The prognostic significance of single-lead ST-segment resolution in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients treated with primary PCI - A substudy of the randomized TOTAL trial.

BACKGROUND: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Simple electrocardiogram (ECG) tools, including ST-segment resolution (STR) have been developed to identify high-risk STEMI patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the prognostic impact of STR in the ECG lead with maximal baseline ST-segment elevation (STE) 30-60 minutes after primary PCI in 7,654 STEMI patients included in the TOTAL trial. Incomplete or no STR was defined as < 70% STR and complete STR as ≥ 70% STR. The primary outcome was the composite of cardiovascular death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), cardiogenic shock, or new or worsening New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV heart failure at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Of 7,654 patients, 42.9% had incomplete or no STR and 57.1% had complete STR. The primary outcome occurred in 341 patients (10.4%) in the incomplete or no STR group and in 234 patients (5.4%) in the complete STR group. In Cox regression analysis, adjusted hazard ratio for STR < 70% to predict the primary outcome was 1.56 (95% confidence interval 1.32-1.89; P < .001) (model adjusted for all baseline comorbidities, clinical status during hospitalization, angiographic findings, and procedural techniques). CONCLUSION: In a large international study of STEMI patients, STR < 70% 30-60 minutes post primary PCI in the ECG lead with the greatest STE at admission was associated with an increased rate of the composite of cardiovascular death, recurrent MI, cardiogenic shock, or new or worsening NYHA class IV heart failure at 1-year follow-up. Clinicians should pay attention to this simple ECG finding.

Diabetes and mortality risk in patients undergoing coronary angiography: The KARDIO study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is an established risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes including mortality, but the relationship between diabetes and mortality risk in the presence of the extensive or diffuse form of coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. AIMS: We evaluated the association between diabetes and mortality risk in patients who underwent coronary angiography using a real-life clinical database. METHODS: We utilized the KARDIO registry, which comprised data on demographics, prevalent diseases, including diabetes status, cardiovascular risk factors, coronary angiographies, and other interventions in 79,738 patients. Hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for the association between prevalent diabetes and all-cause mortality were estimated. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.5 years, 11,896 all-cause deaths occurred. In analyses adjusted for age, smoking status, hypertension, family history of CAD, dyslipidaemia, urgency of intervention, body mass index, sex, and sex-age interaction, the HR (95% CI) for mortality comparing diabetes with no diabetes was 1.44 (1.38, 1.50). Following additional adjustment for the degree of CAD (1-3 vessels disease) as confirmed by angiography, the HR (95% CI) for mortality remained similar 1.43 (1.36, 1.49). The association did not vary significantly across several relevant clinical characteristics except for a stronger association in those with a family history of CAD than those without (p = 0.034) and former smokers than nonsmokers (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing coronary angiography, diabetes is associated with an increased mortality risk, independent of several risk factors including the degree of CAD. The association may be modified by family history of CAD and smoking status.

The association between GRACE score at admission for myocardial infarction and the incidence of sudden cardiac arrests in long-term follow-up - the MADDEC study.

Background. Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), often also leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD), is a common complication in coronary artery disease. Despite the effort there is a lack of applicable prediction tools to identify those at high risk. We tested the association between the validated GRACE score and the incidence of SCA after myocardial infarction. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 1,985 patients treated for myocardial infarction (MI) between January 1st 2015 and December 31st 2018 and followed until the 31st of December of 2021. The main exposure variable was patients' GRACE score at the point of admission and main outcome variable was incident SCA after hospitalization. Their association was analyzed by subdistribution hazard (SDH) model analysis. The secondary endpoints included SCA in patients with no indication to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) device and incident SCD. Results. A total of 1985 patients were treated for MI. Mean GRACE score at baseline was 118.7 (SD 32.0). During a median follow-up time of 5.3 years (IQR 3.8-6.1 years) 78 SCA events and 52 SCDs occurred. In unadjusted analyses one SD increase in GRACE score associated with over 50% higher risk of SCA (SDH 1.55, 95% CI 1.29-1.85, p < 0.0001) and over 40% higher risk for SCD (1.42, 1.12-1.79, p = 0.0033). The associations between SCA and GRACE remained statistically significant even with patients without indication for ICD device (1.57, 1.30-1.90, p < 0.0001) as well as when adjusting with patients LVEF and omitting the age from the GRACE score to better represent the severity of the cardiac event. The association of GRACE and SCD turned statistically insignificant when adjusting with LVEF. Conclusions. GRACE score measured at admission for MI associates with long-term risk for SCA.

