How do sleepwear and bedding fibre types affect sleep quality: A systematic review.

Sleepwear and bedding materials can affect sleep quality by influencing the skin and body temperature and thermal comfort. This review systematically evaluates the impact of sleepwear or bedding of different fibre types on sleep quality. A systematic search was conducted in six data bases plus Google Scholar and manual searches. Original articles that compared human sleep quality between at least two fibre types of bedding or sleepwear were included, resulting in nine eligible articles included in the review. The fibre types included cotton, polyester, wool, and blended materials for sleepwear; cotton, duck down, goose down, polyester and wool for duvet; and linen and a combination of cotton and polyester for bedding. The interplay between fibre materials and sleep quality is complex. Blended sleepwear demonstrated potential benefits for specific populations. Wool sleepwear showed benefits for sleep onset in adults (cool conditions) and in older adults (warm conditions). Linen bedsheets improved sleep quality under warm conditions in young adults. Goose down-filled duvets increased slow-wave sleep under cool conditions in young adults. However, a systematic comparison of fibre types is challenging due to the diverse nature of the studies evaluating sleep quality. Further research employing standardised methodologies with standard fibre samples in different populations and in different temperature conditions is imperative to elucidate comprehensively the effects of fibre choices on sleep quality. Despite the limitations and heterogeneity of the included studies, this analysis offers valuable insights for individuals seeking to optimise their sleep experiences and for manufacturers developing sleep-related products.

Quantifying demands on the hamstrings during high-speed running: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hamstring strain injury (HSI) remains a performance, economic, and player availability burden in sport. High-speed running (HSR) is cited as a common mechanism for HSI. While evidence exists regarding the high physical demands on the hamstring muscles in HSR, meta-analytical synthesis of related activation and kinetic variables is lacking. METHODS: A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, SportDiscus, and Cochrane library databases was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies reporting hamstring activation (electromyographic [EMG]) or hamstring muscle/related joint kinetics were included where healthy adult participants ran at or beyond 60% of maximum speed (activation studies) or 4 m per second (m/s) (kinetic studies). RESULTS: A total of 96 studies met the inclusion criteria. Run intensities were categorized as "slow," "moderate," or "fast" in both activation and kinetic based studies with appropriate relative, and raw measures, respectively. Meta-analysis revealed pooled mean lateral hamstring muscle activation levels of 108.1% (95% CI: 84.4%-131.7%) of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) during "fast" running. Meta-analysis found swing phase peak knee flexion internal moment and power at 2.2 Newton meters/kilogram (Nm/kg) (95% CI: 1.9-2.5) and 40.3 Watts/kilogram (W/kg) (95% CI: 31.4-49.2), respectively. Hip extension peak moment and power was estimated as 4.8 Nm/kg (95% CI: 3.9-5.7) and 33.1 W/kg (95% CI: 17.4-48.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: As run intensity/speed increases, so do the activation and kinetic demands on the hamstrings. The presented data will enable clinicians to incorporate more objective measures into the design of injury prevention and return-to-play decision-making strategies.

The facilitators and barriers to exercise in the Noongar Aboriginal population in Perth, Australia.

Indigenous Standpoint Theory forms the epistemological foundation for this study and methodological choices were made within this theoretical framework to ensure culturally responsive research processes that engaged the Indigenous agenda of self-determination and rights. The objectives of this research were to determine: (i) Indigenous perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to exercise; (ii) The potential feasibility and sustainability of an exercise intervention. In this context, Participatory Action Research methods were used to design the data-gathering instrument for the study-a questionnaire, co-designed with the Noongar Aboriginal community of Perth, Western Australia. This self-administered questionnaire, distributed to participants by email, post and manual delivery, sought to elicit the factors that impact uptake and retention of regular exercise activities. Questionnaire data included individual demographic detail and specific question responses on labelled 5 point Likert Scales. Specific question responses were tabulated by Likert Scale label category and the response distribution for each question was enumerated. Simple descriptive statistics (measures of central tendency and variance) were used to characterize the data set and the Chi squared test was used to evaluate frequency differences between males and females. A total of 133 participants (71 females) completed the questionnaire. The results indicated that people valued exercise. The most common barriers indicated by participants were exercising with an injury (63%), changing diet (58%), finding time to exercise every day (55%) and exercising the next day with pain from exercising the day before (54%). A larger proportion of males (34%) than females (24%) reported greater ease in finding time to exercise every day (p < 0.05). Facilitators mainly related to the potential social and community benefits of exercising with other people, preferably in small groups, and the importance of a culturally secure venue. These findings shed light on what a culturally secure exercise programme might involve for the Noongar community. As this may have implications for other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and international First Nations' Peoples, more focused research is needed on the place of traditional physical activities and the nature of culturally secure exercise programmes and spaces to enable wider application.

