Single-Cell Analyses Inform Mechanisms of Myeloid-Targeted Therapies in Colon Cancer.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful tool for defining cellular diversity in tumors, but its application toward dissecting mechanisms underlying immune-modulating therapies is scarce. We performed scRNA-seq analyses on immune and stromal populations from colorectal cancer patients, identifying specific macrophage and conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets as key mediators of cellular cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment. Defining comparable myeloid populations in mouse tumors enabled characterization of their response to myeloid-targeted immunotherapy. Treatment with anti-CSF1R preferentially depleted macrophages with an inflammatory signature but spared macrophage populations that in mouse and human expresses pro-angiogenic/tumorigenic genes. Treatment with a CD40 agonist antibody preferentially activated a cDC population and increased Bhlhe40+ Th1-like cells and CD8+ memory T cells. Our comprehensive analysis of key myeloid subsets in human and mouse identifies critical cellular interactions regulating tumor immunity and defines mechanisms underlying myeloid-targeted immunotherapies currently undergoing clinical testing.

Landscape and Dynamics of Single Immune Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly characterized. Combining two single-cell RNA sequencing technologies, we produced transcriptomes of CD45+ immune cells for HCC patients from five immune-relevant sites: tumor, adjacent liver, hepatic lymph node (LN), blood, and ascites. A cluster of LAMP3+ dendritic cells (DCs) appeared to be the mature form of conventional DCs and possessed the potential to migrate from tumors to LNs. LAMP3+ DCs also expressed diverse immune-relevant ligands and exhibited potential to regulate multiple subtypes of lymphocytes. Of the macrophages in tumors that exhibited distinct transcriptional states, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were associated with poor prognosis, and we established the inflammatory role of SLC40A1 and GPNMB in these cells. Further, myeloid and lymphoid cells in ascites were predominantly linked to tumor and blood origins, respectively. The dynamic properties of diverse CD45+ cell types revealed by this study add new dimensions to the immune landscape of HCC.

Structure of active human telomerase with telomere shelterin protein TPP1.

Human telomerase is a RNA-protein complex that extends the 3' end of linear chromosomes by synthesizing multiple copies of the telomeric repeat TTAGGG1. Its activity is a determinant of cancer progression, stem cell renewal and cellular aging2-5. Telomerase is recruited to telomeres and activated for telomere repeat synthesis by the telomere shelterin protein TPP16,7. Human telomerase has a bilobal structure with a catalytic core ribonuclear protein and a H and ACA box ribonuclear protein8,9. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of human telomerase catalytic core of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA (TER (also known as hTR)), and of telomerase with the shelterin protein TPP1. TPP1 forms a structured interface with the TERT-unique telomerase essential N-terminal domain (TEN) and the telomerase RAP motif (TRAP) that are unique to TERT, and conformational dynamics of TEN-TRAP are damped upon TPP1 binding, defining the requirements for recruitment and activation. The structures further reveal that the elements of TERT and TER that are involved in template and telomeric DNA handling-including the TEN domain and the TRAP-thumb helix channel-are largely structurally homologous to those in Tetrahymena telomerase10, and provide unique insights into the mechanism of telomerase activity. The binding site of the telomerase inhibitor BIBR153211,12 overlaps a critical interaction between the TER pseudoknot and the TERT thumb domain. Numerous mutations leading to telomeropathies13,14 are located at the TERT-TER and TEN-TRAP-TPP1 interfaces, highlighting the importance of TER-TERT and TPP1 interactions for telomerase activity, recruitment and as drug targets.

Structure of Tetrahymena telomerase-bound CST with polymerase α-primase.

Telomeres are the physical ends of linear chromosomes. They are composed of short repeating sequences (such as TTGGGG in the G-strand for Tetrahymena thermophila) of double-stranded DNA with a single-strand 3' overhang of the G-strand and, in humans, the six shelterin proteins: TPP1, POT1, TRF1, TRF2, RAP1 and TIN21,2. TPP1 and POT1 associate with the 3' overhang, with POT1 binding the G-strand3 and TPP1 (in complex with TIN24) recruiting telomerase via interaction with telomerase reverse transcriptase5 (TERT). The telomere DNA ends are replicated and maintained by telomerase6, for the G-strand, and subsequently DNA polymerase α-primase7,8 (PolαPrim), for the C-strand9. PolαPrim activity is stimulated by the heterotrimeric complex CTC1-STN1-TEN110-12 (CST), but the structural basis of the recruitment of PolαPrim and CST to telomere ends remains unknown. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Tetrahymena CST in the context of the telomerase holoenzyme, in both the absence and the presence of PolαPrim, and of PolαPrim alone. Tetrahymena Ctc1 binds telomerase subunit p50, a TPP1 orthologue, on a flexible Ctc1 binding motif revealed by cryo-EM and NMR spectroscopy. The PolαPrim polymerase subunit POLA1 binds Ctc1 and Stn1, and its interface with Ctc1 forms an entry port for G-strand DNA to the POLA1 active site. We thus provide a snapshot of four key components that are required for telomeric DNA synthesis in a single active complex-telomerase-core ribonucleoprotein, p50, CST and PolαPrim-that provides insights into the recruitment of CST and PolαPrim and the handoff between G-strand and C-strand synthesis.

