Discordant High Remnant Cholesterol With LDL-C Increases the Risk of Stroke: A Chinese Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies focusing on assessing the effects of remnant cholesterol (RC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) on stroke may not consider their mutual influence. We aimed to explore the associations of RC and discordant high RC with LDL-C with stroke, ischemic stroke (IS), and hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted based on 3 cohorts of the China-PAR (Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China) project. RC was calculated as non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol minus LDL-C estimated by Martin/Hopkins equations. Concordant/discordant categories for RC versus LDL-C were determined based on cut-points of 130 mg/dL for LDL-C and equivalent percentile (32.50 mg/dL) for RC. Cox models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for incident stroke. RESULTS: Among 113 448 participants recruited at baseline, a total of 98 967 participants were eligible for the final analysis (mean age of 51.44 years; 40.45% were men). During 728 776.87 person-years of follow-up, 2859 stroke cases, 1811 IS cases, and 849 hemorrhagic stroke cases were observed. RC was positively associated with stroke and IS, but not hemorrhagic stroke, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 1.06 (1.02-1.10), 1.09 (1.04-1.13), and 0.95 (0.88-1.03) for per SD increase in RC. Compared with low LDL-C/low RC group, low LDL-C/high RC group had higher risks of stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.02-1.30]) and IS (1.19, 1.03-1.38), while high LDL-C/low RC group had no increased risk of stroke (1.07 [0.95-1.20]) and IS (1.09 [0.94-1.25]). CONCLUSIONS: Higher RC was associated with increased risks of stroke and IS but not hemorrhagic stroke. Discordantly high RC, not discordantly high LDL-C, conferred higher risks of stroke and IS. Our findings support further lowering RC by interventions to reduce residual IS risk.

Associations of body mass index trajectory, waist circumference trajectory, or both with type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in Chinese adults: The China-PAR project.

AIMS: To identify the trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and assess the associations of BMI trajectory, WC trajectory, or the two combined, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in Chinese adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was based on a prospective project-the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China (China-PAR). A total of 54 434 participants (39.21% men) who were measured on at least two occasions were included. Three slowly increasing trajectory patterns were identified for BMI, and four for WC, by latent mixed modelling. A nine-category variable was derived by combining the WC trajectory (low, moderate, moderate-high/high) and the BMI trajectory (low, moderate, high). Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The risk of developing T2DM increased with elevated BMI or WC trajectory levels (all ptrend <0.001). The risks were 2.85 (2.59-3.14) for high BMI trajectory and 4.34 (3.78-4.99) for high WC trajectory versus low trajectory groups, respectively. The association was more pronounced among younger individuals (pinteraction <0.001). In the joint analysis, compared to participants with low WC and BMI trajectory, those with moderate-high/high WC combined with high BMI trajectory had the highest risk of T2DM (OR 3.96, 95% CI 3.48-4.50); even those who maintained moderate-high/high WC but low BMI trajectory showed a higher T2DM risk (OR 3.00, 95% CI 2.31-3.91). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that simultaneous dynamic and continuous monitoring of BMI and WC may contribute more than single measurements to predicting T2DM risk and determining preventive strategies.

All-cause mortality risk with different metabolic abdominal obesity phenotypes: the Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

We aimed to investigate the association of metabolic obesity phenotypes with all-cause mortality risk in a rural Chinese population. This prospective cohort study enrolled 15 704 Chinese adults (38·86 % men) with a median age of 51·00 (interquartile range: 41·00-60·00) at baseline (2007-2008) and followed up during 2013-2014. Obesity was defined by waist circumference (WC: ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR: ≥ 0·5). The hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % CI for the risk of all-cause mortality related to metabolic obesity phenotypes were calculated using the Cox hazards regression model. During a median follow-up of 6·01 years, 864 deaths were identified. When obesity was defined by WC, the prevalence of participants with metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHNO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) at baseline was 12·12 %, 2·80 %, 41·93 % and 43·15 %, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity and education, the risk of all-cause mortality was higher with both MUNO (HR = 1·20, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·26) and MUO (HR = 1·20, 95 % CI 1·13, 1·27) v. MHNO, but the risk was not statistically significant with MHO (HR = 0·99, 95 % CI 0·89, 1·10). This result remained consistent when stratified by sex. Defining obesity by WHtR gave similar results. MHO does not suggest a greater risk of all-cause mortality compared to MHNO, but participants with metabolic abnormality, with or without obesity, have a higher risk of all-cause mortality. These results should be cautiously interpreted as the representation of MHO is small.