A Qualitative Exploration Of Experiences And Perceptions In Recent Parents Screening Positive For Perinatal Depression In Karachi, Pakistan.

The narrative review was planned to qualitatively analyse the experiences, factors and context of parents screening positive for perinatal depression in Karachi. Semi structured in-depth interviews were conducted to explore the experiences and perceptions of participants during pregnancy, birth and 10-12 weeks after birth. Seven men and 20 women participated in the in-depth interviews. Factors in the perinatal period that affected new parents included sleep disturbances, emotional stressors linked to preference for a male child, a lack of social support, financial burdens of perinatal care, personal frustrations caused by an inability to comprehend the signs and symptoms of perinatal depression, denial to admit challenging issues concerning mental health and social disapproval with expressing mental health issues. There is an imminent need for appropriate initiatives to raise awareness about perinatal depression, and the provision of adequate perinatal mental health services for Pakistani women and men.

Effect of Set-Structure on Upper-Body Muscular Hypertrophy and Performance in Recreationally-Trained Male and Female.

ABSTRACT: Davies, TB, Halaki, M, Orr, R, Mitchell, L, Helms, ER, Clarke, J, and Hackett, DA. Effect of set structure on upper-body muscular hypertrophy and performance in recreationally trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2176-2185, 2022-This study explored the effect of volume-equated traditional-set and cluster-set structures on muscular hypertrophy and performance after high-load resistance training manipulating the bench press exercise. Twenty-one recreationally trained subjects (12 men and 9 women) performed a 3-week familiarization phase and were then randomized into one of two 8-week upper-body and lower-body split programs occurring over 3 and then progressing to 4 sessions per week. Subjects performed 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 85% one repetition maximum (1RM) using a traditional-set structure (TRAD, n = 10), which involved 5 minutes of interset rest only, or a cluster-set structure, which included 30-second inter-repetition rest and 3 minutes of interset rest (CLUS, n = 11). A 1RM bench press, repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM, regional muscle thickness, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to estimate changes in muscular strength, local muscular endurance, regional muscular hypertrophy, and body composition, respectively. Velocity loss was assessed using a linear position transducer at the intervention midpoint. TRAD demonstrated a significantly greater velocity loss magnitude (g = 1.50) and muscle thickness of the proximal pectoralis major (g = -0.34) compared with CLUS. There were no significant differences between groups for the remaining outcomes, although a small effect size favoring TRAD was observed for the middle region of the pectoralis major (g = -0.25). It seems that the greater velocity losses during sets observed in traditional-set compared with cluster-set structures may promote superior muscular hypertrophy within specific regions of the pectoralis major in recreationally trained subjects.

Risk factors of paternal postnatal depression in Pakistan: Findings from an urban sample.

Paternal postnatal depression is an emerging public health concern, with negative outcomes for men, their partners, and the newborn. There is a dearth of data on paternal postnatal depression in lower-middle-income countries like Pakistan. This study aimed to identify risk factors of postnatal depression in Pakistani men. Men who consented to this cross-sectional study completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic information and Urdu translated versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 10-12 weeks postpartum. Descriptive analyses for the sociodemographic variables were calculated. Univariate analyses were conducted to calculate the relative risk and 95% confidence interval of the independent variables with an EPDS score of >10. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were performed for risk factors of paternal postnatal depression. Fifty-one questionnaires were analyzed and 23.5% of the participants scored more than 10 on the EPDS. Spouse's EPDS score > 12, and own sleep disturbance were risk factors of paternal postnatal depression in Pakistani men. There is an imminent need to incorporate fathers in the existing and future perinatal mental health programs in Pakistan.

Predictors of radiation dose for uterine artery embolisation are angiography system-dependent.

