Solid waste management and Aedes aegypti infestation interconnections: A regression tree application.

Public health is at the core of all environmental and anthropic impacts. Urban and territorial planners should include public health concerns in their plans. Basic sanitation infrastructure is essential to maintaining public health and social and economic development. This infrastructure deficiency causes diseases, death and economic losses in developing countries. Framing interconnections among health, sanitation, urbanization and circular economy will assist sustainable development goal achievements. This study aims to identify the relationships between solid waste management indicators in Brazil and the Aedes aegypti mosquito infestation index. Regression trees were employed for modelling due to the complexity and characteristics of the data. The analyses were performed separately from data collected from 3501 municipalities and 42 indicators from the country's five regions. Results show that expenses and personnel indicators were the most critical indicators (in the mid-western, southeastern and southern regions), operational (northeastern (NE) region) and management (northern region). The mean absolute errors ranged from 0.803 (southern region) to 2.507 (NE region). Regional analyses indicate that the municipalities with better SWM results display lower infestation rates in buildings and residences. This research is innovative as it analyses infestation rates rather than dengue prevalence, using a machine learning method, in a multidisciplinary research field that needs further study.

Predictors for Screen Time Exposure among Children between 3 and 5 Years Old in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The use of technology is an increasingly common practice among preschoolers. Little is known about the relationship between screen time exposure (STE) and aspects related to family and the environment. AIM: The aim is to characterize STE in Brazilian children aged between 3 and 5 years. Furthermore, the objective of this study is to associate the STE of children and of their parents with sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Children aged between 3 and 5 years from southern Brazil and their parents participated in this study. To investigate STE, the researchers developed a specific questionnaire. To compare STE between age groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed, followed by Dunn's post hoc test. Spearman's correlation and linear regression were used to correlate the variables. RESULTS: Children (n = 237) spend an average of 3.7 ± 0.8 h/day in front of screens. The STE of children had a moderately positive correlation with the STE of their parents (r = 0.4; p-value < 0.001). Only the variables of the children's and parents' STE had a significant and positive association. The model is significant (F = 6164, p-value < 0.001) and the residuals of the model met the necessary assumptions, with normal distribution, constant variance and without the presence of outliers. CONCLUSION: Children in southern Brazil remain in front of screens four times longer than the recommended amount of time. It was also found that the STE of parents directly influences that of their children.

Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption.

This article aims to assess the impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on water consumption, based on a case study in Joinville, Southern Brazil. Residential water consumption data, obtained through telemetry in two periods (before and after a governmental action imposing quarantine and social isolation), were analyzed. Complementarily, the analyses were also applied to the commercial, industrial and public consumption categories. For the analysis, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests were applied and Prais-Winsten regression models were adjusted. The results of the Wilcoxon test show that there are significant differences between the analyzed periods, indicating a water consumption drop in the commercial, industrial and public categories, and an increase in the residential category. The regression model results confirm the effect of the restrictive actions in reducing consumption in non-residential categories. The results also indicate an increase in water consumption, which was steeper in apartment buildings than in houses, whether isolated or grouped in condominiums. A weak association was found between the variation in water consumption and the spatial distribution of buildings. Understanding water consumption related aspects is important to gather essential information to ensure the urban water supply system is resilient in a pandemic situation.

Statistical parametric and non-parametric control charts for monitoring residential water consumption.

The adoption of strategies for monitoring water consumption is essential for water resources management, contributing to the promotion of the sustainability in the water sector. Statistical process control (SPC) charts, which are widely used in the industrial sector, are statistical methods developed to improve the quality of products and processes. The application of this method has reached other areas over the last decades and has recently been identified as an option for environmental monitoring. In this context, the application of SPC charts emerges as an option for water consumption monitoring, whether in a building or an urban scale. Thus, this article aims to analyze the application of statistical process control charts in the monitoring of water consumption of two housing compounds in Joinville, southern Brazil. The methodological procedures include the use of the Shewhart and the EWMA control charts in addition to the non-parametric alternative, the EWMA-SN, assessing the effectiveness of these techniques in detecting water leaks in residential apartment buildings. The data sets, obtained through a telemetry metering system from the water utility, represent a period of 243 days. The results show that control charts are a powerful tool in identifying changes in water consumption patterns, with the EWMA chart flagging the leaks sooner.

Perfil e evolução da mortalidade por causas externas em Joinville (SC), 2003 a 2016 / Profile and trend in mortality due to external causes in Joinville (SC) from 2003 to 2016

Resumo Introdução A mortalidade por causas externas está entre as principais causas de óbito no mundo, com acentuada expressão em faixas etárias jovens. Objetivo Descrever o perfil das mortes por causas externas em município do Sul do país e verificar sua tendência nos últimos anos. Método Estudo retrospectivo dos óbitos por causas externas usando os coeficientes de mortalidade por sexo, grupo etário e causa da morte com análise por regressão quasi Poisson. Resultados O coeficiente de mortalidade foi de 46,3 por 100 mil habitantes, predominando os acidentes por transporte terrestre (40%) e agressões (30,5%). Identificou-se aumento de 53% nos coeficientes de mortalidade, com variações segundo sexo, grupo etário e tipo. Conclusão Necessitam-se intensificar políticas públicas conforme as especificidades na determinação dos tipos de morte em cada grupo etário.

