Correction to: Imaging of Bronchial Pathology in Antibody Deficiency: Data from the European Chest CT Group.

In the original version of this article unfortunately two authors were missing: Dr. Jürgen Weidemann and Dr. Daniel Berthold. The correct list of authors is presented above.

Imaging of Bronchial Pathology in Antibody Deficiency: Data from the European Chest CT Group.

Studies of chest computed tomography (CT) in patients with primary antibody deficiency syndromes (ADS) suggest a broad range of bronchial pathology. However, there are as yet no multicentre studies to assess the variety of bronchial pathology in this patient group. One of the underlying reasons is the lack of a consensus methodology, a prerequisite to jointly document chest CT findings. We aimed to establish an international platform for the evaluation of bronchial pathology as assessed by chest CT and to describe the range of bronchial pathologies in patients with antibody deficiency. Ffteen immunodeficiency centres from 9 countries evaluated chest CT scans of patients with ADS using a predefined list of potential findings including an extent score for bronchiectasis. Data of 282 patients with ADS were collected. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) comprised the largest subgroup (232 patients, 82.3%). Eighty percent of CVID patients had radiological evidence of bronchial pathology including bronchiectasis in 61%, bronchial wall thickening in 44% and mucus plugging in 29%. Bronchiectasis was detected in 44% of CVID patients aged less than 20 years. Cough was a better predictor for bronchiectasis than spirometry values. Delay of diagnosis as well as duration of disease correlated positively with presence of bronchiectasis. The use of consensus diagnostic criteria and a pre-defined list of bronchial pathologies allows for comparison of chest CT data in multicentre studies. Our data suggest a high prevalence of bronchial pathology in CVID due to late diagnosis or duration of disease.

Phenotype, penetrance, and treatment of 133 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-insufficient subjects.

BACKGROUND: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a negative immune regulator. Heterozygous CTLA4 germline mutations can cause a complex immune dysregulation syndrome in human subjects. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize the penetrance, clinical features, and best treatment options in 133 CTLA4 mutation carriers. METHODS: Genetics, clinical features, laboratory values, and outcomes of treatment options were assessed in a worldwide cohort of CTLA4 mutation carriers. RESULTS: We identified 133 subjects from 54 unrelated families carrying 45 different heterozygous CTLA4 mutations, including 28 previously undescribed mutations. Ninety mutation carriers were considered affected, suggesting a clinical penetrance of at least 67%; median age of onset was 11 years, and the mortality rate within affected mutation carriers was 16% (n = 15). Main clinical manifestations included hypogammaglobulinemia (84%), lymphoproliferation (73%), autoimmune cytopenia (62%), and respiratory (68%), gastrointestinal (59%), or neurological features (29%). Eight affected mutation carriers had lymphoma, and 3 had gastric cancer. An EBV association was found in 6 patients with malignancies. CTLA4 mutations were associated with lymphopenia and decreased T-, B-, and natural killer (NK) cell counts. Successful targeted therapies included application of CTLA-4 fusion proteins, mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EBV reactivation occurred in 2 affected mutation carriers after immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: Affected mutation carriers with CTLA-4 insufficiency can present in any medical specialty. Family members should be counseled because disease manifestation can occur as late as 50 years of age. EBV- and cytomegalovirus-associated complications must be closely monitored. Treatment interventions should be coordinated in clinical trials.

Grossly Abnormal Ventilation/Perfusion SPECT Study in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Without Thromboembolism.