This study sought to achieve radiation dose reductions for patients receiving uterine artery embolisation (UAE) by evaluating radiation dose measurements for the preceding generation (Allura) and upgraded (Azurion) angiography system. Previous UAE regression models in the literature could not be applied to this centre's practice due to being based on different angiography systems and radiation dose predictor variables. The aims of this study were to establish whether radiation dose is reduced with the upgraded angiography system and to develop a regression model to determine predictors of radiation dose specific to the upgraded angiography system. A comparison between Group I (Allura,n= 95) and Group II (Azurion,n= 95) demonstrated a significant reduction in kerma-area product (KAP) and Ka, r (reference air kerma) by 63% (143.2 Gy cm2vs 52.9 Gy cm2;P< 0.001,d= 0.8) and 67% (0.6 Gy vs 0.2 Gy;P< 0.001,d= 0.8), respectively. The multivariable linear regression (MLR) model identified the UAE radiation dose predictors for KAP on the upgraded angiography system as total fluoroscopy dose, Ka, r, and total uterus volume. The predictive accuracy of the MLR model was assessed using a Bland-Altman plot. The mean difference was 0.39 Gy cm2and the limits of agreement were +28.49 and -27.71 Gy cm2, and thus illustrated no proportional bias. The resultant MLR model was considered system-dependent and validated the upgraded angiography system and its advance capabilities to significantly reduce radiation dose. Interventional radiologist and interventional radiographer familiarisation of the system's features and the implementation of the newly established MLR model would further facilitate dose optimisation for all centres performing UAE procedures using the upgraded angiography system.

Perinatal depression in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of perinatal depression in Pakistan. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Global health, up through May 31, 2019. Studies reporting on the prevalence of perinatal depression in Pakistan with or without associated risks factors were included. RESULTS: Forty-three studies reporting data from 17 544 women met the eligibility criteria and were included. Overall, the pooled prevalence of antenatal depression was 37% (95% CI: 30-44), while that of postnatal depression was 30% (95% CI: 25-36). The prevalence of perinatal depression in women residing in urban areas and those living in rural settings was not significantly different. The most frequently reported risk factors for antenatal depression were intimate partner violence and poor relationship with spouse, and that reported for postnatal depression was low-income level. An unintended pregnancy was significantly associated with perinatal depression in Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS: We identified variability in prevalence rate of perinatal depression in Pakistan. It is difficult to gauge the true magnitude of this problem potentially due to differing risk factors between the antenatal and postnatal periods and the lack of uniformity of data collection protocols and procedures. The high prevalence rates of 30%-37% compared to global estimates suggest policy makers and stakeholders should direct additional resources toward improving perinatal mental health in Pakistan.

Effect of Set-Structure on Upper-Body Muscular Hypertrophy and Performance in Recreationally-Trained Male and Female.

ABSTRACT: Davies, TB, Halaki, M, Orr, R, Mitchell, L, Helms, ER, Clarke, J, and Hackett, DA. Effect of set structure on upper-body muscular hypertrophy and performance in recreationally trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study explored the effect of volume-equated traditional-set and cluster-set structures on muscular hypertrophy and performance after high-load resistance training manipulating the bench press exercise. Twenty-one recreationally trained subjects (12 men and 9 women) performed a 3-week familiarization phase and were then randomized into one of two 8-week upper-body and lower-body split programs occurring over 3 and then progressing to 4 sessions per week. Subjects performed 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 85% one repetition maximum (1RM) using a traditional-set structure (TRAD, n = 10), which involved 5 minutes of interset rest only, or a cluster-set structure, which included 30-second inter-repetition rest and 3 minutes of interset rest (CLUS, n = 11). A 1RM bench press, repetitions to failure at 70% 1RM, regional muscle thickness, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used to estimate changes in muscular strength, local muscular endurance, regional muscular hypertrophy, and body composition, respectively. Velocity loss was assessed using a linear position transducer at the intervention midpoint. TRAD demonstrated a significantly greater velocity loss magnitude (g = 1.50) and muscle thickness of the proximal pectoralis major (g = -0.34) compared with CLUS. There were no significant differences between groups for the remaining outcomes, although a small effect size favoring TRAD was observed for the middle region of the pectoralis major (g = -0.25). It seems that the greater velocity losses during sets observed in traditional-set compared with cluster-set structures may promote superior muscular hypertrophy within specific regions of the pectoralis major in recreationally trained subjects.