What is already known about this subject?Nearly 50% of cardiac mortality is caused by sudden cardiac death, often due to sudden cardiac arrest.Despite the effort, there is a lack of applicable prediction tools to identify those at high risk.What does this study add?This study shows that GRACE score measured at the point of admission for myocardial infarction can be used to evaluate patients' risk for sudden cardiac arrest in a long-term follow-up.How might this impact on clinical practice?Based on our findings, the GRACE score at the point of admission could significantly affect the patients' need for an ICD device after hospitalization for MI and should be considered as a contributing factor when evaluating the patients' follow-up care.

Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death after unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac arrests (SCA) and sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) are believed to account for a large proportion of deaths due to cardiovascular causes. The purpose of this study is to provide comprehensive information on the epidemiology of SCAs and SCDs after acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The incidence of SCA (including SCDs) was studied retrospectively among 10,316 consecutive patients undergoing invasive evaluation for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) between 2007 and 2018 at Tays Heart Hospital (sole provider of specialized cardiac care for a catchment area of over 0.5 million residents). Baseline and follow-up information was collected by combining information from the hospital's electronic health records, death certificate data, and a full-disclosure review of written patient records and accounts of the circumstances leading to death. RESULTS: During 12 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of SCAs (including SCDs) was 9.8% (0.8% annually) and that of SCDs 5.4% (0.5% annually). Cumulative incidence of SCAs in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris were: 11.9%,10.2% and 5.7% at 12 years. SCAs accounted for 30.5% (n = 528/1,732) of all deaths due to cardiovascular causes. The vast majority of SCAs (95.6%) occurred in patients without implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) devices or among patients with no recurrent hospitalizations for coronary artery disease (89.1%). CONCLUSIONS: SCAs accounted for less than a third of all deaths due to cardiovascular causes among patients with previous ACS. Incidence of SCA is highest among STEMI and NSTEMI patients. After the hospital discharge, most of SCAs happen to NSTEMI patients.

Multivariable Analysis of Pre-operative Brain Atrophy as a Predictor of Long Term Mortality After Carotid Endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Brain atrophy is associated with an increased mortality rate in elderly trauma patients and in patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke. In the setting of ischaemic stroke, the association between brain atrophy and death is stronger than that of sarcopenia. It has previously been shown that lower masseter area, as a marker of sarcopenia, is linked to lower survival after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The aim of this study was to investigate whether brain atrophy is also associated with long term mortality in patients undergoing CEA. METHODS: A cohort of patients treated with CEA between 2004 and 2010 was retrieved from the Tampere University Hospital vascular registry and those with available pre-operative computed tomography (CT) imaging were analysed retrospectively. CT images were evaluated for brain atrophy index (BAI) and masseter muscle surface area and density. The association between BAI and mortality was investigated with Cox regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-three patients with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 71 years (64.0, 77.0) were included. Most patients were operated on for symptomatic stenosis (n = 203; 87.1%). The median (IQR) duration of follow up was 115.0 months (66.0, 153.0), and 155 patients (66.5%) died during follow up. BAI was statistically significantly correlated with age (r = .489), average masseter density (r = -.202), and smoking (r = -.186; all p <.005). Increased BAI was statistically significantly associated with overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25 - 1.68, per one standard deviation [SD] increase) in the univariable analysis, and the association remained (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04 - 1.46, per one SD increase) in the multivariable models. Age, peripheral artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were also independently associated with mortality. The optimal cutoff value for BAI was 0.133. CONCLUSION: Brain atrophy independently predicts the long term post-operative mortality rate after CEA in a cohort containing mainly symptomatic patients. Future studies are needed to validate the results in prospective settings and in asymptomatic patients.

Underweight and obesity are related to higher mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography: The KARDIO invasive cardiology register study.

