Synthesis, fabrication and characterization of a highly-dispersive mirrors for the 2 µm spectral range.

We report a challenging design, fabrication and post-production characterization problem of a dispersive mirror supporting the spectral range from 2000 nm to 2200 nm and providing a group delay dispersion of -1000 fs2. The absolute reflectance in the working range is over 99.95%. The reported mirror is a critical element for Tm and Ho based lasers and paves the way for the development of ultrafast 2 µm lasers with sub-100 fs pulse duration.

Dispersive mirror for the mid-infrared spectral range of 9-11.5 µm.

A dispersive multilayer interference mirror with a group delay dispersion (GDD) of +1500 fs2 for the spectral range of 9-11.5 µm is presented. It is designed to compensate the GDD of an ultrashort light pulse gained when transmitting 1 mm of a zinc selenide substrate. The coating process for the mirror manufacturing is described. The optical properties of the mirror are fully characterized by measuring the group delay, the GDD, the reflectance, and the transmittance.

Group delay dispersion measurements in the mid-infrared spectral range of 2-20 µm.

We present two measurement devices which both allow the direct measurement of the group delay (GD) and group delay dispersion (GDD) of laser optics, covering the near- and mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range from 2 to 20 µm (500-5,000 cm-1). Two different kinds of devices were developed to measure the GDD of multilayer interference coatings. One is a resonant scanning interferometer (RSI) and the other is a white light interferometer (WLI). The WLI is also capable of measuring the GDD in transmission, for instance of bulk material. GDD measurements of a high dispersive mirror for wavelengths from 2.0 to 2.15 µm and one of a multilayer mirror from 8.5 to 12.0 µm are presented. A measurement of a zinc selenide (ZnSe) substrate in transmission was made with the WLI demonstrating the full bandwidth of the device from 1.9 to 20 µm. The comparison of all measurements with their related theoretical values shows a remarkable correspondence.

Octave spanning wedge dispersive mirrors with low dispersion oscillations.

A novel concept for octave spanning dispersive mirrors with low spectral dispersion oscillations is presented. The key element of the so-called wedge dispersive mirror is a slightly wedged layer which is coated on a specially optimized dispersive multilayer stack by a common sputter coating process. The group delay dispersion (GDD) of a pulse reflected on a wedge dispersive mirror is nearly free of oscillations. Fabricated mirrors with negative GDD demonstrate the compression of a pulse down to 3.8 fs as good as double angled mirrors optimized for the same bandwidth.

Broadband thin-film polarizer for 12 fs applications.

A broadband non-dispersive thin-film polarizer for ultrafast applications is presented. The polarizer has a controllable flat-phase and a high extinction ratio of 23:1 in the working bandwidth from 680 nm to 900 nm. This bandwidth allows supporting laser pulses down to 12 fs. The unavoidable mechanical stress of the interference coating is completely compensated by a specially designed antireflection coating on the second side of the substrate, allowing the use of thin substrates.

Linearly polarized, narrow-linewidth, and tunable Yb:YAG thin-disk laser.

We report on the design, fabrication, and implementation of grating-waveguide structures (GWS) for intracavity polarization and wavelength selection as well as wavelength tuning. The GWS discussed in this Letter is a combination of a low-index leaky-mode waveguide, a subwavelength diffraction grating, and a highly reflective mirror that was designed to operate in Littrow configuration. Using our device as the end mirror of an Yb:YAG thin-disk laser allowed the extraction of beams that exhibit an extremely narrow laser emission bandwidth of ≈25 pm FWHM and a high degree of linear polarization of 99±0.5%. Moreover, the GWS allows a wavelength tuning range from 1007 to 1053 nm. The high-power suitability and the low loss of the GWS was demonstrated by the intracavity use in an Yb:YAG thin-disk laser with an output power of 325 W in multimode operation (M(2)=6) and with 110 W in fundamental-mode operation (M(2)≈1.2), exhibiting optical efficiencies of 53.2% and 36.2%, respectively. An output power of 1.8 kW, corresponding to a power density of 125 kW/cm(2) on the grating, was achieved in further higher-power experiments.

Multi-watt, multi-octave, mid-infrared femtosecond source.

Spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 2 to 11 µm (900 to 5000 cm-1) implies a multitude of applications in fundamental physics, chemistry, as well as environmental and life sciences. The related vibrational transitions, which all infrared-active small molecules, the most common functional groups, as well as biomolecules like proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates exhibit, reveal information about molecular structure and composition. However, light sources and detectors in the mid-infrared have been inferior to those in the visible or near-infrared, in terms of power, bandwidth, and sensitivity, severely limiting the performance of infrared experimental techniques. This article demonstrates the generation of femtosecond radiation with up to 5 W at 4.1 µm and 1.3 W at 8.5 µm, corresponding to an order-of-magnitude average power increase for ultrafast light sources operating at wavelengths longer than 5 µm. The presented concept is based on power-scalable near-infrared lasers emitting at a wavelength near 1 µm, which pump optical parametric amplifiers. In addition, both wavelength tunability and supercontinuum generation are reported, resulting in spectral coverage from 1.6 to 10.2 µm with power densities exceeding state-of-the-art synchrotron sources over the entire range. The flexible frequency conversion scheme is highly attractive for both up-conversion and frequency comb spectroscopy, as well as for a variety of time-domain applications.