerebral, planteando la necesidad de someter al paciente a cirugía de revascularización, y, mientras esto no fuera posible, usar aspirina como antiagregante plaquetario, en un intento de impedir o disminuir el riesgo de nuevos infartos cerebrales o de accidentes transitorios isquémicos a repetición.

The moyamoya pattern is characterized by chronic progressive narrowing of the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery or of its main terminal branches. Children suffering moyamoya disease regularly present with ischemic arterial ictus or transient ischemic strokes. Here is the case of an adolescent with intellectual impairment and macrocrania. The magnetic resonance imaging study of his brain showed repeated ischemic arterial infarctions and images suggestive of moyamoya disease, the pattern of which was later confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. The first objective was to intend to improve his cerebral irrigation by performing a revascularization surgery, but as long as this action was not accomplished, then taking aspirin as anti-platelet aggregation drug could prevent or reduce the risk of new cerebral infarctions or of repeated transient ischemic strokes.

Presentación de un caso clínico de atrofia multisistémica y actualización de criterios diagnósticos / Multisystem atrophy and diagnostic criteria updating: A clinical case presentation

La atrofia multisistémica constituye un trastorno neurodegenerativo esporádico de etiología no precisada que se caracteriza por parkinsonismo, trastornos cerebelosos, disfunción autonómica y piramidalismo; los hallazgos patológicos comprenden pérdida celular y gliosis en las neuronas estriatonígricas, olivopontocerebelosas y autonómicas; y la presencia de inclusiones intracitoplasmáticas oligodendrogliales y neuronales, ubiquitina, tau y alfasinucleína positivas. Afecta tanto a hombres como a mujeres, con inicio en la sexta década de la vida como promedio y una prevalencia de 4/100 000. Se presentaron los últimos criterios diagnósticos de atrofia multisistémica y el caso clínico de un paciente de 65 años con un cuadro progresivo, de 4 años de evolución, ataxia cerebelosa progresiva, síndrome rígido acinético, disfunción autonómica, signos piramidales y mala respuesta a la levodopa, con imágenes de resonancia magnética que muestran atrofia de vermis, hemisferios cerebelosos, tallo cerebral (puente) e hipointensidad de ambas regiones putaminales en t2. Se concluyó el caso con el diagnóstico de atrofia multisistémica tipo C

The multisystem atrophy is a sporadic neurodegenerative disorder of unknown origin characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar disorders, autonomic dysfunction and pyramidal disease, provoked by a cellular loss and gliosis in the nigrostriatal, olivopontocerebellar and autonomic neurons and the presence of oligodendroglia and neuronal intracytoplasmic positive inclusions, ubiquitin, tau and alpha-sinuclein affecting men and women starting as average during the sixth decade of life and a prevalence of 4/100 000. The last diagnostic criteria of multisystem atrophy were showed as well as the clinical case of a patient aged 65 with a progressive picture of 4 years of evolution, progressive cerebellar ataxia, a rigid akinetic syndrome autonomic dysfunction, pyramidal signs and a poor response to levodopa with magnetic resonance images showing vermis atrophy, cerebellar hemispheres, cerebral stem (bridge) and hipointensity of both putamen regions in T2. We conclude that case was diagnosed with type C multisystem atrophy

Aging in legume symbiosis. A molecular view on nodule senescence in Medicago truncatula.

Rhizobia reside as symbiosomes in the infected cells of legume nodules to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The symbiotic relation is strictly controlled, lasts for some time, but eventually leads to nodule senescence. We present a comprehensive transcriptomics study to understand the onset of nodule senescence in the legume Medicago truncatula. Distinct developmental stages with characteristic gene expression were delineated during which the two symbiotic partners were degraded consecutively, marking the switch in nodule tissue status from carbon sink to general nutrient source. Cluster analysis discriminated an early expression group that harbored regulatory genes that might be primary tools to interfere with pod filling-related or stress-induced nodule senescence, ultimately causing prolonged nitrogen fixation. Interestingly, the transcriptomes of nodule and leaf senescence had a high degree of overlap, arguing for the recruitment of similar pathways.