Pulmonary hypertension is a serious condition with multiple underlying aetiologies which require different treatment strategies. We present a case of severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension in a 20-year-old patient with ongoing breathlessness. She was initially diagnosed with asthma and panic attacks in community care. As the symptoms became progressively worse, she was referred for pulmonary hypertension clinic assessment. Ventilation/perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (V/Q SPECT) showed grossly abnormal perfusion defects which were mismatched to the ventilation scan, suggestive of chronic thromboembolic disease. However, corroborating computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiogram and invasive pulmonary angiography showed no thromboembolic disease. Histological examination of the pulmonary arteries post-mortem showed changes consistent with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. This case highlighted the clinical challenges in interpreting the investigation results and phenotyping pulmonary hypertension. V/Q SPECT might have a role in visualising the extent of vasculopathies in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Prognostic significance of computed tomography criteria for pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in systemic sclerosis-pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Objectives: SSc-pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is associated with worse response to therapy and survival when compared with idiopathic PAH. It is suggested that the vasculopathy in SSc may involve postcapillary pulmonary venules resulting in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). This may underlie the lower gas transfer and worse outcome on therapy. We sought to test whether CT signs of PVOD (CTS-PVOD) were frequent in SSc-PAH and whether they were associated with pulmonary oedema on therapy and worse survival. Methods: CT thorax of 66 SSc patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) were blindly scored by two radiologists for CTS-PVOD (⩽1 or ⩾ 2). Case note and radiograph review determined the presence of pulmonary oedema on therapy. Results: Fifty-nine patients (89%) had ⩽1 CTS-PVOD and only 7 (11%) had ⩾2 CTS-PVOD. Pulmonary oedema on therapy was relatively common in those with ⩾2 CTS-PVOD. On univariate analysis ⩾2 CTS-PVOD were associated with a trend towards worse survival. Conclusion: CTS-PVOD were less frequent in this SSc-PAH cohort than in previous reports but the presence of at least two of these signs is associated with pulmonary oedema on therapy and a trend towards worse survival on univariate analysis.

Activity, severity and impact of respiratory disease in primary antibody deficiency syndromes.

PURPOSE: Some patients with primary antibody deficiency (PAD) syndromes develop bronchiectasis. In immunocompetent patients with bronchiectasis, key clinico-pathophysiological relationships exist between exacerbation frequency, lung function, health-status, infection and inflammation. It is not known whether such relationships are present in PAD. It is also not known how local and systemic inflammation in PAD compares with that in immunocompetent (non-PAD) bronchiectasis patients. METHOD: We assessed symptoms, exacerbation frequency, health-status, lung function, CT, airway and systemic inflammation and infection in 33 PAD patients and 20 immunocompetent controls with bronchiectasis. RESULTS: Despite less severe airflow obstruction, PAD patients had similar health-status impairment and greater airway (sputum log10 IL-6 2.71 vs. 1.81 pg/ml, p = 0.001) and greater systemic inflammation than immunocompetent bronchiectasis controls (serum log10 CRP 0.77 vs. 0.36 mg/l, p = 0.001). In PAD, cross-sectional markers of disease severity (CT and lung function) did not relate to inflammatory markers of disease activity, however there was a relationship between FEV1 decline rate and systemic inflammation (IL-6; r = 0.42, p = 0.036) and the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response was related to that in the airway. Correlation between generic SF36 and respiratory SGRQ questionnaires (r = -0.79, p < 0.001) suggests that much health-status impairment in PAD relates to respiratory involvement. Health-status was associated with dyspnoea (rho = 0.77, p < 0.001), respiratory infection frequency (rho = 0.48, p = 0.016), lung function (FEV1: r = -0.60, p = 0.001) and rate of lung function decline (r = 0.41, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: The major findings of this analysis are that in patients with PAD, cross-sectional markers of disease severity such as lung function and CT extent of disease do not reflect disease activity as assessed by airway and systemic inflammation. In addition, there is a relationship between the rate of progression of lung disease and the severity of the systemic inflammatory response which itself is related to that in the airway. Much of the quality of life impact in PAD relates to respiratory involvement, specifically the severity of airflow obstruction, respiratory exacerbation frequency and dyspnoea. Finally, patients with PAD had greater airway and systemic inflammation than a control population with non-PAD bronchiectasis which may suggest a dysregulated airway immune response.

British Lung Foundation/United Kingdom Primary Immunodeficiency Network Consensus Statement on the Definition, Diagnosis, and Management of Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders.