Tracking Preschoolers' Lifestyle Behaviors and Testing Maternal Sociodemographics and BMI in Predicting Child Obesity Risk.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal data investigating tracking of children's lifestyle behaviors and predictors of childhood obesity are limited. OBJECTIVES: We examined changes in children's lifestyle behaviors (dietary, physical activity, and screen time) from ages 2-5 y to determine if maternal sociodemographic factors and BMI predict child obesity at 3.5 y and 5 y. METHODS: Data were obtained from 667 first-time mothers who were recruited into the Healthy Beginnings Trial at 24-34 weeks of gestation in Sydney, Australia. Child lifestyle behaviors were assessed using face-to-face questionnaire interviews with mothers. To measure child and maternal anthropometry, BMI (in kg/m2) was calculated using measured height and weight. Children were categorized as overweight or obese based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria. We used 1-factor repeated-measures ANOVA to track preschoolers' lifestyle behaviors and multiple logistic regression to determine obesity predictors. RESULTS: In children aged 2-5 y, consumption of vegetables (ηp2 = 0.06; P < 0.005) and milk (ηp2 = 0.02; P < 0.001) decreased, whereas physical activity (ηp2 = 0.07; P < 0.001) increased. Discretionary foods (sweet snacks, fast foods, salty snacks, processed meats, confectionary) (ηp2 = 0.03-0.25; P ≤ 0.01) and screen time (ηp2 = 0.39; P < 0.001) increased. Maternal BMI (in kg/m2) (Exp ß: 1.06; 95% CI:1.01, 1.12 ; P=0.02), marital status (married/de facto compared with single) (Exp ß: 0.06; 95% CI:0.01, 0.26; P < 0.001), and child BMI at 2 y (Exp ß: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.46, 2.27; P < 0.001) predicted overweight/obesity at 3.5 y. Child BMI at 3.5 y (Exp ß: 3.51; 95% CI: 2.50, 4.93; P < 0.001) predicted obesity at 5 y. CONCLUSIONS: Poor dietary and lifestyle behaviours track in early childhood, with maternal single-parent status and high maternal and child BMI at 2 y predicting earlier obesity onset.

Nutritional parameters associated with hospital admissions in patients being treated for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: This study analysed nutritional parameters (baseline body mass index (BMI), weight changes and enteral nutrition (EN) use, and their association with hospital admissions during radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC)). METHODS: A retrospective review of patients diagnosed with HNC and treated with radiotherapy between October 2012 and April 2014 was conducted. Data on each subject's diagnosis, age, sex, chemotherapy, previous surgery, EN use, weight changes, and BMI were examined for their association with hospital admissions during treatment. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were included, mean age (±standard deviation) = 61 (± 11 years). Thirty-four percent had self-reported weight loss at diagnosis, and mean BMI was 26.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2. Mean weight change during treatment was - 5.1 ± 6.2%. Ten patients used EN, with mean weight stabilisation during EN use (0.3 ± 5.1%). Higher presenting BMI, younger age, and definitive radiotherapy ± chemotherapy predicted greater weight loss (p < 0.05). Critical weight loss ≥ 5% was associated with a higher number of hospital admissions for nutrition reasons (n = 10) (p = 0.011) compared with those without critical weight loss (n = 2). EN use was associated with a higher number of nutrition-related admissions; however, it did not predict length of stay among those admitted. CONCLUSION: Critical weight loss during radiotherapy was associated with unplanned nutrition-related hospital admissions. Higher BMI was associated with greater weight loss during radiotherapy, whilst EN use assisted in weight preservation. Further research around patient selection for nutritional interventions aimed at preventing critical weight loss and unplanned hospital admissions is needed.

Cognitive effects of video games in older adults and their moderators: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.

The growing interest in preserving cognition through video games in the ageing population is evidenced by its wealth of literature. However, there has been a lack of consensus on video games efficacy and even limited understanding on the factors moderating its effectiveness. The present review sought to evaluate video game effects, relative to no-game control condition, on cognitive functions in older adults. The functions included processing speed, attention, delayed memory, reasoning, and executive functions (inhibition, shifting and updating memory). Personal and methodological moderators were explored to explain the variability in cognitive effects using meta-regression. Through a systematic literature search of online databases, 27 intervention studies were eligible, with a total of 1126 participants, for analysis. Using random-effect models, small but significant training effects were found on updating memory but none were detected in other cognitive functions. The heterogeneity across studies was in general high for all cognitive functions and was partially accounted for, in all cognitive functions except for inhibition and updating, by different moderators such as the proportion of females, outcome measure parameters, training intensity, and game type. The findings highlight limited effects of video games on cognitive functions that were largely influenced by factors related to study design.