Structures of telomerase at several steps of telomere repeat synthesis.

Telomerase is unique among the reverse transcriptases in containing a noncoding RNA (known as telomerase RNA (TER)) that includes a short template that is used for the processive synthesis of G-rich telomeric DNA repeats at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic chromosomes1. Telomerase maintains genomic integrity, and its activity or dysregulation are critical determinants of human longevity, stem cell renewal and cancer progression2,3. Previous cryo-electron microscopy structures have established the general architecture, protein components and stoichiometries of Tetrahymena and human telomerase, but our understandings of the details of DNA-protein and RNA-protein interactions and of the mechanisms and recruitment involved remain limited4-6. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of active Tetrahymena telomerase with telomeric DNA at different steps of nucleotide addition. Interactions between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), TER and DNA reveal the structural basis of the determination of the 5' and 3' template boundaries, handling of the template-DNA duplex and separation of the product strand during nucleotide addition. The structure and binding interface between TERT and telomerase protein p50 (a homologue of human TPP17,8) define conserved interactions that are required for telomerase activation and recruitment to telomeres. Telomerase La-related protein p65 remodels several regions of TER, bridging the 5' and 3' ends and the conserved pseudoknot to facilitate assembly of the TERT-TER catalytic core.

Targeting the PHF8/YY1 axis suppresses cancer cell growth through modulation of ROS.

High levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are linked to cancer development, which is tightly controlled by the electron transport chain (ETC). However, the epigenetic mechanisms governing ETC gene transcription to drive mROS production and cancer cell growth remain to be fully characterized. Here, we report that protein demethylase PHF8 is overexpressed in many types of cancers, including colon and lung cancer, and is negatively correlated with ETC gene expression. While it is well known to demethylate histones to activate transcription, PHF8 demethylates transcription factor YY1, functioning as a co-repressor for a large set of nuclear-coded ETC genes to drive mROS production and cancer development. In addition to genetically ablating PHF8, pharmacologically targeting PHF8 with a specific chemical inhibitor, iPHF8, is potent in regulating YY1 methylation, ETC gene transcription, mROS production, and cell growth in colon and lung cancer cells. iPHF8 exhibits potency and safety in suppressing tumor growth in cell-line- and patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Our data uncover a key epigenetic mechanism underlying ETC gene transcriptional regulation, demonstrating that targeting the PHF8/YY1 axis has great potential to treat cancers.

Genomic basis for RNA alterations in cancer.

Transcript alterations often result from somatic changes in cancer genomes1. Various forms of RNA alterations have been described in cancer, including overexpression2, altered splicing3 and gene fusions4; however, it is difficult to attribute these to underlying genomic changes owing to heterogeneity among patients and tumour types, and the relatively small cohorts of patients for whom samples have been analysed by both transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing. Here we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive catalogue of cancer-associated gene alterations to date, obtained by characterizing tumour transcriptomes from 1,188 donors of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)5. Using matched whole-genome sequencing data, we associated several categories of RNA alterations with germline and somatic DNA alterations, and identified probable genetic mechanisms. Somatic copy-number alterations were the major drivers of variations in total gene and allele-specific expression. We identified 649 associations of somatic single-nucleotide variants with gene expression in cis, of which 68.4% involved associations with flanking non-coding regions of the gene. We found 1,900 splicing alterations associated with somatic mutations, including the formation of exons within introns in proximity to Alu elements. In addition, 82% of gene fusions were associated with structural variants, including 75 of a new class, termed 'bridged' fusions, in which a third genomic location bridges two genes. We observed transcriptomic alteration signatures that differ between cancer types and have associations with variations in DNA mutational signatures. This compendium of RNA alterations in the genomic context provides a rich resource for identifying genes and mechanisms that are functionally implicated in cancer.