Abstract Background Mortality due to external causes is among of the leading causes of death worldwide, with great expression in young age groups. Objective: To describe the profile of deaths from external causes in a southern municipality of Brazil and verify its trend in the last years. Method It was carried out a retrospective study of external causes deaths using mortality rates by gender, age group and cause of with quasi Poisson regression analysis. Results Mortality coefficient was 46 per 100,000 inhabitants prevailing transport accidents (40%) and aggressions (30.5%). Increase of 53% in mortality rate was detected with variations by gender, age group and type. Conclusion Social policies are necessary encompassing intersectoral actions and taking into account the specificities in determination of each age group's types of death.

Avaliação do impacto da substituição de equipamentos hidrossanitários convencionais por equipamentos economizadores no consumo de água / Evaluation of the impact of replacing ordinary by water saving plumbing fixtures in water consumption

RESUMO O consumo racional de água é assunto de grande importância e abrangência atualmente, pois está diretamente ligado à qualidade de vida da sociedade e ao crescimento econômico das cidades. Nesse contexto, equipamentos hidrossanitários economizadores de água são opções existentes para a redução do consumo em edificações. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de quantificar o impacto da troca de equipamentos convencionais por economizadores no consumo de água em uma instituição de ensino superior. Além da troca dos equipamentos, procurou-se analisar a influência de outras variáveis, como temperatura diária e número de alunos. Para a realização da pesquisa foram instalados hidrômetros em um dos edifícios da instituição, de modo a medir o consumo isolado em bacias sanitárias, torneiras de lavatórios, torneiras de limpeza, mictórios e bebedouros. O estudo foi dividido em etapas, com leituras antes das intervenções e após a substituição dos equipamentos convencionais por equipamentos economizadores de água (torneiras de lavatório e válvulas de descarga) e o ajuste de vazão dos bebedouros. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se um modelo de regressão linear múltipla que contou com o consumo como variável resposta e as trocas dos equipamentos, o número de alunos e a temperatura diária como variáveis explicativas. Os resultados obtidos revelam que a troca das torneiras foi significativa para o consumo total diário na edificação, com redução de 12,34%. Em análise individual dos equipamentos hidrossanitários, a troca apresentou-se significativa para a diminuição do consumo de água de cada tipo de equipamento.

ABSTRACT Water conservation is a matter of great importance. It is directly linked to the quality of life of society and the economic growth of cities. In this context, water saving plumbing fixtures are an option for reduction of consumption in buildings. This study aims to assess whether the replacement of ordinary plumbing fixtures with water saving ones in a University campus has an influence on water consumption. Besides the replacement of the plumbing fixtures, the influence of other variables such as temperature and number of students is analysed. Water meters were installed in one of the campus buildings in order to measure the isolated consumption in toilets, taps, urinals and drinking fountains. The study was divided in two stages: metering before the intervention and after the replacement of ordinary equipment with water saving devices (lavatory taps and toilets) and adjust of drinking fountains flow. For statistical analysis, a multiple linear regression model was used with consumption as the dependent variable and plumbing fixture replacement, number of students and daily temperature as the explanatory variables. The results show that the replacement of taps was significant for the total daily water consumption in the building, with 19.77% of reduction. According to an individual analysis of the plumbing fixtures, the replacement proved to be significant for the reduction of water consumption.

A populational based study on the prevalence of neonatal near miss in a city located in the South of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors / Estudo de base populacional sobre a prevalência de near miss neonatal em município do sul do Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados

Abstract Objectives: to identify the prevalence of neonatal near miss morbidity in the city of Joinville, SC and the associated factors. Methods: a populational based cross-sectional study including all live births in 2012 registered at SINASC. The near miss cases were identified based on the weight <1500g, Apgar scores at 5th minute <7, gestational age <32 weeks, use of mechanical ventilation or presence of congenital malformation. The gross odds ratios (OR) and its respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated and the logistic regression was performed to obtain the adjusted odds ratios and its respective 95% CI. Results: the prevalence of near miss was 33 per thousand live births (95% CI: 29-37). In the final model, a risk classification of live births according to the City Program (Programa Municipal) (ORaj= 19.7; 95% CI: 14.2 to 27.2), cesarean section (ORaj= 2.1; 95% CI:1.5 to 2.8) and public hospital (ORaj= 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.3) remained associated to morbidity near miss. Conclusions: near miss morbidity was 7.3 times higher than neonatal mortality. To know its determinants in different national contexts may include some changes in the focus of public health actions by redirecting to preventive interventions.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a prevalência de morbidade neonatal near miss no município de Joinville, SC e os fatores associados. Métodos: estudo transversal de base populacional com todos os nascidos vivos do ano de 2012 registrados no SINASC. Os casos de near miss foram identificados com base no peso < 1500g, Apgar de 5º minuto < 7, idade gestacional < 32 semanas, uso de ventilação mecânica ou presença de malformação congênita. Calculou-se o odds ratio (OR) bruto e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e realizou-se regressão logística para a obtenção dos odds ratios ajustados e seus respectivos IC95%. Resultados: a prevalência de near miss foi de 33 por mil nascidos vivos (IC95%: 29-37). No modelo final, permaneceram associados à morbidade near miss, a classificação de risco do nascido vivo conforme o Programa Municipal (ORaj = 19,7; IC95%: 14,2-27,2), parto cesáreo (ORaj = 2,1; IC95%: 1,5-2,8) e hospital público (ORaj =1,7; IC95%: 1,2-2,3). Conclusões: a morbidade near miss foi 7,3 vezes maior que a mortalidade neonatal. Conhecer seus determinantes em diferentes contextos nacionais pode propiciar mudança no foco das ações de saúde pública, redirecionando-as para intervenções preventivas.