The effects of choral singing on communication impairments in acquired brain injury: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Acquired brain injury (ABI), such as Parkinson's disease, dementia or stroke, can result in communication difficulties that lead to an impoverished ability to connect meaningfully with others. Choral singing is a complex task that uses multiple brain regions which are also responsible for language and communication skills. The potential therapeutic effects of group singing on communication-related outcomes across ABI aetiologies have not been systematically reviewed. AIMS: To examine whether participation in group singing over multiple sessions improves speech, voice, language and/or communication skills in individuals with ABI-related communication disorders. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A database search was undertaken according to the PRISMA guidelines. Search terms included: stroke OR Parkinson* OR dementia OR 'acquired brain injury' AND choir OR choral OR singing OR sing OR 'choral sing* ' OR group adj3 singing OR community adj3 singing AND speech OR language OR communication. MAIN CONTRIBUTION: A total of 11 studies were included. Nine were quantitative, including one randomized and one non-randomized control trial, and two were mixed method. Nine studies were scored as level IV (uncontrolled) on the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Classification of Evidence Matrix and two as level III (e.g., lack of blinded assessors). Eight examined speech and voice skills in Parkinson's disease, two functional communication skills in post-stroke aphasia and one communication between individuals with dementia and a significant other. One level III control trials provided evidence for a therapeutic effect of group singing on communication in individuals with Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Currently, there is only one study providing support for using group singing to improve speech and voice skills in people with Parkinson's disease, and no studies of adequate quality indicating positive effects on language and functional communication abilities in ABI. Further research using more rigorous experimental designs is required to determine whether group singing can influence communication skills in ABI. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject Music activates widespread, bilateral cortical and subcortical brain regions. Group singing is increasingly understood to have positive benefits on quality of life and health-related well-being in both healthy and clinical populations. Given the crossover in neural networks between singing, speech and language, singing activities are also thought to have positive effect of communication impairments secondary to ABI. However, to date, the research evidence supporting the application of group singing for communication impairments in ABI has not been summarized. What this paper adds to existing knowledge A total of 11 studies have looked at communication outcomes after group singing in ABI. For most of these, the quality of evidence was low (AAN level IV). It also highlights that there is a bias in the literature towards the studying individuals with Parkinson's disease (i.e., nine of the 11 studies). What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This review concludes that, currently, there is emerging evidence to support positive effects of a group singing for speech and voice symptoms in individuals with Parkinson's disease, when provided using the Tamplin protocol. However, there is not yet any evidence for communication benefits for individuals with aphasia or dementia.

Changes in Bench Press Velocity and Power After 8 Weeks of High-Load Cluster- or Traditional-Set Structures.

Davies, TB, Halaki, M, Orr, R, Helms, ER, and Hackett, DA. Changes in bench press velocity and power after 8 weeks of high-load cluster- or traditional-set structures. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2734-2742, 2020-This study investigated the effects of high-load cluster- vs. traditional-set structures using the bench press on velocity and power. Twenty-one resistance-trained individuals (male = 12, female = 9) performed a 3-week familiarization block followed by randomization into 1 of 2 upper- and lower-body split training routines performed for 8 weeks. The bench press was the only exercise manipulated with subjects using either cluster-set (CLUS, n = 11) or traditional-set (TRAD, n = 10) structures during training sessions. Subjects performed 4 sets of 5 repetitions at 85% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with CLUS having a 30-second inter-repetition, and 3-minute interset rest while TRAD had a 5-minute interset rest. A load-velocity profile of relative loads derived from a 1RM test was used to assess velocity and power (absolute and relative to body mass) on the bench press. Significant improvements over time were found across various loads ranging from 45 to 75% 1RM for absolute and relative peak power (p = 0.006-0.041), and mean power (p = 0.001-0.032). Significant decreases over time were found at 55% 1RM and 65% 1RM for peak velocity (p = 0.027 and p = 0.012, respectively) and mean velocity (p = 0.047 and p = 0.022, respectively). There were no significant group or group by time interactions found for all outcomes. Within the context of high-load resistance training, set structure seems to be of less importance for changes in bench press velocity and power provided there is an intention to lift with maximal concentric velocity.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the anterior compartment of the lower leg is a biomarker for weakness, disability, and impaired gait in childhood Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers of disease severity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) are required to evaluate early responses to treatment. In this study we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the relationship between muscle volume and intramuscular fat accumulation with weakness, disability, and impaired gait in affected children and adolescents. METHODS: Fifty-five participants underwent MRI of the anterior compartment of the lower leg. Muscle and fat volumes were calculated. Strength was measured using hand-held dynamometry, disability using the CMT Pediatric Scale, and 3-dimensional gait analysis using an 8-camera Vicon Nexus motion capture system. RESULTS: Lower muscle volume was significantly associated with reduced dorsiflexion strength, increased disability, impaired gait profile score, and foot drop. Intramuscular fat accumulation was associated with reduced dorsiflexion strength and impaired gait profile score. DISCUSSION: The MRI protocol described was feasible, reliable, and sensitive to the magnitude of weakness, disability, and walking difficulties in children with CMT. Muscle Nerve 59:213-217, 2019.