JMJD6 Licenses ERα-Dependent Enhancer and Coding Gene Activation by Modulating the Recruitment of the CARM1/MED12 Co-activator Complex.

Whereas the actions of enhancers in gene transcriptional regulation are well established, roles of JmjC-domain-containing proteins in mediating enhancer activation remain poorly understood. Here, we report that recruitment of the JmjC-domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-bound active enhancers is required for RNA polymerase II recruitment and enhancer RNA production on enhancers, resulting in transcriptional pause release of cognate estrogen target genes. JMJD6 is found to interact with MED12 in the mediator complex to regulate its recruitment. Unexpectedly, JMJD6 is necessary for MED12 to interact with CARM1, which methylates MED12 at multiple arginine sites and regulates its chromatin binding. Consistent with its role in transcriptional activation, JMJD6 is required for estrogen/ERα-induced breast cancer cell growth and tumorigenesis. Our data have uncovered a critical regulator of estrogen/ERα-induced enhancer coding gene activation and breast cancer cell potency, providing a potential therapeutic target of ER-positive breast cancers.

CARM1 hypermethylates the NuRD chromatin remodeling complex to promote cell cycle gene expression and breast cancer development.

Protein arginine methyltransferase CARM1 has been shown to methylate a large number of non-histone proteins, and play important roles in gene transcriptional activation, cell cycle progress, and tumorigenesis. However, the critical substrates through which CARM1 exerts its functions remain to be fully characterized. Here, we reported that CARM1 directly interacts with the GATAD2A/2B subunit in the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, expanding the activities of NuRD to include protein arginine methylation. CARM1 and NuRD bind and activate a large cohort of genes with implications in cell cycle control to facilitate the G1 to S phase transition. This gene activation process requires CARM1 to hypermethylate GATAD2A/2B at a cluster of arginines, which is critical for the recruitment of the NuRD complex. The clinical significance of this gene activation mechanism is underscored by the high expression of CARM1 and NuRD in breast cancers, and the fact that knockdown CARM1 and NuRD inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Targeting CARM1-mediated GATAD2A/2B methylation with CARM1 specific inhibitors potently inhibit breast cancer cell growth in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. These findings reveal a gene activation program that requires arginine methylation established by CARM1 on a key chromatin remodeler, and targeting such methylation might represent a promising therapeutic avenue in the clinic.

Artificial intelligence in cancer immunotherapy: Applications in neoantigen recognition, antibody design and immunotherapy response prediction.

Cancer immunotherapy is a method of controlling and eliminating tumors by reactivating the body's cancer-immunity cycle and restoring its antitumor immune response. The increased availability of data, combined with advancements in high-performance computing and innovative artificial intelligence (AI) technology, has resulted in a rise in the use of AI in oncology research. State-of-the-art AI models for functional classification and prediction in immunotherapy research are increasingly used to support laboratory-based experiments. This review offers a glimpse of the current AI applications in immunotherapy, including neoantigen recognition, antibody design, and prediction of immunotherapy response. Advancing in this direction will result in more robust predictive models for developing better targets, drugs, and treatments, and these advancements will eventually make their way into the clinical setting, pushing AI forward in the field of precision oncology.

Domain-Targeted Membrane Partitioning of Specific Proteins with DNA Nanodevices.

The cell membrane exhibits a remarkable complexity of lipids and proteins that dynamically segregate into distinct domains to coordinate various cellular functions. The ability to manipulate the partitioning of specific membrane proteins without involving genetic modification is essential for decoding various cellular processes but highly challenging. In this work, by conjugating cholesterols or tocopherols at the three bottom vertices of the DNA tetrahedron, we develop two sets of nanodevices for the selective targeting of lipid-order (Lo) and lipid-disorder (Ld) domains on the live cell membrane. By incorporation of protein-recognition ligands, such as aptamers or antibodies, through toehold-mediated strand displacement, these DNA nanodevices enable dynamic translocation of target proteins between these two domains. We first used PTK7 as a protein model and demonstrated, for the first time, that the accumulation of PTK7 to the Lo domains could promote tumor cell migration, while sequestering it in the Ld domains would inhibit the movement of the cells. Next, based on their modular nature, these DNA nanodevices were extended to regulate the process of T cell activation through manipulating the translocation of CD45 between the Lo and the Ld domains. Thus, our work is expected to provide deep insight into the study of membrane structure and molecular interactions within diverse cell signaling processes.