Sintomas psicolggicos y conductuales en pacientes con demencia / Behavioral and cognitive disorders in patients with dementia

El actual incremento de ancianos con demencia trae consigo la presencia de síntomas psicológicos y conductuales. Con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento de los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales en pacientes con síndrome demencial, evaluados en la Consulta de Trastornos Cognitivos y Psicogeriatría del Hospital Carlos J. Finlay, realizamos un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 68 pacientes con diagnóstico de demencia, de acuerdo con los criterios del DSM IV de la Sociedad Psiquiátrica Americana, seleccionados por un muestreo probabilístico de selección aleatoria simple, de un universo de 180 pacientes con demencia, quienes fueron evaluados en dicha consulta, en el año 2006. En 100 % de los pacientes se presentó este tipo de sintomatología, en los que predomina ba la demencia tipo Alzheimer y como síntoma el trastorno de la actividad. Los trastornos de la actividad, del sueño y la agresividad sobresalieron en relación con el grado de deterioro mental. Se concluye acerca de la necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de este tipo de síntomas, los factores a los que se asocian y de su conocimiento por el equipo de atención primaria de salud.

The current increase of number of elderly with dementia brigs aside the presence of psychological and behavioral symptoms. With the main to know these symptoms in patients with dementia syndrome, evaluated in the Psichogeriatrics and Cognitive disturbances Consultation of the Carlos J Finlay Hospital, we performed a transversal descriptive study in 68 patients with dementia diagnosis, according to the DSM IV of the American Psychiatric Society, selected by a simple randomized sample, of a universe of 180 patients with dementia, who were evaluated in the consultation in 2006 year. In a 100% of the patients there were these symptoms, in which the Alzheimer’s dementia was predominant and as a symptom the activity disturbance. The activities disturbances sleep disorders and aggressively pointed out in connection with the stage of mental deterioration. We concluded about the need to deepen the studies about this type of symptoms, the factors associated and its knowledge by the Primary Health Care team.

Cura bioquímica en pacientes con adenomas de la hipófisis productores de hormona de crecimiento con tratamiento quirúrgico y radioterapéutico: experiencia de 7 años / Biochemical cure in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma treated with surgery and radiotherapy: 7 years experience

Introducción: Los adenomas de la hipófisis representan el 10 al 25 por ciento de las neoplasias intracraneales. La acromegalia es definida como el crecimiento anormal y exagerado de las extremidades, producido por la sobresecreción de hormona de crecimiento. Es una enfermedad rara con una prevalencia de 60 por millón y una incidencia de 3-4 nuevos casos por millón por año. Métodos: Se incluyeron 59 pacientes con diagnóstico de acromegalia, en el periodo de 2000-2007. Evaluamos la respuesta endocrinológica al tratamiento, basado en el análisis clínico, de imagen y bioquímica de GH e IGF-1. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron reducción de GH y de IGF-1, 67 por ciento con niveles por debajo de 2.5ng/ml de GH, 58 por ciento con niveles de IGF-1 por debajo de 250 ng/ml. 15 pacientes (25 por ciento) presentaron criterios clínicos y bioquímicos de cura, 7 (46 por ciento) posterior al procedimiento quirúrgico, 4 (27 por ciento) posterior a cirugía y radioterapia, 3 (20 por ciento) cirugía más radiocirugía, y un paciente (7 por ciento) requirió los tres procedimientos. 23 pacientes (39 por ciento), no presentaron niveles significativos de reducción y fueron considerados no curados. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la acromegalia continua siendo una enfermedad que requiere un tratamiento multimodal, sospecha clínica y búsqueda acuciosa para un diagnóstico temprano, a fin de obtener mejores resultados en estos pacientes. La cirugía continúa siendo el tratamiento primario de la acromegalia secundaria a adenomas de la hipófisis productores de GH. En pacientes con lesiones extensas o invasión se cuenta con nuevas terapias como la radiocirugía y continúan desarrollándose tratamientos médicos con excelentes resultados adyuvantes en el tratamiento.

Introduction: Pituitary adenomas account for the 10-25 percent of intracranial tumors. Acromegaly is defined as abnormal and excessive growth of the extremities, caused by growth hormone oversecretion. It is a rare disease with a prevalence of 60 per million and an incidence of 3-4 new cases per million per year. Methods: We included 59 patients diagnosed with acromegaly, in the period 2000-2007. Endocrinology assess, response to treatment based on clinical analysis, imaging and biochemical GH and IGF-1. Results: The results showed reduction of GH and IGF-1, 67 percent with levels below 2.5ng/ml of GH, 58 percent with IGF-1 levels below 250 ng/ml. 15 patients (25 percent) had clinical and biochemical criteria for cure, 7 (46 percent) after the surgical procedure, 4 (27 percent) after surgery and radiotherapy, 3 (20 percent) surgery over radiosurgery, and one patient (7 percent) required three procedures. 23 patients (39 percent) showed no significant levels of reduction and were considered not cured. Conclusions: These results suggest that the acromegaly remains a disease that requires a multimodal treatment, clinical suspicion and thorough search for an early diagnosis in order to obtain better results in these patients. Surgery remains the primary treatment of acromegaly secondary to pituitary adenomas producing GH. In patients with extensive lesions or invasion we have new therapies such as radiosurgery and continue to develop medical treatments with excellent results in the adjuvant treatment.