Balance impairment in pediatric charcot-marie-tooth disease.

INTRODUCTION: Balance impairment contributes to gait dysfunction, falls, and reduced quality of life in adults with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) but has been minimally examined in pediatric CMT. METHODS: The CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) was administered to 520 children with CMT. Associations between balance function (Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency [BOT-2]) and sensorimotor and gait impairments were investigated. RESULTS: Daily trips/falls were reported by 42.3% of participants. Balance (BOT-2) varied by CMT subtype, was impaired in 42% of 4-year-olds, and declined with age (P < 0.001). Vibration (P < 0.001), pinprick (P < 0.004), ankle dorsiflexion strength (P < 0.001), and foot alignment (P < 0.004) were associated with BOT-2 balance (adjusted R2 = 0.28). The visual dependence of balance increased with age. DISCUSSION: Balance impairment occurs from a young age in children with CMT. Balance intervention studies are required in pediatric CMT and should consider the degree of sensorimotor impairment, foot malalignment, and visual dependence. Muscle Nerve, 2019.

Movement Demands of Rugby Sevens in Men and Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Ball, S, Halaki, M, and Orr, R. Movement demands of rugby sevens in men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3475-3490, 2019-Global positioning systems (GPS) provide comprehensive information of player movement demands in rugby 7's. Although studies have investigated the use of GPS within many field-based team sports, the application of GPS within rugby 7's remains unclear. The aim of this review was to evaluate the movement demands and conduct a meta-analysis on comparable GPS measures to assess player movement in rugby 7's. A systematic search of electronic databases Medline, SPORTDiscus, Cinahl, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase was performed. The search strategy combined terms covering: global positioning systems AND rugby union. Studies were included if they contained rugby sevens' players monitored by GPS. Meta-analyses were conducted to provide a pooled mean and confidence intervals (CIs) on outcomes for data extracted from at least 3 studies. A total of 24 publications were eligible for review and included 661 (447 male and 214 female) rugby 7's players. Meta-analysis indicated that male players cover greater relative distance (male: 108.5 m·min, 95% CI [104.9-112.1] m·min, female: 100.3 m·min, 95% CI [96.0-104.7] m·min), distance at >12.6 km·h (male: 449.3 m, 95% CI [427.0-471.5] m, female: 339.5 m, 95% CI [291.1-387.9] m) and >18.0 km·h (male: 190.3 m, 95% CI [180.7-199.9] m, female: 129.9 m, 95% CI [99.9-159.8] m), and have a greater maximum velocity compared with female players (male: 29.8 km·h, 95% CI [29.2-30.4] km·h, female: 24.6 km·h, 95% CI [23.3-25.9] km·h), whereas relative distance is higher for the first half (109.5 m·min, 95% CI [99.1-120.0] m·min) compared with the second half (93.8 m·min, 95% CI [87.4-100.1] m·min) of match play across sexes and playing levels. Independent velocity zone classifications should apply for male and female players, whereas velocity thresholds should remain consistent across studies. Rugby 7's training intensity should vary between male and female players.

