Risk factors and outcomes for airway failure versus non-airway failure in the intensive care unit: a multicenter observational study of 1514 extubation procedures.

BACKGROUND: Patients liberated from invasive mechanical ventilation are at risk of extubation failure, including inability to breathe without a tracheal tube (airway failure) or without mechanical ventilation (non-airway failure). We sought to identify respective risk factors for airway failure and non-airway failure following extubation. METHODS: The primary endpoint of this prospective, observational, multicenter study in 26 intensive care units was extubation failure, defined as need for reintubation within 48 h following extubation. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for airway failure and non-airway failure. RESULTS: Between 1 December 2013 and 1 May 2015, 1514 patients undergoing extubation were enrolled. The extubation-failure rate was 10.4% (157/1514), including 70/157 (45%) airway failures, 78/157 (50%) non-airway failures, and 9/157 (5%) mixed airway and non-airway failures. By multivariable analysis, risk factors for extubation failure were either common to airway failure and non-airway failure: intubation for coma (OR 4.979 (2.797-8.864), P < 0.0001 and OR 2.067 (1.217-3.510), P = 0.003, respectively, intubation for acute respiratory failure (OR 3.395 (1.877-6.138), P < 0.0001 and OR 2.067 (1.217-3.510), P = 0.007, respectively, absence of strong cough (OR 1.876 (1.047-3.362), P = 0.03 and OR 3.240 (1.786-5.879), P = 0.0001, respectively, or specific to each specific mechanism: female gender (OR 2.024 (1.187-3.450), P = 0.01), length of ventilation > 8 days (OR 1.956 (1.087-3.518), P = 0.025), copious secretions (OR 4.066 (2.268-7.292), P < 0.0001) were specific to airway failure, whereas non-obese status (OR 2.153 (1.052-4.408), P = 0.036) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥ 8 (OR 1.848 (1.100-3.105), P = 0.02) were specific to non-airway failure. Both airway failure and non-airway failure were associated with ICU mortality (20% and 22%, respectively, as compared to 6% in patients with extubation success, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Specific risk factors have been identified, allowing us to distinguish between risk of airway failure and non-airway failure. The two conditions will be managed differently, both for prevention and curative strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT 02450669 . Registered on 21 May 2015.

Risk of mishaps during intrahospital transport of critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: Mishaps are common during transport and may have major impacts on patients. AIMS: The main objectives of our study are: first to determine the incidence of complications during intra hospital transports (IHT) of critically ill patients, and second, to determine their risk factors. METHODS: All intra hospital transports for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of patients consecutively admitted in an 18-bed medical surgical intensive care unit in an university hospital, have been studied prospectively during a period of six months (September 1st 2012 to February 28th 2013). RESULTS: Of 184 transports observed (164 patients), 85 (46.2%) were associated with mishaps. Eighty two mishaps were patient-related (44.5%).Oxygen desaturation (30 cases), agitation (24 cases) and hemodynamic instability (15 cases) were predominantly. One case of cardiac arrest and 3 cases of accidental extubation were occurred during IHT. Seventy three systems-based mishaps were noted (39.6%). Emergency transports, mechanical ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ≥ 6 cmH2O were independent risk factors for a higher rate of mishaps. In our study, complications did not statistically increase ventilator-associated pneumonia. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that IHT of critically-ill patients still involves considerable risks and mishaps incidence remains high.

Incidence, risk factors and microbiology of central vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection in an intensive care unit.

Although there are many studies about catheter related infection in industrialized countries, very few have analyzed it in emerging countries. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence, microbiological profile and risk factors for catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) in a Tunisian medical intensive care unit. Over eight months (1 January 2012-30 August 2012) a prospective, observational study was performed in an 18-bed medical surgical intensive care unit at Tunis military hospital. Patients who required central venous catheter (CVC) placement for a duration greater than 48 h were included in the study. Two hundred sixty patients, with a total of 482 CVCs were enrolled. The mean duration of catheterization was 9.6 ± 6.2 days. The incidence for CRBSI and catheter colonization (CC) was 2.4 and 9.3 per 1000 catheter days, respectively. Risk factors independently associated with CRBSI were diabetes mellitus, long duration of catheterization, sepsis at insertion and administration of one or more antibiotics before insertion. The mortality rate among the CRBSI group was 21.8%. The predominant microorganisms isolated from CRBSI and CC episodes were Gram negative bacilli. All Gram negative organisms isolated among dead patients in CRBSI group were Extensive Drug Resistant (XDR). In our study the mortality rate among patients with CRBSI was high despite a low incidence of CRBSI. This high rate can be explained by the high-virulent status of Gram negative bacteria involved in CRBSI.