Integrated analysis of probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus with polymorphisms and methylation of SLC30A8 gene: a nested case-control study.

To estimate the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and methylation of SLC30A8 gene and T2DM risk, and the interactions among SNPs, methylation, and environmental factors on T2DM risk. We genotyped 9 SNPs and tested methylation at 46 CpG loci of SLC30A8 in the baseline DNA of 290 T2DM cases and 290 matched controls nested in the Rural Chinese Cohort Study. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the associations between SNPs and SLC30A8 methylation and T2DM risk. Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction analysis was used to estimate the effect of interactions among SNPs, methylation, and environment on T2DM risk. Probability of T2DM was decreased with rs11558471 (GG vs. AA, OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32, 0.96), with rs13266634 (TT vs. CC, OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.32, 0.94), with rs3802177 (AA vs. GG, OR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.31, 0.94), and its probability was increased with rs2466293 of SLC30A8 (GA vs. AA, OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.08-2.47). Its probability was also significantly associated with methylation of CG9 and CG45 (OR = 0.56 [95% CI 0.33-0.97] and 1.61 [95%CI 1.03--2.51]). T2DM probability was significantly associated with the interaction effect between rs2466293 and hypertension (p = 0.045). T2DM probability was also significantly associated with the combination effects of rs2466293 with BMI, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia, with the combination effects of hypertriglyceridemia with rs11558471, rs13266634, and methylation of CG45.

Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

OBJECTIVE: The association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with all-cause and cause-specific mortality remains unclear in Chinese population. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and other-cause mortality in Chinese adults using estimated CRF (eCRF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed data for 15,566 participants aged ≥20 years recruited in The Rural Chinese Cohort Study during 2007 to 2008 and followed for mortality during 2013 to 2014. eCRF was calculated with sex-specific longitudinal non-exercise algorithms. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality risk according to baseline eCRF. RESULTS: During a median of 6.01 years of follow-up, 859 deaths occurred, including 359 from CVD, 221 from cancer, and 279 from other causes. Each 1 metabolic equivalent increment in eCRF was associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality (men: HR 0.70, 95% CI [0.66-0.74]; women: 0.59, [0.54-0.64]); CVD mortality (men: 0.70 [0.64-0.77]; women: 0.55, [0.48-0.62]); and other-cause mortality (men: 0.68 [0.62-0.75]; women: 0.57, [0.49-0.66]). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was significantly higher for eCRF than its modifiable components (waist circumference, body mass index and resting heart rate) in predicting all-cause and cause-specific mortality incidence (all p < .001). CONCLUSION: eCRF was inversely associated with all-cause, CVD and other-cause mortality.

Fried-food consumption and risk of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Recent studies have reported conflicting associations of fried-food consumption and risk of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, and a meta-analysis is not available. We aimed to explore the association between fried-food consumption and risk of overweight/obesity, T2DM and hypertension in adults through a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for studies published up to 17 June 2020. Pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by random-effects models. In comparing the highest to lowest fried-food intake, the pooled RRs (95% CIs) were 1.16 (1.07-1.25; I2 = 71.0%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001) for overweight/obesity (cohort: 1.19 [0.97-1.47], n = 2; cross-sectional: 1.14 [1.03-1.27], n = 9), 1.07 (0.90-1.27; 84.7%) for T2DM (cohort: 1.01 [0.89-1.15], n = 9; case-control: 2.33 [1.80-3.01], n = 1), and 1.20 (1.05-1.38; I2=91.8%) for hypertension (cohort: 1.06 [0.98-1.15], n = 8; cross-sectional: 2.16 [0.59-7.87], n = 3). Our meta-analysis indicates fried-food consumption is associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity and hypertension but not T2DM in adults, but the findings should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity and unstable subgroup analyses of this meta-analysis. More studies are warranted to investigate the total fried-food consumption and these health outcomes.

Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat: a novel predictor for the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To investigate the association between the Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and compare the predictive value of the METS-VF for T2DM incidence with other obesity indices in Chinese people. A total of 12 237 non-T2DM participants aged over 18 years from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study of 2007-2008 were included at baseline and followed up during 2013-2014. The cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for the association between baseline METS-VF and T2DM risk. Restricted cubic splines were used to model the association between METS-VF and T2DM risk. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis was used to evaluate the ability of METS-VF to predict T2DM incidence. During a median follow-up of 6·01 (95 % CI 5·09, 6·06) years, 837 cases developed T2DM. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the adjusted HR for the highest v. lowest METS-VF quartile was 5·97 (95 % CI 4·28, 8·32), with a per 1-sd increase in METS-VF positively associated with T2DM risk. Positive associations were also found in the sensitivity and subgroup analyses, respectively. A significant nonlinear dose-response association was observed between METS-VF and T2DM risk for all participants (Pnonlinearity = 0·0347). Finally, the AUC value of METS-VF for predicting T2DM was largest among six indices. The METS-VF may be a reliable and applicable predictor of T2DM incidence in Chinese people regardless of sex, age or BMI.

Joint effect of physical activity and blood lipid levels on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the joint effect of physical activity (PA) and blood lipid levels on all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 17,236 participants from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study. Cox's proportional-hazards regression models were used to assess the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between the joint effect of PA and blood lipid levels and risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the dose-response relationship of PA with risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. During a median follow-up of 6.01 years there were 1106 deaths (484 from CVD) among participants. For all-cause mortality, compared with the group with dyslipidemia and extremely light PA (ELPA), the HRs with dyslipidemia and light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), and heavy PA (HPA) were 0.56 (95% CI 0.45-0.70), 0.59 (0.46-0.75), and 0.59 (0.45-0.78), respectively, while the HRs of groups with normal lipid levels and ELPA, LPA, MPA, and HPA were 0.88 (0.72-1.04), 0.59 (0.48-0.73), 0.53 (0.41-0.67), and 0.38 (0.29-0.50), respectively. We observed similar effects on CVD mortality. Restricted cubic splines showed a curvilinear relationship between PA and risk of all-cause and CVD mortality with normal lipid levels and with dyslipidemia. CONCLUSION: Higher PA reduces the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Higher levels of PA are needed in the population.

Independent and joint associations of non-exercise cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: An association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been established in the Chinese population. This study aimed to estimate the independent and joint associations of CRF and obesity with T2DM incidence in the rural Chinese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a prospective study of 11,825 non-T2DM subjects among rural Chinese adults. Cox regression models were used to estimate the independent and joint associations between CRF and obesity exposure on T2DM. Restricted cubic splines were used to model the dose-response association. During a median follow-up of 6.01 years, 835 participants developed T2DM. In comparison to quartile 1 of CRF, the multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of quartiles 2, 3, 4 were 0.75 (0.61-0.91), 0.54 (0.43-0.68), and 0.42 (0.32-0.55), respectively. When stratified by sex, the results were similar. Joint analyses showed that overweight/obesity-unfit individuals had a 2.28 times higher risk of developing T2DM than the normal weight-fit referent (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.84-2.83; Pinteraction <0.001). The risk for the overweight/obesity-fit category (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.21-2.15) was larger than for the normal weight-unfit category (HR 1.38, 95% CI 0.97-1.95) versus the normal weight-fit referent. Similar joint associations for waist circumference and CRF with T2DM were also observed. CONCLUSION: A negative association was observed between CRF and risk of T2DM. Overweight/obese or abdominal obesity and unfit participants showed the highest risks of T2DM. It is therefore strongly recommended that fitness-enhancing be encouraged for the prevention of T2DM, especially among obesity participants.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE: Current evidence of the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality is limited. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the dose-response association of CRF with mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer in healthy population. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched up to 26 December 2019 for reports of cohort studies giving risk estimates for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality by level of CRF. Cohort studies were included if CRF was assessed by an exercise stress test and reported as at least three levels or per incremental increase, and the association of CRF with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality was evaluated. Generalised least-squares regression models were used to assess the quantitative relation of CRF with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality. RESULTS: 34 cohort studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risks (RRs) for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality per one-metabolic equivalent increase in CRF were 0.88 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.93), 0.87 (95% CI0.83 to 0.91) and 0.93 (95% CI 0.91 to 0.96), respectively. As compared with lowest CRF, with intermediate CRF, the summary RRs for all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality were 0.67 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.74), 0.60 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.69) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.84), respectively, and with highest CRF were 0.47 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.56), 0.49 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.56) and 0.57 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.70), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our analysis showed inverse dose-response associations of CRF with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality, which provides evidence for public health recommendations for preventing all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020208883.

