Peptide Bispecifics Inhibiting HIV-1 Infection by an Orthogonal Chemical and Supramolecular Strategy.

Viral infections pose a significant threat to human health, and effective antiviral strategies are urgently needed. Antiviral peptides have emerged as a promising class of therapeutic agents due to their unique properties and mechanisms of action. While effective on their own, combining antiviral peptides may allow us to enhance their potency and to prevent viral resistance. Here, we developed an orthogonal chemical strategy to prepare a heterodimeric peptide conjugate assembled on a protein-based nanoplatform. Specifically, we combined the optimized version of two peptides inhibiting HIV-1 by distinct mechanisms. Virus-inhibitory peptide (VIRIP) is a 20 amino acid fragment of α1-antitrypsin that inhibits HIV-1 by targeting the gp41 fusion peptide. Endogenous peptide inhibitor of CXCR4 (EPI-X4) is a 16-residue fragment of human serum albumin that prevents HIV-1 entry by binding to the viral CXCR4 co-receptor. Optimized forms of both peptides are assembled on supramolecular nanoplatforms through the streptavidin-biotin interaction. We show that the construct consisting of the two different peptides (SAv-VIR-102C9-EPI-X4 JM#173-C) shows increased activity against CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 variants. Our results are a proof of concept that peptides with different modes of action can be assembled on nanoplatforms to enhance their antiviral activity.

Advanced EPI-X4 Derivatives Covalently Bind Human Serum Albumin Resulting in Prolonged Plasma Stability.

Advanced derivatives of the Endogenous Peptide Inhibitor of CXCR4 (EPI-X4) have shown therapeutic efficacy upon topical administration in animal models of asthma and dermatitis. Here, we studied the plasma stability of the EPI-X4 lead compounds WSC02 and JM#21, using mass spectrometry to monitor the chemical integrity of the peptides and a functional fluorescence-based assay to determine peptide function in a CXCR4-antibody competition assay. Although mass spectrometry revealed very rapid disappearance of both peptides in human plasma within seconds, the functional assay revealed a significantly higher half-life of 9 min for EPI-X4 WSC02 and 6 min for EPI-X4 JM#21. Further analyses demonstrated that EPI-X4 WSC02 and EPI-X4 JM#21 interact with low molecular weight plasma components and serum albumin. Albumin binding is mediated by the formation of a disulfide bridge between Cys10 in the EPI-X4 peptides and Cys34 in albumin. These covalently linked albumin-peptide complexes have a higher stability in plasma as compared with the non-bound peptides and retain the ability to bind and antagonize CXCR4. Remarkably, chemically synthesized albumin-EPI-X4 conjugates coupled by non-breakable bonds have a drastically increased plasma stability of over 2 h. Thus, covalent coupling of EPI-X4 to albumin in vitro before administration or in vivo post administration may significantly increase the pharmacokinetic properties of this new class of CXCR4 antagonists.

Precision Anisotropic Brush Polymers by Sequence Controlled Chemistry.

The programming of nanomaterials at molecular length-scales to control architecture and function represents a pinnacle in soft materials synthesis. Although elusive in synthetic materials, Nature has evolutionarily refined macromolecular synthesis with perfect atomic resolution across three-dimensional space that serves specific functions. We show that biomolecules, specifically proteins, provide an intrinsic macromolecular backbone for the construction of anisotropic brush polymers with monodisperse lengths via grafting-from strategy. Using human serum albumin as a model, its sequence was exploited to chemically transform a single cysteine, such that the expression of said functionality is asymmetrically placed along the backbone of the eventual brush polymer. This positional monofunctionalization strategy was connected with biotin-streptavidin interactions to demonstrate the capabilities for site-specific self-assembly to create higher ordered architectures. Supported by systematic experimental and computational studies, we envisioned that this macromolecular platform provides unique avenues and perspectives in macromolecular design for both nanoscience and biomedicine.

Assembly of pH-Responsive Antibody-Drug-Inspired Conjugates.