BACKGROUND: In patients with some cardiovascular disease conditions, slightly elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with a lower mortality risk (termed "obesity paradox"). It is uncertain, however, if this obesity paradox exists in patients who have had invasive cardiology procedures. We evaluated the association between BMI and mortality in patients who underwent coronary angiography. METHODS: We utilised the KARDIO registry, which comprised data on demographics, prevalent diseases, risk factors, coronary angiographies, and interventions on 42,636 patients. BMI was categorised based on WHO cut-offs or transformed using P-splines. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 4.9 years, 4688 all-cause deaths occurred. BMI was nonlinearly associated with mortality risk: compared to normal weight category (18.5-25 kg/m2 ), the age-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality were 1.90 (1.49, 2.43), 0.96 (0.92, 1.01), 1.04 (0.99, 1.09), 1.08 (0.96, 1.20), and 1.45 (1.22, 1.72) for underweight (<18.5 kg/m2 ), preobesity (25 to <30 kg/m2 ), obesity class I (30 to <35 kg/m2 ), obesity class II (35 to <40 kg/m2 ), and obesity class III (>40 kg/m2 ), respectively. The corresponding multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 2.00 (1.55, 2.58), 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) 1.01 (0.95, 1.06), 1.10 (0.98, 1.23), and 1.49 (1.26, 1,78), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing coronary angiography, underweight and obesity class III are associated with increased mortality risk, and the lowest mortality was observed in the preobesity class. It appears the obesity paradox may be present in patients who undergo invasive coronary procedures.

High-risk ECG patterns in ST elevation myocardial infarction for mortality prediction.

AIM: We explored the pre-intervention (first medical contact) electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns and their relation to survival among patients with acute myocardial infarction, who presented either with ST elevation (ST elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI) or LBBB, and who underwent emergent coronary angiography in a region with a 24/7/365 STEMI network. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 1363 consecutive patients hospitalized for first STEMI between the years 2014 and 2018. We assessed the prognostic significance of a variety of ECG categories, including location of ST elevation, severity of ischemia, intraventricular and atrioventricular conduction disorders, atrial fibrillation or flutter, junctional rhythms, heart rate, left ventricular hypertrophy and Q waves. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality between January 2014 and the end of 2020. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 67.9 (SD 12.8) years. The majority were treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (93.8%, n = 1278). Median follow-up time was 3.7 years (IQR 2.5-5.1 years) during which 22.5% (n = 307) of the patients died. According to Cox regression analysis, adjusted for pre-existing conditions and age, the ECG variables with statistically significant association with survival were elevated heart rate (>100 bpm) (HR 2.34, 95% CI 1.75-3.12), atrial fibrillation or flutter (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.41-2.67), left bundle branch block (LBBB) (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.49-4.63) and non-specific intraventricular conduction delay (NIVCD) (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.22-2.89). CONCLUSION: Higher heart rate, atrial fibrillation or flutter, LBBB and NIVCD are associated with worse outcome in all-comers with STEMI. Ischemia severity was not associated with impaired prognosis.

The S1S2S3 electrocardiographic pattern - Prevalence and relation to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases in the general population.

BACKGROUND: There is lack of studies exploring the incidence and association with diseases of the S1S2S3 electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern in the general population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This population study included 6299 individuals aged 30+, and explored the prevalence and association between S1S2S3 and cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Criteria for the S1S2S3-I and S1S2S3-II ECG pattern were fulfilled when there was an S wave in the leads I, II and III, and the S-wave amplitude was greater than the R-wave amplitude in one or two of the leads, respectively. RESULTS: The S1S2S3-I ECG pattern was found in 2332 subjects (36.9%). After age adjustment, hypertension was associated with S1S2S3-I (Odds ratio [OR] 1.25, 95% CI 1.12-1.41, p < 0.001). This age-adjusted association was statistically significant among men but not among women (OR 1.37, 1.16-1.62, p < 0.001 and OR 1.13, 0.97-1.33, p = 0.126, respectively). The S1S2S3-II ECG pattern was present in 193 subjects (3.1%). After age adjustment, heart failure proved to be associated with S1S2S3-II (OR 1.85, 1.18-2.90, p = 0.007). Dividing the population by sex, resulted in a statistically significant age-adjusted association for men but not for women (OR 2.30, 1.22-4.33, p = 0.010 and OR 1.59, 0.83-3.03, p = 0.159, respectively). Interactions with sex were statistically non-significant. CONCLUSION: In the general adult population, the prevalence of the S1S2S3 ECG pattern is markedly affected by the diagnostic ECG criteria. The S1S2S3-I pattern was associated with hypertension, while S1S2S3-II was associated with heart failure, and both associations were enhanced in men. The associations with other studied cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases were minor and not clinically useful for risk stratification.