Association of ABCG1 gene methylation and its dynamic change status with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Rural Chinese Cohort Study.

To explore whether DNA methylation of the ATP-binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) gene and its dynamic change are associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We conducted a nested case-control study with 286 pairs of T2DM cases and matched controls nested in the Rural Chinese Cohort Study. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident T2DM risk according to ABCG1 methylation level at baseline and its dynamic change at follow-up examination. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to analyze the association between ABCG1 methylation and its possible risk factors in the control group. We found that T2DM risk increased by 16% (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02-1.31) with each 1% increase in DNA methylation levels of the ABCG1 loci CpG13 and CpG14. DNA methylation change of the ABCG1 locus CpG15 during the 6-year follow-up was associated with increased T2DM risk: T2DM risk increased by 78% in the upper tertile group (methylation gain ≥5%) versus lower tertile group (methylation gain <1%) (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.01-3.15). Furthermore, body mass index was positively correlated with the DNA methylation level of the ABCG1 loci CpG13, CpG14 and CpG15. In conclusion, DNA methylation levels of the ABCG1 loci CpG13 and CpG14 and the methylation gain of locus CpG15 were positively associated with incident T2DM risk, which may suggest a possible etiologic pattern for T2DM and potentially improve T2DM prediction in rural Chinese people.

Chinese visceral adiposity index: A reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with risk of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The evidence of the association between Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is limited. We explored the association of CVAI with T2DM and directly compared with the predictive power of CVAI with other visceral obesity indices (visceral adiposity index, waist to height ratio, waist circumference and body mass index) based on a large prospective study. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study of 12 237 Chinese participants. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between CVAI and T2DM. RESULTS: During follow-up (median: 6.01 years), the incidence of T2DM was 3.29, 7.34, 12.37 and 23.72 per 1000 person-years for quartiles 1, 2, 3 and 4 of CVAI, respectively. The risk of T2DM was increased with quartiles 2, 3 and 4 vs quartile 1 of CVAI (HR 2.12 [95% CI 1.50-3.00], 2.94 [2.10-4.13] and 5.01 [3.57-7.04], Ptrend < 0.001). Per-SD increase in CVAI was associated with a 72% increased risk of T2DM (HR 1.72 [95% CI 1.56-1.88]). Sensitivity analyses did not alter the association. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was significantly higher for CVAI than other visceral obesity indices (all P <.001). Similar results were observed in stratified analyses by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a positive association between CVAI and risk of T2DM. CVAI has the best performance in predicting incident T2DM, so the index might be a reliable and applicable indicator identifying people at high risk of T2DM.

Chinese visceral adiposity index, a novel indicator of visceral obesity for assessing the risk of incident hypertension in a prospective cohort study.

The present study aimed to investigate the association of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and its 6-year change with hypertension risk and compare the ability of CVAI and other obesity indices to predict hypertension based on the Rural Chinese Cohort Study. Study participants were randomly recruited by a cluster sampling procedure, and 10 304 participants ≥18 years were included. Modified Poisson regression was used to derive adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % CI. We identified 2072 hypertension cases during a median of 6·03 years of follow-up. The RR for the highest v. lowest CVAI quartile were 1·29 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·59) for men and 1·53 (95 % CI 1·22, 1·91) for women. Per-sd increase in CVAI was associated with hypertension for both men (RR 1·09, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·16) and women (RR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·22). Also, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value for hypertension was higher for CVAI than the four other obesity indices for both sexes (all P < 0·05). Finally, per-sd increase in CVAI change was associated with hypertension for both men (RR 1·26, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·36) and women (RR 1·23, 95 % CI 1·15, 1·30). Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses. CVAI and its 6-year change are positively associated with hypertension risk. CVAI has better performance in predicting hypertension than other visceral obesity indices for both sexes. The current findings suggest CVAI as a reliable and applicable predictor of hypertension in rural Chinese adults.