A proportion of people living with common variable immunodeficiency disorders develop granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD). We aimed to develop a consensus statement on the definition, diagnosis, and management of GLILD. All UK specialist centers were contacted and relevant physicians were invited to take part in a 3-round online Delphi process. Responses were graded as Strongly Agree, Tend to Agree, Neither Agree nor Disagree, Tend to Disagree, and Strongly Disagree, scored +1, +0.5, 0, -0.5, and -1, respectively. Agreement was defined as greater than or equal to 80% consensus. Scores are reported as mean ± SD. There was 100% agreement (score, 0.92 ± 0.19) for the following definition: "GLILD is a distinct clinico-radio-pathological ILD occurring in patients with [common variable immunodeficiency disorders], associated with a lymphocytic infiltrate and/or granuloma in the lung, and in whom other conditions have been considered and where possible excluded." There was consensus that the workup of suspected GLILD requires chest computed tomography (CT) (0.98 ± 0.01), lung function tests (eg, gas transfer, 0.94 ± 0.17), bronchoscopy to exclude infection (0.63 ± 0.50), and lung biopsy (0.58 ± 0.40). There was no consensus on whether expectant management following optimization of immunoglobulin therapy was acceptable: 67% agreed, 25% disagreed, score 0.38 ± 0.59; 90% agreed that when treatment was required, first-line treatment should be with corticosteroids alone (score, 0.55 ± 0.51).

Expression of a novel cytokine, IL-4delta2, in HIV and HIV-tuberculosis co-infection.

BACKGROUND: Correcting the Th2 shift in HIV/AIDS represents a potential intervention strategy. However data on interleukin (IL)-4 expression in HIV or AIDS are un-interpretable because of failure to distinguish between IL-4 and its splice variant and natural antagonist, IL-4delta2. OBJECTIVE: To determine Th1 [interferon (IFN)-gamma], IL-4delta2 and Th2 (IL-4) expression in whole blood and lung lavage from healthy volunteers and in HIV or HIV-tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. DESIGN: Cross-sectional with prospective cohort. METHODS: Expression of IL-4delta2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, using unstimulated cells from whole blood and lung lavage, in 20 HIV-TB (pulmonary) co-infected patients, 20 matched HIV-positive controls and 20 HIV-negative healthy volunteers. Results were correlated with plasma viral load, CD4 cell counts, radiological scores and response to anti-TB treatment. RESULTS: Compared to HIV negative donors, stable HIV-positive donors did not have increased levels of mRNA encoding IL-4, IL-4delta2 or IFN-gamma in blood or lavage. By contrast, the HIV-TB co-infected donors had increased IL-4 and IFN-gamma in both compartments. However the antagonist, IL-4delta2 was increased only in lavage. Consequently the dominant form was IL-4delta2 in lavage, but IL-4 itself in blood. The lung IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio correlated with radiological disease extent. With anti-TB treatment, IL-4 levels did not change whilst IL-4delta2 levels increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: IL-4 and its natural antagonist, IL-4delta2 and are not upregulated in the absence of opportunistic infection. However in HIV-TB co-infection both cytokines increase in lung, but only IL-4 in the periphery. Further studies are required to determine if IL-4 facilitates systemic HIV progression.

In vivo and in vitro studies of a novel cytokine, interleukin 4delta2, in pulmonary tuberculosis.

RATIONALE: Tuberculosis progresses despite potent Th1 responses. A putative explanation is the simultaneous presence of a subversive Th2 response. However, interpretation is confounded by interleukin 4delta2 (IL-4delta2), a splice variant and inhibitor of IL-4. OBJECTIVE: To study levels of mRNA encoding IL-4 and IL-4delta2, and their relationship to treatment and clinical parameters, in cells from lung lavage and blood from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: IL-4delta2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and soluble CD30 (sCD30) levels were measured by polymerase chain reaction and relevant immunoassays in 29 patients and matched control subjects lacking responses to tuberculosis-specific antigens. RESULTS: mRNA levels for IL-4 and IL-4delta2 were elevated in unstimulated cells from blood and lung lavage of patients versus control subjects (p < 0.005). In control subjects, there were low basal levels of IL-4 and IL-4delta2 mRNA expressed mainly by non-T cells (p < 0.05). However, in patients, there were greater levels of mRNA for both cytokines in both T- and non-T-cell populations (p < 0.05 compared with control subjects). Radiologic disease correlated with the IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio and sCD30 (p < 0.005). After chemotherapy, IL-4 mRNA levels remained unchanged, whereas IL-4delta2 increased in parallel with IFN-gamma (p < 0.05). Sonicates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis upregulated expression of IL-4 relative to IL-4delta2 in mononuclear cell cultures from patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A Th2-like response, prominent in T cells and driven by tuberculosis antigen, is present in tuberculosis and modulated by treatment, suggesting a role for IL-4 and IL-4delta2 in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and their ratio as a possible marker of disease activity. The specific antigens inducing the IL-4 response require identification to facilitate future vaccine development strategies.