Supermolecular Confined Silicon Phosphorescence Nanoprobes for Time-Resolved Hypoxic Imaging Analysis.

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) nanoprobes play crucial roles in hypoxia imaging due to their high signal-to-background ratio (SBR) in the time domain. However, synthesizing RTP probes in aqueous media with a small size and high quantum yield remains challenging for intracellular hypoxic imaging up to present. Herein, aqueous RTP nanoprobes consisting of naphthalene anhydride derivatives, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), and organosilicon are reported via supermolecular confined methods. Benefiting from the noncovalent confinement of CB[7] and hydrolysis reactions of organosilicon, such small-sized RTP nanoprobes (5-10 nm) exhibit inherent tunable phosphorescence (from 400 to 680 nm) with microsecond second lifetimes (up to ∼158.7 µs) and high quantum yield (up to ∼30%). The as-prepared RTP nanoprobes illustrate excellent intracellular hypoxia responsibility in a broad range from ∼0.1 to 21% oxygen concentrations. Compared to traditional fluorescence mode, the SBR value (∼108.69) of microsecond-range time-resolved in vitro imaging is up to 2.26 times greater in severe hypoxia (<0.1% O2), offering opportunities for precision imaging analysis in a hypoxic environment.

DNA Origami Plasmonic Nanoantenna for Programmable Biosensing of Multiple Cytokines in Cancer Immunotherapy.

Herein, we report a DNA origami plasmonic nanoantenna for the programmable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of cytokine release syndrome (CRS)-associated cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) in cancer immunotherapy. Typically, the nanoantenna was made of self-assembled DNA origami nanotubes (diameter: ∼19 nm; length: ∼90 nm) attached to a silver nanoparticle-modified silicon wafer (AgNP/Si). Each DNA origami nanotube contains one miniature gold nanorod (AuNR) inside (e.g., length: ∼35 nm; width: ∼7 nm). Intriguingly, TNF-α and IFN-γ logically regulate the opening of the nanotubes and the dissociation of the AuNRs from the origami structure upon binding to their corresponding aptamers. On this basis, we constructed a complete set of Boolean logic gates that read cytokine molecules as inputs and return changes in Raman signals as outputs. Significantly, we demonstrated that the presented system enables the quantification of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the serum of tumor-bearing mice receiving different types of immunotherapies (e.g., PD1/PD-L1 complex inhibitors and STING agonists). The sensing results are consistent with those of the ELISA. This strategy fills a gap in the use of DNA origami for the detection of multiple cytokines in real systems.

Defect-Rich Metastable MoS2 Promotes Macrophage Reprogramming in Breast Cancer: A Clinical Perspective.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial function in solid tumor antigen clearance and immune suppression. Notably, 2D transitional metal dichalcogenides (i.e., molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanozymes) with enzyme-like activity are demonstrated in animal models for cancer immunotherapy. However, in situ engineering of TAMs polarization through sufficient accumulation of free radical reactive oxygen species for immunotherapy in clinical samples remains a significant challenge. In this study, defect-rich metastable MoS2 nanozymes, i.e., 1T2H-MoS2, are designed via reduction and phase transformation in molten sodium as a guided treatment for human breast cancer. The as-prepared 1T2H-MoS2 exhibited enhanced peroxidase-like activity (≈12-fold enhancement) than that of commercial MoS2, which is attributed to the charge redistribution and electronic state induced by the abundance of S vacancies. The 1T2H-MoS2 nanozyme can function as an extracellular hydroxyl radical generator, efficiently repolarizing TAMs into the M1-like phenotype and directly killing cancer cells. Moreover, the clinical feasibility of 1T2H-MoS2 is demonstrated via ex vivo therapeutic responses in human breast cancer samples. The apoptosis rate of cancer cells is 3.4 times greater than that of cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs (i.e., doxorubicin).

Expanding plant genome editing scope and profiles with CRISPR-FrCas9 systems targeting palindromic TA sites.