Interatrial block and P terminal force in the general population - Longitudinal changes, risk factors and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Partial and advanced interatrial block (IAB) and P terminal force (PTF) in lead V1 are markers of atrial remodeling and risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF). There is a lack of information about constancy and possible factors influencing the development of these P-wave abnormalities. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 6058 Finnish participants (mean age 52.16 ± 14.60 years, 45.0% male) from the general population with an ECG taken in a health examination, and from 3224 of these participants, who had a re-examination 11 years later. Risk factors for incident partial and advanced IAB and PTF were studied using binomial logistic regression analysis, and the prognostic significance of these ECG changes for new AF was studied using time-varying Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: The rate of reversal to normal of the studied ECG parameters were 47.4% for partial IAB, 40.0% for advanced IAB and 79.3% for PTF. Age, male sex, hypertension, higher BMI, higher LDL cholesterol, ECG left ventricular hypertrophy, use of beta blocker, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist were independently associated with a risk to develop incident P-wave abnormality. Partial IAB was independently associated with increased AF risk (HR 1.28 [95% CI 1.04-1.58]), as was also advanced IAB (HR 1.72 [95% CI 1.07-2.75]). CONCLUSION: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors increase the risk of a new P-wave abnormality. Partial and advanced IAB are associated with increased AF risk. Surprisingly, P-wave abnormalities are often reversible during long-term follow-up in the general population.

Incidence of stroke and mortality due to stroke after acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Stroke is a known complication after myocardial infarction (MI) and it is associated with increased mortality. We aimed to establish the true cumulative incidence of stroke and its subtypes and the associated mortality in a contemporary setting among patients treated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective registry study based on the data of 8,049 consecutive patients treated for ACS in a sole provider of specialized cardiac and neurologic care for a catchment area of over 0.5 million residents between 2007 and 2018. Incident strokes and their subtypes were identified by in-depth review of written hospital records, hospital discharge registry data and causes of death registry data maintained by Statistics Finland up until December 31st 2020. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.8 years (IQR 3.2-9.0) 570 ACS patients suffered a stroke. The cumulative incidences of stroke for first week, first month, first year and at thirteen years were: 0.8 %, 1.1 %, 2.2 % and 10.3 %. In long-term, patients with different ACS subtypes had similar cumulative incidence of strokes, although the incidence of in-hospital strokes was highest among myocardial infarction patients. Stroke mortality rate was 32.5 % (n=185/570). The majority (88.8 %) of strokes were ischemic with the proportion being most substantial for in-hospital strokes (95.6 %). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of stroke among patients treated for ACS and the related mortality are still notable in a contemporary setting. A distinctive majority of strokes following ACS were ischemic especially early on after ACS.

Statin use, development of sarcopenia, and long-term survival after endovascular aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: Statin therapy, associated with improved short-term survival after treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms, may also predispose to muscle side effects. Evidence on statin-related sarcopenia is limited mainly to muscle function, and it is subject to several sources of bias. In the long term, postoperative development of sarcopenia is linked to mortality after endovascular repair (EVAR). We investigated statin use and long-term postoperative mortality after EVAR in relation to objective measurable markers of sarcopenia (psoas muscle surface area and density). METHODS: Altogether 216 abdominal aortic aneurysm patients treated with EVAR between 2006 and 2014 at Tampere University Hospital (Finland) were retrospectively studied. Psoas muscle parameters at the L3 level were evaluated from baseline and mainly 1- to 3-year follow-up computed tomography studies. Cox regression was used to study the association between statin medication, psoas muscle changes, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The majority of patients were male (87%), and the mean age was 77.7 years (standard deviation, 7.4). The median duration of follow-up was 6.3 years (interquartile range, 3.5) with a total mortality of 54.2% (n = 117). Regardless of a higher burden of comorbidities, statin users (n = 119) had lower mortality when compared with nonusers (multivariable hazard ratio [HR]: 0.69, 95% confidence interval: 0.48-0.99, P = .048). Furthermore, statin use was not associated with inferior muscle parameter values, and the relative change in psoas muscle area was actually lower in statin users compared with nonusers (-15.7% and -21.1%, P < .046). CONCLUSIONS: Statin use is associated with lower long-term mortality among patients undergoing EVAR without predisposing to increased sarcopenia.