Prognostic Value of ISS and TRISS Scores in Tunisian Terrorism Victims.

INTRODUCTION: Injuries caused by terrorism attacks are one of the urgent problems of the society and the health system. In this work, we aimed to assess the injury severity score (ISS) and trauma injury severity score (TRISS) in Tunisian military combatants injured during terrorism attacks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 153 victims of terrorism admitted to the Military Hospital of Tunis between January 2012 and January 2017 were included. Among them, 107 survived and 46 died (43 victims died at the terrorist attack scene and 3 died in the hospital). All dead patients were autopsied. Injury severity scores and TRISSs were then calculated by 2 professors in the anesthesia-resuscitation department, and the agreement level was assessed using the Bland and Altman curve. RESULTS: We obtained a strong agreement between the 2 experts when assessing the TRISS and ISS. Using the Bland and Altman curve, an agreement between the 2 experts was obtained between 0 to 40 and 60 to 75 for the ISS and between 0 to 25 and 75 to 100 for the TRISS. Moreover, we detected a high level of ISS and TRISS, especially in deceased victims compared to survivors (P <.001). To predict mortality, we revealed by the receiver operating characteristic curve high sensitivity and specificity (more than 90%) before day 28 of hospital stay as well as for ISS and TRISS. Regarding the mechanism of injury, patients injured by gunshot have higher ISSs and TRISSs than those injured by explosion (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Injury severity scores and TRISSs showed a high reliability to predict the mortality rate in Tunisian victims of terrorism.

Procalcitonin biomarker kinetics fails to predict treatment response in perioperative abdominal infection with septic shock.

INTRODUCTION: Procalcitonin (PCT) biomarker is suggested to tailor antibiotic therapy in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) but studies in perioperative medicine are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine whether PCT reported thresholds are associated with the initial treatment response in perioperative septic shock secondary to intra-abdominal infection. METHODS: This single ICU, observational study included patients with perioperative septic shocks secondary to intra-abdominal infection. Demographics, PCT at days 0, 1, 3, 5, treatment response and outcome were collected. Treatment failure included death related to the initial infection, second source control treatment or a new onset intra-abdominal infection. The primary endpoint was to assess whether PCT thresholds (0.5 ng/ml or a drop from the peak of at least 80%) predict the initial treatment response. RESULTS: We included 101 consecutive cases. Initial treatment failed in 36 patients with a subsequent mortality of 75%. Upon admission, PCT was doubled when treatment ultimately failed (21.7 ng/ml ± 38.7 vs. 41.7 ng/ml ± 75.7; P = 0.04). Although 95% of the patients in whom PCT dropped down below 0.5 ng/ml responded to treatment, 50% of the patients in whom PCT remained above 0.5 ng/ml also responded successfully to treatment. Moreover, despite a PCT drop of at least 80%, 40% of patients had treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: In perioperative intra-abdominal infections with shock, PCT decrease to 0.5 ng/ml lacked sensitivity to predict treatment response and its decrease of at least 80% from its peak failed to accurately predict treatment response. Studies in perioperative severe infections are needed before using PCT to tailor antibiotic use in this population.