Association between shift work and risk of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: A comprehensive assessment of the association of shift work with risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) through a systematic review and meta-analysis has not been reported. We aimed to evaluate the relationship from observational studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from inception to December 16, 2020. Articles were chosen according to established inclusion criteria. Studies with data on men and women and different types of shift work were treated as independent studies. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled by using random-effects models with heterogeneity (I2) > 50%; otherwise, a fixed-effects model was used. A total of 7192 articles was searched from PubMed, Embase and Web of science. Finally, we included 23 articles (38 studies) in this meta-analysis. The pooled RRs and 95% CI of MetS risk with shift work, 1-shift work, 2-shift work, and 3-shift work versus non-shift work were 1.30 (95% CI 1.19-1.41), 0.95 (95% CI 0.82-1.11), 1.19 (95% CI 0.91-1.56) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.00-1.37), respectively. The results from subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, and region supported our overall findings that shift work is a risk factor for MetS. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that shift work increases risk of MetS. Higher risk of MetS was found in the shift workers who were 2-shift or 3-shift or women or Asian workers.

Association of BMI with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.

AIMS: The relation of body mass index (BMI) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality has been extensively investigated in the general population but is less clear in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We performed a meta-analysis of cohort studies to quantitatively evaluate the association of BMI with CVD incidence and mortality in patients with T2DM. DATA SYNTHESIS: PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant cohort articles published up to June 8, 2020. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the potential linear or non-linear dose-response associations. We identified 17 articles (21 studies) with 1,349,075 participants and 57,725 cases (49,354 CVD incidence and 8371 CVD mortality) in the meta-analysis. We found a linear association between BMI and risk of CVD incidence (Pnon-linearity = 0.182); the pooled RR for CVD incidence was 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04-1.20) with a 5-unit increase in BMI. We found an overall nonlinear relationship between BMI and CVD mortality (Pnon-linearity < 0.001). The lowest risk was at BMI about 28.4 kg/m2, with increased mortality risk for higher BMI values; the RR with a 5-unit increase in BMI was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.96) and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04-1.18) for BMI ≤28.4 kg/m2 and BMI >28.4 kg/m2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with T2DM, BMI may have a positive linear association with risk of CVD incidence but a nonlinear association with CVD mortality. Our results can provide evidence for weight control and lifestyle intervention for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease in T2DM.

Solid fuel use and cardiovascular events: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Although solid fuel use has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular events (CVEs), conclusions have been inconsistent. We systematically searched 3 databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) up to July 3, 2020, to identify English language reports that assessed the association of solid fuel use with CVEs. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity and to test the stability of the results. We finally included 13 observational studies (8 cohort, 3 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control studies comprising 791,220 participants) in the meta-analysis. The risk of CVEs was increased 21% with the highest versus the lowest solid fuel use (highest/lowest, RRpooled  = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.10-1.34). As for the subgroup analyses on study design, the pooled RR for cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies were 1.11 (95%CI: 1.03-1.19), 4.80 (95%CI: 2.22-10.39), and 1.46 (95%CI: 0.82-2.62), respectively. The results of this study suggested that high solid fuel use was associated with increased CVE risk, and that reducing the use of solid fuel will be important for improving the health of the populations in developing countries.

Association between retinol intake and hyperuricaemia in adults.

OBJECTIVE: Current evidences on the association between hyperuricaemia and retinol intake remain inconsistent. Furthermore, no known studies have investigated the relationship between hyperuricaemia and retinol intake from animal food and plant food separately. This study aimed to assess the relationship between different sources of retinol intake and risk of hyperuricaemia among US adults. DESIGN: Univariate and multivariate weighted logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were used to assess the associations of total, animal-derived and plant-derived retinol intakes with the risk of hyperuricaemia. Dietary retinol was measured through two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Hyperuricaemia was defined as serum uric acid level ≥7·0 and ≥6·0 mg/dl in men and women, respectively. SETTING: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014 were used in this cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Overall, 12 869 participants aged ≥20 years were included. RESULTS: Compared with the lowest quintile, the multivariable OR of hyperuricaemia for the highest quintile intake of total, animal-derived and plant-derived retinol were 0·71 (95 % CI 0·52, 0·96), 0·76 (95 % CI 0·59, 0·96) and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·72, 1·17), respectively. The inverse association between dietary intake of total retinol and the risk of hyperuricaemia was observed in men. Dose-response analyses revealed a novel linear trend between the risk of hyperuricaemia and total, animal-derived retinol intake separately. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that intakes of total and animal-derived retinol were negatively associated with hyperuricaemia in US adults.