With the advent of chemical strategies that allow the design of smart bioconjugates, peptide- and protein-drug conjugates are emerging as highly efficient therapeutics to overcome limitations of conventional treatment, as exemplified by antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). While targeting peptides serve similar roles as antibodies to recognize overexpressed receptors on diseased cell surfaces, peptide-drug conjugates suffer from poor stability and bioavailability due to their low molecular weights. Through a combination of a supramolecular protein-based assembly platform and a pH-responsive linker, the authors devise herein the convenient assembly of a trivalent protein-drug conjugate. The conjugate should ideally possess distinct features of ADCs such as 1) recognition sites that recognize cell receptor and are arranged on 2) distinct locations on a high molecular weight protein scaffold, 3) a stimuli-responsive linker, as well as 4) an attached payload such as a drug molecule. These AD-like conjugates target cancer cells that overexpress somatostatin receptors, can enable controlled release in the microenvironment of cancer cells through a new pH-responsive biotin linker, and exhibit stability in biological media.

Precise tetrafunctional streptavidin bioconjugates towards multifaceted drug delivery systems.

The preparation of precise macromolecules with multiple functionalities remains a challenge in drug delivery. Here, a method to prepare stoichiometrically precise tetrafunctional streptavidin conjugates is presented with an exemplary structure combining exactly one fluorescent label, one cell targeting group, one nucleus penetrating peptide and one drug molecule.

Phosphorylation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil and its fractions.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil (RFO) is utilized by inhabitants of the Papua Island to treat diseases such as infections, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism of action is unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: We have recently shown that RFO stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation by RFO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NO production by endothelial cells was determined with electron paramagnetic resonance. The vascular function of isolated mouse aorta was examined using a wire myograph system. Phosphorylation of eNOS was studied with Western blot analyses. RESULTS: RFO induced concentration-dependent vasodilation in isolated mouse aorta. The vasodilator effect of RFO was lost in endothelium-denuded aorta and in aorta from mice deficient in eNOS. Treatment of human EA.hy 926 endothelial cells with RFO led to an enhancement of eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 and NO production. The RFO-induced eNOS phosphorylation and NO production were reduced by inhibitors of Akt or AMPK, but not by an inhibitor of CaMKII. The effects of RFO were decreased by pharmacological inhibition of PI3K, indicating an involvement of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Moreover, acetone-soluble fractions and oily fractions of RFO showed higher efficacies than the RFO polar fraction in activating eNOS. CONCLUSIONS: RFO contains highly active compounds that enhance NO production through Akt- or AMPK-mediated eNOS phosphorylation. The increase in endothelial NO production is likely to represent one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of RFO.

Supramolecular Toxin Complexes for Targeted Pharmacological Modulation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Functions.

The targeted pharmacological modulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is of major medical interest. These innate immune cells play a central role in the defense against pathogenic microorganisms. However, their excessive chemotactic recruitment into tissues after traumatic injury is detrimental due to local and systemic inflammation. Rho-GTPases, being the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, regulate migration and chemotaxis of PMNs, are attractive pharmacological targets. Herein, supramolecular protein complexes are assembled in a "mix-and-match" approach containing the specific Rho-inhibiting clostridial C3 enzyme and three PMN-binding peptides using an avidin platform. Selective delivery of the C3 Rho-inhibitor with these complexes into the cytosol of human neutrophil-like NB-4 cells and primary human PMNs ex vivo is demonstrated, where they catalyze the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation of Rho and induce a characteristic change in cell morphology. Notably, the complexes do not deliver C3 enzyme into human lung epithelial cells, A549 lung cancer cells, and immortalized human alveolar epithelial cells (hAELVi), demonstrating their cell type-selectivity. The supramolecular complexes represent attractive molecular tools to decipher the role of PMNs in infection and inflammation or for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for diseases that are associated with hyperactivity and reactivity of PMNs such as post-traumatic injury.