Comparison of ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein and supraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in critically ill patients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided out-of-plane internal jugular vein (OOP-IJV) and in-plane supraclavicular subclavian vein (IP-SSCV) catheterization in adult intensive care unit. METHODS: A total of 250 consecutive patients requiring central venous catheterization, were randomly assigned to undergo either ultrasound-guided OOP-IJV or IP-SSCV cannulation. All catheterizations were carried out by three physicians. The primary outcome was the first attempt success rate. Ultrasound scanning time, venous puncture time, insertion time, overall access time, number of puncture attempts, number of needle redirections, success rate, guidewire advancing difficulties, venous collapse and adverse events were also documented. RESULTS: The first attempt success rate was significantly higher in IP-SSCV group (83.2%) compared to OOP-IJV group (63.2%) (p = 0.001). The IP-SSCV group was associated with a longer ultrasound scanning time (16.54 ± 13.51 vs. 5.26 ± 4.05 s; p < 0.001) and a shorter insertion time (43.98 ± 26.77 vs. 53.12 ± 40.21 s; p = 0.038). In the IP-SCCV group, we recorded a fewer number of puncture attempts (1.16 ± 0.39 vs. 1.47 ± 0.71; p < 0.001), needle redirections (0.69 ± 0.58 vs. 1.17 ± 0.95; p < 0.001), difficulties in guidewire advancement (2.4% vs. 27.4%; p < 0.001), venous collapse (2.4%, vs. 18.4%; p < 0.001) and adverse events (8.8% vs. 13.6%; p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS: The IP-SSCV approach is an effective and a safe alternative to the classic OOP-IJV catheterization in critical adult patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03879954. Registered March 19, 2019-Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03879954 .

[Effects of 15 mcg intrathecal clonidine added to bupivacaine and sufentanil for labor analgesia]. / Effets de l'adjonction de 15 mcg de clonidine en intrathécal au cours du travail obstétrical.

BACKGROUND: For the combined spinal epidural analgesia for labour, 30 mcg of subarachnoid clonidine has proved its effectiveness to extend the analgesia, but increased severe hemodynamic effects. AIM: To assess the effectiveness and the safety of 15 mcg intra thecal clonidine for labour analgesia. METHODS: Four months, prospective, randomised, simple blind Study, including ASA I or II women, with mono foetal pregnancy. Patients were randomised in 2 groups: SB Group received intra thecal isobaric bupivacaine 2.5 mg and sufentanil 5 mcg and SBC Group received 15 mcg clonidine added to the same doses of bupivacaïne and sufentanil. Epidural analgesia was used when VAS is more than 30. Studied parameters were: delay of installation, duration of analgesia, VAS score, hemodynamic parameters and the incidence of maternal and neonatal side effects. RESULTS: Sixty pregnant women were included (27 in SBC Group and 33 in SB group). The duration of initial analgesia was significantly longer in the SBC group (145 ± 43 min) compared with the SB group (98 ± 28 min). The delay of analgesia, sensory level and motor block level were similar. There was neither significant increase of the low incidence of blood pressure nor of the ephedrine consumption. The abnormalities of fetal heart rate, the mode of delivery and the incidence of side effects were also similar. CONCLUSION: The addition of 15 mcg intra thecal clonidine to the bupivacaine and the sufentanil during combined spinal epidural analgesia for obstetrical labour results in extended significantly duration of analgesia without increasing side effects.

Performance of Sepsis-3 Definitions in a Middle Income Country Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Since they were first published in 2016, Sepsis-3 definitions have not been universally accepted. Rather, they have become a source of controversy because the clinical and laboratory parameters used had been derived mainly from patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) in the United States. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Sepsis-3 definitions for the prediction of ICU-mortality in a Tunisian ICU population as compared to the 2003 Consensus Definitions (Sepsis-2 definitions). METHOD: The study, conducted in an 18-bed medical-surgical ICU at the Military Hospital of Tunis (Tunisia), was retrospective in nature. From January 2012 to January 2016, all patients admitted to the ICU for sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock as defined according to the 2003 Consensus Definitions (Sepsis-2 consensus) were eligible for this study. The new Sepsis-3 definition was then used to classify the included patients. The primary area of interest was ICU mortality, defined as death before ICU discharge. RESULTS: A total of 1080 patients were included during the recruitment period. When Sepsis-2 definitions were used, there was a difference in mortality only between septic shock and sepsis patients. Sepsis-3 definitions show that mortality increased from 16 % among no-dysfunction-infected patients to 30 % among patients with qSOFA ≥ 2 and 44% and 46% for sepsis or septic shock patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis-3 definitions were better than sepsis-2 definitions at stratifying mortality among septic patients admitted to an ICU of a middle-income country (Tunisia).