BMI and risk of all-cause mortality in normotensive and hypertensive adults: the rural Chinese cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The impact of baseline hypertension status on the BMI-mortality association is still unclear. We aimed to examine the moderation effect of hypertension on the BMI-mortality association using a rural Chinese cohort. DESIGN: In this cohort study, we investigated the incident of mortality according to different BMI categories by hypertension status. SETTING: Longitudinal population-based cohort. PARTICIPANTS: 17 262 adults ≥18 years were recruited from July to August of 2013 and July to August of 2014 from a rural area in China. RESULTS: During a median 6-year follow-up, we recorded 1109 deaths (610 with and 499 without hypertension). In adjusted models, as compared with BMI 22-24 kg/m2, with BMI ≤ 18, 18-20, 20-22, 24-26, 26-28, 28-30 and >30 kg/m2, the hazard ratios for mortality in normotensive participants were 1·92 (95% CI 1·23, 3·00), 1·44 (95% CI 1·01, 2·05), 1·14 (95% CI 0·82, 1·58), 0·96 (95% CI 0·70, 1·31), 0·96 (95% CI 0·65, 1·43), 1·32 (95% CI 0·81, 2·14) and 1·32 (95% CI 0·74, 2·35), respectively, and in hypertensive participants were 1·85 (95% CI 1·08, 3·17), 1·67 (95% CI 1·17, 2·39), 1·29 (95% CI 0·95, 1·75), 1·20 (95% CI 0·91, 1·58), 1·10 (95% CI 0·83, 1·46), 1·10 (95% CI 0·80, 1·52) and 0·61 (95% CI 0·40, 0·94), respectively. The risk of mortality was lower in individuals with hypertension with overweight or obesity v. normal weight, especially in older hypertensives (≥60 years old). Sensitivity analyses gave consistent results for both normotensive and hypertensive participants. CONCLUSIONS: Low BMI was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality regardless of hypertension status in rural Chinese adults, but high BMI decreased the mortality risk among individuals with hypertension, especially in older hypertensives.

Dose-response association between adult height and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis from published cohort studies to examine the association of adult height and all-cause mortality and to further explore the dose-response association. METHODS: PubMed, The Cochrane Library, The Ovid, CNKI, CQVIP and Wanfang databases were searched for articles published from database inception to 6 February 2018. We used the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model to estimate the quantitative association between adult height and all-cause mortality and the restricted cubic splines to model the dose-response association. RESULTS: We included 15 articles, with 1 533 438 death events and 2 854 543 study participants. For each 5-cm height increase below the average, the risk of all-cause mortality was reduced by 7% [relative risk (RR) = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89-0.97] for men and 5% (RR = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.90-0.99) for women. All-cause mortality had a U-shaped association with adult height, the lowest risk occurring at 174 cm for men and 158 cm for women (both Pnonlinearity < 0.001). Relative to the shortest adult height (147 cm for men and 137 cm for women), men at 174 cm had a 47% lower likelihood of all-cause mortality and women at 158 cm a 33% lower risk of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the relation between adult height and all-cause mortality is approximately U-shaped in both men and women.

Dose-Response Association Between High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Studies investigating the effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) on stroke and stroke subtypes have reached inconsistent conclusions. The purpose of our study was to clarify the dose-response association between HDL-C level and risk of total stroke and stroke subtypes by a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases through July 30, 2020, for prospective cohort studies that reported the HDL-C-stroke association and extracted the estimate that was adjusted for the greatest number of confounding factors. Restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the linear and nonlinear dose-response associations. RESULTS: We included 29 articles, which reported on 62 prospective cohort studies including 900,501 study participants and 25,678 with stroke. The summary relative risk per 1-mmol/L increase in HDL-C level for total stroke was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.76-0.89; I2 = 42.9%; n = 18); ischemic stroke (IS), 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69-0.82; I2 = 50.1%; n = 22); intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 1.21 (95% CI, 1.04-1.42; I2 = 33.4%; n = 10); and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-1.00; I2 = 0%; n = 7). We found a linear inverse association between HDL-C level and risk of total stroke and SAH, a nonlinear inverse association for IS risk, but a linear positive association for ICH risk. The strength and the direction of the effect size estimate for total stroke, IS, ICH, and SAH remained stable for most subgroups. We found no publication bias with Begg's test and Egger's test for the association of HDL-C level with risk of total stroke, IS, and ICH. CONCLUSION: A high HDL-C level is associated with reduced risk of total stroke and IS and an increased risk of ICH.