CRISPR-Cas9 is widely used for genome editing, but its PAM sequence requirements limit its efficiency. In this study, we explore Faecalibaculum rodentium Cas9 (FrCas9) for plant genome editing, especially in rice. FrCas9 recognizes a concise 5'-NNTA-3' PAM, targeting more abundant palindromic TA sites in plant genomes than the 5'-NGG-3' PAM sites of the most popular SpCas9. FrCas9 shows cleavage activities at all tested 5'-NNTA-3' PAM sites with editing outcomes sharing the same characteristics of a typical CRISPR-Cas9 system. FrCas9 induces high-efficiency targeted mutagenesis in stable rice lines, readily generating biallelic mutants with expected phenotypes. We augment FrCas9's ability to generate larger deletions through fusion with the exonuclease, TREX2. TREX2-FrCas9 generates much larger deletions than FrCas9 without compromise in editing efficiency. We demonstrate TREX2-FrCas9 as an efficient tool for genetic knockout of a microRNA gene. Furthermore, FrCas9-derived cytosine base editors (CBEs) and adenine base editors (ABE) are developed to produce targeted C-to-T and A-to-G base edits in rice plants. Whole-genome sequencing-based off-target analysis suggests that FrCas9 is a highly specific nuclease. Expression of TREX2-FrCas9 in plants, however, causes detectable guide RNA-independent off-target mutations, mostly as single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Together, we have established an efficient CRISPR-FrCas9 system for targeted mutagenesis, large deletions, C-to-T base editing, and A-to-G base editing in plants. The simple palindromic TA motif in the PAM makes the CRISPR-FrCas9 system a promising tool for genome editing in plants with an expanded targeting scope.

PAM-relaxed and temperature-tolerant CRISPR-Mb3Cas12a single transcript unit systems for efficient singular and multiplexed genome editing in rice, maize, and tomato.

Class 2 Type V-A CRISPR-Cas (Cas12a) nucleases are powerful genome editing tools, particularly effective in A/T-rich genomic regions, complementing the widely used CRISPR-Cas9 in plants. To enhance the utility of Cas12a, we investigate three Cas12a orthologs-Mb3Cas12a, PrCas12a, and HkCas12a-in plants. Protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) requirements, editing efficiencies, and editing profiles are compared in rice. Among these orthologs, Mb3Cas12a exhibits high editing efficiency at target sites with a simpler, relaxed TTV PAM which is less restrictive than the canonical TTTV PAM of LbCas12a and AsCas12a. To optimize Mb3Cas12a, we develop an efficient single transcription unit (STU) system by refining the linker between Mb3Cas12a and CRISPR RNA (crRNA), nuclear localization signal (NLS), and direct repeat (DR). This optimized system enables precise genome editing in rice, particularly for fine-tuning target gene expression by editing promoter regions. Further, we introduced Arginine (R) substitutions at Aspartic acid (D) 172, Asparagine (N) 573, and Lysine (K) 579 of Mb3Cas12a, creating two temperature-tolerant variants: Mb3Cas12a-R (D172R) and Mb3Cas12a-RRR (D172R/N573R/K579R). These variants demonstrate significantly improved editing efficiency at lower temperatures (22 °C and 28 °C) in rice cells, with Mb3Cas12a-RRR showing the best performance. We extend this approach by developing efficient Mb3Cas12a-RRR STU systems in maize and tomato, achieving biallelic mutants targeting single or multiple genes in T0 lines cultivated at 28 °C and 25 °C, respectively. This study significantly expands Cas12a's targeting capabilities in plant genome editing, providing valuable tools for future research and practical applications.

Combining genome-wide association study and linkage mapping in the genetic dissection of amylose content in maize (Zea mays L.).

KEY MESSAGE: Integrated linkage and association analysis revealed genetic basis across multiple environments. The genes Zm00001d003102 and Zm00001d015905 were further verified to influence amylose content using gene-based association study. Maize kernel amylose is an important source of human food and industrial raw material. However, the genetic basis underlying maize amylose content is still obscure. Herein, we used an intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) Syn10 doubled haploid population composed of 222 lines and a germplasm set including 305 inbred lines to uncover the genetic control for amylose content under four environments. Linkage mapping detected 16 unique QTL, among which four were individually repeatedly identified across multiple environments. Genome-wide association study revealed 17 significant (P = 2.24E-06) single-nucleotide polymorphisms, of which two (SYN19568 and PZE-105090500) were located in the intervals of the mapped QTL (qAC2 and qAC5-3), respectively. According to the two population co-localized loci, 20 genes were confirmed as the candidate genes for amylose content. Gene-based association analysis indicated that the variants in Zm00001d003102 (Beta-16-galactosyltransferase GALT29A) and Zm00001d015905 (Sugar transporter 4a) affected amylose content across multi-environment. Tissue expression analysis showed that the two genes were specifically highly expressed in the ear and stem, respectively, suggesting that they might participate in sugar transport from source to sink organs. Our study provides valuable genetic information for breeding maize varieties with high amylose.