[Disseminated intravascular coagulation: role of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) diagnostic scoring system]. / La coagulation intravasculaire disséminée: intérêt du score de la société internationale sur la thrombose et l´hémostase.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening event during resuscitation. The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) diagnostic scoring system enables early diagnosis of DIC. We here report three clinical cases of DIC characterized by several etiologies: prostatic adenocarcinoma, septic shock and retroplacental hematoma. The tests of hemostasis needed to calculate international society on thrombosis and haemostasis (ISTH) score (platelet count, prothrombin ratio, values of fibrinogen and D-dimer levels) were performed regularly. Additional, complementary tests (soluble complexes test, euglobulin lysis test, antithrombin level dosing, activated protein C and factor V dosing) were also performed. ISTH score enables early diagnosis of DIC.

Effect of lung recruitment maneuver on oxygenation, physiological parameters and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Among acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients in intensive care units, the efficacy of lung recruitment maneuver (LRM) use is uncertain taking into account the most recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We aimed to estimate the effect of LRMs on mortality from ARDS. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched for RCTs comparing mechanical ventilation with and without LRMs in adults with ARDS. We generated pooled relative risks (RR), mean difference, performed trial-sequential-analysis and cumulative meta-analysis. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were oxygenation evaluated by PaO2/FiO2 ratio, rate of rescue therapy and rate of hemodynamic compromise. RESULTS: In 14 RCTs including 3185 patients, LRMs were not associated with reduced 28-day mortality (RR = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.82-1.04, P = 0.21), compared to no-LRM. Trial-sequential-analysis showed that the required information size has been accrued. PaO2/FiO2 ratio was significantly higher in the LRMs group in comparison to the no-LRM group (mean difference = 47.6 mmHg, 95% CI 33.4-61.8, P < 0.001). LRMs were associated with a decreased rate of rescue therapy (RR = 0.69 95% CI 0.56-0.84, P < 0.001), and an increased rate of hemodynamic compromise (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.33, P = 0.002), compared to no-LRM group. Using cumulative meta-analysis, a significant change for effect on mortality was observed after 2017. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that in ARDS patients, systematic use of LRMs does not significantly improve 28-day mortality. However, LRM use was associated with positive effects such as an oxygenation improvement and a less frequent use of rescue therapy. Nevertheless, LRM use was associated with negative effects such as hemodynamic impairment.

Effects of Levosimendan on Cellular Metabolic Alterations in Patients With Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

INTRODUCTION: Mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent cellular energetic failure play a key role in the development of sepsis-related organs failure. Evidence suggests that the pleiotropic effects of levosimendan may positively affect cellular metabolism during septic shock. OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in the concentration of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol in the extracellular fluid of the skeletal muscle following levosimendan administration in patients with septic shock. METHODS: The study was designed as a prospective, double-blind, controlled, clinical pilot trial and performed in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. After achieving normovolemia and a mean arterial pressure of at least 65 mm Hg, 20 septic shock patients were randomized to receive either levosimendan 0.2 µg/kg/min (n = 10), or dobutamine 5 µg/kg/min as active comparator (n = 10). Interstitial tissue concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glycerol were obtained by using muscle microdialysis. All measurements, including data from right heart catheterization, were obtained at baseline and every 6 h for the following 72 h after randomization.The trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT02963454. RESULTS: Compared with dobutamine, levosimendan increased interstitial tissue pyruvate concentration (153.3 ±â€Š73 and 187. 2 ±â€Š13.5 vs. 210.7 ±â€Š76.2 and 161 ±â€Š64.6; P < 0.05), and lactate clearance (55 vs. 10). Lactate/pyruvate ratio was lower in the levosimendan group at the end of study period (37. 7 ±â€Š18.9 and 29.3 ±â€Š12.7 vs. 10.9 ±â€Š4.5 and 31.4 ±â€Š13. 2; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Although we investigated a small number of patients, our preliminary results suggest that levosimendan may improve cellular metabolic alterations in patients with septic shock.

Successful treatment of a Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying bla OXA-48 , bla VIM-2 , bla CMY-2 and bla SHV- with high dose combination of imipenem and amikacin.