Natural history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease during childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of disease progression in a longitudinal natural history study of children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. METHODS: Two hundred six (103 female) participants aged 3 to 20 years enrolled in the Inherited Neuropathies Consortium were assessed at baseline and 2 years. Demographic, anthropometric, and diagnostic information were collected. Disease progression was assessed with the CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS), a reliable Rasch-built linearly weighted disability scale evaluating fine and gross motor function, strength, sensation, and balance. RESULTS: On average, CMTPedS Total scores progressed at a rate of 2.4 ± 4.9 over 2 years (14% change from baseline; p < 0.001). There was no difference between males and females (mean difference, 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.9 to 1.9; p = 0.49). The most responsive CMTPedS items were dorsiflexion strength (z-score change, -0.3; 95% CI, -0.6 to -0.05; p = 0.02), balance (z-score change, -1.0; 95% CI, -1.9 to -0.09; p = 0.03), and long jump (z-score change, -0.4; 95% CI, -0.7 to -0.02; p = 0.04). Of the most common genetic subtypes, 111 participants with CMT1A/PMP22 duplication progressed by 1.8 ± 4.2 (12% change from baseline; p < 0.001), 9 participants with CMT1B/MPZ mutation progressed by 2.2 ± 5.1 (11% change), 6 participants with CMT2A/MFN2 mutation progressed by 6.2 ± 7.9 (23% change), and 7 participants with CMT4C/SH3TC2 mutations progressed by 3.0 ± 4.5 (12% change). Participants with CMT2A progressed faster than CMT1A (mean difference, -4.4; 95% CI, -8.1 to -0.8; p = 0.02). Children with CMT1A progressed consistently through early childhood (3-10 years) and adolescence (11-20 years; mean difference, 1.1; 95% CI, -0.6 to 2.7; p = 0.19), whereas CMT2A appeared to progress faster during early childhood than adolescence (mean difference, 10.0; 95% CI, -2.2 to 22.2; p = 0.08). INTERPRETATION: Using the CMTPedS as an outcome measure of disease severity, children with CMT progress at a significant rate over 2 years. Understanding the rate at which children with CMT deteriorate is essential for adequately powering trials of disease-modifying interventions. Ann Neurol 2017;82:353-359.

Mother-child dietary behaviours and their observed associations with socio-demographic factors: findings from the Healthy Beginnings Trial.

Few studies have investigated the effect of maternal factors on child eating practices. Our study aimed to explore mother-child dietary behaviours and their associations with socio-demographic factors. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from control participants (n 243) in the Healthy Beginnings Trial, which involved first-time mothers and their 2-year-old children. Mother-child dietary behaviours were assessed using short dietary questions (short FFQ) and their associations with socio-demographic factors were examined using binary logistic regression. The dietary intake of 2-year-old children was characterised by low vegetable consumption and high discretionary food intake. In multivariate analysis, lower-income mothers (0·5 cups/d) AOR 2·93 (95 % CI 1·03, 8·35), compared with older mothers (≥25 years). Non-Australian-born mothers reported their child consumed more fruit juice (>0·5 cups/d) AOR 2·04 (95 % CI 1·02, 4·05), sweet snacks AOR 1·96 (95 % CI 1·02, 3·76) and fast food (≥2 times/week) AOR 3·67 (95 % CI 1·29, 10·43) compared with Australian-born mothers. Significant positive correlations between maternal and child dietary intake were observed for all dietary variables except milk, with the largest association for fast foods (Pearson's r 0·52, P<0·001). This study shows that maternal factors are associated with child dietary behaviours. Targeting young mothers (<25 years) of potential disadvantage, before commencement of early feeding practices, has the potential to improve children's diets.

Established and novel measures of upper limb impairment in children with Charcot-Marie-tooth disease type 1A and riboflavin transporter deficiency type 2.

Hand function is a problem in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency type 2 (RTD2). However, a detailed understanding of upper limb involvement in these conditions is lacking. The aim of this pilot study was to compare hand and upper limb function between children with CMT1A, RTD2 and healthy controls using established and novel outcome measures. Three age-and sex-matched groups of four children (5-15 years, 1 male/group) with CMT1A, RTD2, and healthy controls were assessed for function, strength, and sensation. Fatigue and muscle activity of the FDI was also assessed using a submaximal contraction at 40% of the participants' maximal voluntary contraction. Functional measures were most affected in children with RTD2 followed by children with CMT1A, compared to healthy controls. Strength was similarly impaired in CMT1A and RTD2 compared to controls (p < 0.05). Sensation was significantly impaired in RTD2 compared to CMT1A and controls (p = 0.008). While time to fatigue did not differ between groups, a decline in muscle activity while force remained constant showed that controls compensated with other muscles during the fatigue task while children with CMT1A and RTD2 did not have this compensatory ability. Children with CMT1A and RTD2 exhibited marked hand/upper limb impairment. These results suggest the upper limb should be a focus of rehabilitative therapy in affected children using sensitive outcome measures of strength and sensation, as well as functional activities of daily living, which are most relevant to the patient.