Development of highly adaptable RT-PCR methods for identifying Delta and BA.1 variants in inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.

Background The emergence and rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a significant threat to human health and public safety. While next-generation sequencing (NGS) is capable of detecting and tracking new COVID-19 variants for disease diagnosis and prevention, its high cost and time-consuming nature limit its widespread use. In this study, our aim was to develop a highly adaptable and accurate RT-PCR method for identifying the Delta or BA.1 variants in inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. We devised three two-plex RT-PCR methods targeting specific mutation sites: S: Δ156-157, S: N211-, L212I, and S: Δ142-144, Y145D. The RT-PCR method targeting the S: Δ156-157 mutation site was able to distinguish the Delta variant from other COVID-19 virus strains, while the RT-PCR methods targeting the S: N211-, L212I or S: Δ142-144, Y145D mutation sites were able to distinguish the BA.1 variant from other COVID-19 virus strains. We separately validated these three two-plex RT-PCR methods, and the results demonstrated good linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and specificity for each method. Moreover, all three methods can be applied in the production of SARS-CoV-2 variant inactivated vaccines, enabling the identification of Delta or BA.1 variants in virus cultures as well as in inactivated vaccine stocks. This study presents a systematic approach to identify COVID-19 variants using multiple RT-PCR methods. We successfully developed three two-plex RT-PCR methods that can identify Delta and BA.1 variants based on specific mutation sites, and we completed the validation of these three methods.

Cohort profile: Beijing Healthy Aging Cohort Study (BHACS).

The Beijing Healthy Aging Cohort Study (BHACS) was established to supplement the limited data of a large representative cohort of older people based on the general population and was designed to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of cognitive decline, functional disability, and conventional vascular risk factors. The aim was to determine the evolution of these conditions by estimating the rates and determinants of progression and regression to adverse outcomes, including dementia, cardiovascular events, cancer, and all-cause death. It can therefore provide evidence to help policy makers develop better policies to promote healthy aging in China. BHACS consisted of three cohorts (BLSA, CCHS-Beijing, and BECHCS) in Beijing with a total population of 11 235 (6281 in urban and 4954 in rural areas) and an age range of 55 years or older (55-101 years) with a mean age of 70.35 ± 7.71 years (70.69 ± 7.62 years in urban and 69.92 ± 7.80 years in rural areas). BHACS-BLSA conducted the baseline survey in 2009 with a multistage stratification-random clustering procedure for people aged 55 years or older; BHACS-CCHS-Beijing conducted the baseline survey in 2013-2015 with a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method for people aged 55 years or older; and BHACS-BECHCS conducted the baseline survey in 2010-2014 with two-stage cluster random sampling method for people aged 60 years or older. Data were collected through questionnaires, physical measurements, and laboratory analyses. Topics covered by BHACS include a wide range of physical and mental health indicators, lifestyles and personal, family, and socio-economic determinants of health. There are no immediate plans to make the cohort data freely available to the public, but specific proposals for further collaboration are welcome. For further information and collaboration, please contact the corresponding author Yao He (e-mail: yhe301@x263.net).

Two-dimensional Janus monolayers SPtAZ2 (A = Si and Ge; Z = N, P, and As): insight into their photocatalytic properties via first-principles calculations.

As a derivative of the two-dimensional material family, two-dimensional Janus materials have garnered widespread attention in recent years. Consequently, in this work, we systematically investigated the stability, electronic properties, photocatalytic properties, optical properties, and carrier mobility of SPtAZ2 (A = Si and Ge; Z = N, P, and As) monolayers using first-principles calculations. In the equilibrium state, we identified four stable structures that exhibited the properties of indirect band gap semiconductors using the HSE06 hybrid functional. Through the exploration of the photocatalytic and optical properties of these four stable structures, we observed that SPtSiN2, SPtSiP2, and SPtGeAs2 monolayers possess favorable band edge positions, high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (up to 30.74%), and light absorption efficiency, thus endowing these three structures with commendable photocatalytic and light absorption performance. We additionally calculated the carrier mobility of these three structures and identified significant differences in electron and hole mobilities in the same direction, facilitating the effective separation of electrons and holes. Finally, we explored the effects of biaxial strain on the electronic properties, photocatalysis, and light absorption of stable SPtAZ2 monolayers. Our research results not only expand the 2D Janus material family, but also successfully predict a type of photocatalyst capable of utilizing visible light for overall water splitting.