Comportamiento eel sindrome demencial y la enfermedad de alzheimer / The prevalence of the demential syndrome and Alzheimer disease

Las demencias y la enfermedad de Alzheimer constituyen un serio y creciente problema de salud en países con una alta expectativa de vida como el nuestro. Con el objetivo de identificar el comportamiento del síndrome demencial y la enfermedad de Alzheimer en pacientes de 65 años y más en el Policlínico 27 de Noviembre del municipio Marianao, se presenta un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. El diagnóstico de los pacientes se basó en los criterios internacionalmente establecidos del DSM- IV y del NINCDS- ARDRA. Se estudiaron 300 adultos mayores y se obtuvieron los porcentajes del síndrome demencial global y por tipo de demencia. El 12 % de los adultos mayores presentaron un síndrome demencial, correspondiendo a la demencia tipo Alzheimer 63.89% del total de casos y a la demencia vascular 22.22%. Encontramos un incremento de la presencia del síndrome demencial con la edad, en el sexo femenino, y en pacientes con primaria inconclusa. Las enfermedades asociadas más importantes resultaron la hipertensión arterial, la cardiopatía isquémica y la enfermedad cerebro vascular. Se recomienda la realización de proyectos de intervención, dirigidos a la población en riesgo y su familia.

Dementia and Alzheimer disease are a serious and increased health problem in countries with high espectancy of life as our. A descriptive cross seccional study was conducted. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of the demential syndrome and Alzheimer disease in patients with 65 years old or more in a health area from “27 de Noviembre” policlinic. The diagnosis of the patients was based in the international diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV and NICSDS-ARDRA. Three- hundred old people was studied and we determinated prevalence rate of global demential syndrome and subtypes of dementia. A prevalence rate of 12% was found regarding demential syndrome: 63,89% regarding Alzheimer disease, and 22,22% corresponding to vascular dementia. We found an increase of prevalence in relation with the age, female sex, and primary school without to finish. The most important illness associates were hypertension, ischemic heart disease and stroke.

Comportamiento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en adultos mayores / Behavior of non-communicable chronic diseases in older adults

Con el incremento de la expectativa de vida y el consecuente aumento de la proporción de personas de 60 años y más, también se eleva el porcentaje de la población que padece de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, las que representan las primeras causas de muerte en los países desarrollados y en Cuba. Se presenta un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en el período comprendido entre marzo de 2007 y marzo de 2008 en pacientes de 65 años y más en el Policlínico 27 de Noviembre del municipio Marianao, con el objetivo de identificar el comportamiento de estas enfermedades. Se estudiaron 300 ancianos, la información se obtuvo de las bases de datos del estudio de investigación en demencias 10/66, con las tasas de prevalencia de las principales enfermedades no transmisibles que afectan a este grupo poblacional. La hipertensión arterial constituyó la enfermedad de mayor frecuencia con un 55 por ciento, seguida de las enfermedades del corazón (32,3 por ciento) y la diabetes mellitus (18,3 por ciento). La primera fue más frecuente en el sexo masculino, mientras que las otras predominaron en el femenino. El síndrome demencial presentó una frecuencia del 12 por ciento, y la depresión estuvo presente en el 6,7 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados.

With the increase of life expectancy and the consequent rise of the number of persons aged 60 and over, the percentage of the population suffering from non-communicable chronic diseases, which are the first causes of death in the developed countries and in Cuba, also grows. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients aged 65 and over at 27 de Noviembre Polyclinic from March 2007 to March 2008 aimed at identifying the behavior of these diseases. 300 elderly were studied. The information was obtained from the databases of the research on dementias 10/66, with the rates of prevalence of the main non-communicable diseases affecting this population group. Arterial hypertension was the most common disease (55 percent), followed by heart diseases (32.3 percent) and diabetes mellitus (18.3 percent). The first was the most frequent in males, whereas the others predominated among females. The demential syndrome presented a frequency of 12 percent and depression was observed in 6.7 percent of the studied patients.