We describe a case of 58-year-old man with septic shock due to Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp) bloodstream infections (BSI) who was successfully treated with a high dose association of amikacin and imipenem combined with continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). A Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) was isolated from the catheter culture and from two blood samples, drawn from the catheter before removal and from a peripheral vein. The Kp was intermediate to Amikacin (MIC = 16 µg/ml) and was resistant to all other antibiotics including Imipenem (MIC = 4 µg/ml), Colistin (MIC = 16 µg/ml) and Tigecycline (MIC = 4 µg/ml) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) published in 2011. PCR amplification and sequencing verified the presence of blaOXA-48, blaVIM-2, blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-1 genes. Amikacin was given at a dose of 30 mg/kg (2.5 g) in a 30 min infusion and the dose of imipenem was increased to 1 g every 6 h despite patient's altered renal function (Creatinine Clearance = 25 ml/min). To avoid amikacin nephrotoxicity and to allow the use of high doses of imipenem, continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) (blood flow, 200 ml/h; dialysate, 1000 ml/h; ultrafiltrate, 2000 ml/h) was initiated 1 h after the start of the amikacin infusion and continued thereafter. The patient improved hemodynamically and norepinephrine was stopped five days after antibiotherapy adaptation.

Hemodiafiltration using pre-dilutional on-line citrate dialysate: A new technique for regional citrate anticoagulation: A feasibility study.

A prospective, observational, feasibility study was carried out on four patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing bicarbonate hemodialysis to study the feasibility of an on-line hemodiafiltration technique using a citrate dialysate with pre-dilutional infusion of citrate as a technique for regional citrate anticoagulation. All patients had contraindication to systemic heparin anticoagulation. The dialysis technique consisted of an on-line hemodiafiltration with a citrate dialysate without calcium using a Fresenius 4008S dialysis machine and Fresenius Polysulfone F60 dialyzers. The infusion solution was procured directly from the dialysate and was infused into the arterial line. To avoid the risk of hypocalcemia, calcium gluconate was infused to the venous return line. The study was carried out in two stages. During the first stage, the citrate infusion rate was 80 mL/min and the calcium infusion rate was 9 mmol/h. At the second stage, the rates were 100 mL/min and 11 mmol/h, respectively. The primary endpoint of this study was the incidence of thrombosis in the extracorporeal blood circuit and/or the dialyzer. A total of 78 sessions were conducted. All the sessions were well tolerated clinically and there were no major incidents in any of the four patients. At the first stage of the study, there were five incidences of small clots in the venous blood chamber, an incidence of extracorporeal blood circuit thrombosis of 12.5%. At the second stage of the study, no cases of extracorporeal blood circuit or dialyzer thrombosis were noted. Hemodiafiltration with on-line citrate dialysate infusion to the arterial line is safe and allows an effective regional anticoagulation of the extracorporeal blood circuit without the need for systemic anticoagulation.

Inherited thrombophilia-related complications in the treatment of a biatrial thrombus.

The study emphasizes the importance of the high risk of thromboembolism with inherited thrombophilic factors. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed large biatrial masses in an 87-year-old woman with history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, pulmonary embolism, and prescribed oral anticoagulation for prophylaxis of embolic events. The surgical removal of the presumed thrombus was declined by the patient and intravenous anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin was initiated. Treatment was complicated by additional embolic events and the patient succumbed after 14 days due to multiple organ failure. Testing revealed heterozygosity for both the factor V Leiden and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T mutations inducing resistance to activated protein C. The combination of these thrombophilic factors can probably explain the poor anticoagulant response, embolic events, and the failure of resolution of the biatrial masses.

Cardiac surgery in patients on hemodialysis: eight years experience of the Tunisian military hospital.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is known to be an important risk factor for cardiac operations performed with cardiopulmonary bypass. We investigated the influence of preoperative status on perioperative mortality and morbidity. We retrospectively analyzed data from 26 patients with ESRD, who were on maintenance dialysis and underwent a cardiac surgical procedure bet-ween 2000 and 2007. Of them, 61.5% of the patients had isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 38.5% had replacement or reconstruction of one or two valves. The perioperative mortality rate was 26% with five deaths occurring in patients undergoing CABG procedure. We found CABG procedure, being female and left ventricular (LV) function < 30% to be associated with a higher relative risk for perioperative death. In conclusion, our data suggest that both indi-cations and referral for surgical intervention for coronary artery disease may be delayed in pa-tients who have ESRD, contributing to the relatively high perioperative mortality.