Enfoque, diagnóstico y tratamiento a un paciente con demencia en la atención primaria de salud / Approach, diagnosis and treatment of a patient with dementia in primary health care

Las demencias y la enfermedad de Alzheimer constituyen un serio y creciente problema de salud en países con una alta expectativa de vida como el nuestro. A pesar de su creciente importancia, la demencia es una enfermedad frecuentemente infradiagnosticada e infravalorada. El papel del médico de atención primaria es clave en el diagnóstico del síndrome demencial. El diagnóstico de demencia es fundamentalmente clínico, su secuencia diagnóstica a nivel de la Atención Primaria de Salud incluye una evaluación clínica, una evaluación neuropsicológica mínima, la evaluación funcional y la evaluación al familiar, lo que se complementa con la realización de exámenes complementarios. El médico de atención primaria debe estar capacitado para el adecuado diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes en el marco de su comunidad, lo que evitaría el gasto de recursos e incomodidades para el paciente y la familia, al contar en la propia área de salud con un profesional preparado y conocedor de sus problemas en su entorno familiar y social, capaz de prestarle un adecuado seguimiento y un oportuno asesoramiento y apoyo a la familia.

Dementias and Alzheimer's disease are a serious and increasing health problem in countries with a high life expectancy at birth as ours. In spite of its increasing importance, dementia is frequently underdiagnosed and underestimated. The role of the doctor in primary health care level is essential in the diagnosis of demential syndrome. The diagnosis of dementia is mainly clinical. Its diagnostic sequence at the primary health care level includes a clinical evaluation, a minimal neuropsychological assesment, a functional evaluation, an evaluation to the relative and complementary tests. The primary care physician should be qualified for an adequate diagnosis and follow-up of the patients in the community, which would avoid the expense of resources and the inconveniences for the patient and his family, on having in their own health area a well-prepared professional that knows the problems existing in the social and family setting and is capable of following them up and giving them a convenient advice and the necessary support to the family.

Impacto psicosocial del síndrome demencial en cuidadores cruciales / Psychosocial impact of demential syndrome in crucial care givers

Las demencias, entidades de elevada frecuencia en el adulto mayor, constituyen un creciente problema de salud en países con una alta expectativa de vida como el nuestro, no solo por su magnitud, sino por su repercusión a nivel individual, familiar y social. Se presenta un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, realizado en el período comprendido entre enero de 2003 y enero de 2005, en las áreas de salud del municipio Marianao, con el objetivo de determinar el impacto psicosocial del síndrome demencial en cuidadores cruciales. Se visitaron 110 cuidadores de pacientes con demencia y enfermedad de Alzheimer diagnosticados de acuerdo con los criterios del DSM-IV. Los cuidadores cruciales de los pacientes con demencia correspondieron en su mayoría a mujeres casadas, esposa o hijas del paciente, en la quinta década de la vida, amas de casa, y con un nivel medio de escolaridad. El cuidador dedica alrededor de 12 h diarias al cuidado del paciente, la mayor parte en la supervisión. Se evidenció afectación psicológica en el 89 por ciento de los cuidadores. El nivel de sobrecarga o estrés en la muestra es significativamente elevado. Los cuidadores consideran como primera prioridad información acerca de la enfermedad y atención al paciente. Se recomienda realizar un plan de intervención educativa dirigido a los cuidadores, que permita reducir la sobrecarga física, psicológica y económica del cuidado y mejorar su calidad de vida.

The dementias, entities of an elevated frequency in the older adult, are an increasing health problem in countries with a high life expectancy at birth as ours, not only because of their magnitude, but also because of their repercussion at the individual, familiar and social levels. A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken from January 2003 to January 2005 in the health areas of Marianao municipality with the objective of determining the psychosocial impact of the demential syndrome in crucial care givers. 110 care givers of patients with dementia and Alzheimer disease diagnosed according to the criteria of the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) were visited. Most of the crucial care givers of the patients with dementia corresponded to married females, wife or daughters of the patient, in the fifth decade of life, housewives, and with a middle level educational level. The care giver spent approximately 12 hours to take care of the patient. Most of the time was devoted to supervision. Psychological affectation was observed in 89 percent of the care givers. The overload or stress level was significantly high in the sample. The care givers considered as first priority the information about the disease and the attention to the patient. It was recommended to use an educative intervention plan directed to the care givers in order to reduce the physical, psychological and economic overload of care and to improve their quality of life.