The prognostic significance of T-wave inversion according to ECG lead group during long-term follow-up in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Inverted T waves in the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality. The pathophysiology and prognostic significance of T-wave inversion may differ between different anatomical lead groups, but scientific data related to this issue is scarce. METHODS: A representative sample of Finnish subjects (n = 6,354) aged over 30 years underwent a health examination including a 12-lead ECG in the Health 2000 survey. ECGs with T-wave inversions were divided into three anatomical lead groups (anterior, lateral, and inferior) and were compared to ECGs with no pathological T-wave inversions in multivariable-adjusted Fine-Gray and Cox regression hazard models using CHD and mortality as endpoints. RESULTS: The follow-up for both CHD and mortality lasted approximately fifteen years (median value with interquartile ranges between 14.9 and 15.3). In multivariate-adjusted models, anterior and lateral (but not inferior) T-wave inversions associated with increased risk of CHD (HR: 2.37 [95% confidence interval 1.20-4.68] and 1.65 [1.27-2.15], respectively). In multivariable analyses, only lateral T-wave inversions associated with increased risk of mortality in the entire study population (HR 1.51 [1.26-1.81]) as well as among individuals with no CHD at baseline (HR 1.59 [1.29-1.96]). CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic information of inverted T waves differs between anatomical lead groups. T-wave inversion in the anterior and lateral lead groups is independently associated with the risk of CHD, and lateral T-wave inversion is also associated with increased risk of mortality. Inverted T wave in the inferior lead group proved to be a benign phenomenon.

Long-term outcome of intraventricular conduction delays in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Previous population studies have presented conflicting results regarding the prognostic impact of intraventricular conduction delays (IVCD). METHODS: We studied long-term prognostic impact and the association with comorbidities of eight IVCDs in a random sample of 6,299 Finnish subjects (2,857 men and 3,442 women, mean age 52.8, SD 14.9 years) aged 30 or over who participated in the health examination including 12-lead ECG. For left bundle branch block (LBBB) and non-specific IVCD (NSIVCD), two different definitions were used. RESULTS: During 16.5 years' follow-up, 1,309 of the 6,299 subjects (20.8%) died and of these 655 (10.4%) were cardiovascular (CV) deaths. After controlling for known clinical risk factors, the hazard ratio for CV death, compared with individuals without IVCD, was 1.55 for the Minnesota definition of LBBB (95% confidence interval 1.04-2.31, p = .032) and 1.27 (95% confidence interval 0.80-2.02, p = .308) for the Strauss' definition of LBBB. Subjects with NSIVCD were associated with twofold to threefold increase in CV mortality depending on the definition. While right bundle branch block, left anterior fascicular block and incomplete bundle branch blocks were associated with seemingly higher mortality, this was no longer the case after adjustment for age and sex. The presence of R-R' pattern was not associated with any adverse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In a population study with long-term follow-up, NSIVCD and Minnesota definition of LBBB were independently associated with CV mortality. Other IVCDs had no significant impact on prognosis. The prognostic impact of LBBB and NSIVCD was affected by the definition of the conduction disorder.

Developing sarcopenia predicts long-term mortality after elective endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

BACKGROUND: Preoperatively detected sarcopenia as reflected by psoas muscle area (PMA) is associated with postoperative mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. We studied, whether changes in PMA and lean PMA (LPMA) after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) are associated with postoperative survival. METHODS: In 122 AAA patients treated between 2008 and 2016 (90% male; median age, 77.8 years; interquartile range, 11.5; rupture 2.5%) PMA and LPMA at L3 level were measured retrospectively from preoperative and 1- and 3-year follow-up computed tomography (CT) studies. The median duration of follow-up was 6.0 years (interquartile range, 3.5) and all-cause mortality was 46.7%. Association of radiologic muscle parameters with all-cause mortality was evaluated with Cox regression. Clinical data were collected from an institutional database and patient record databases. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PMA and LPMA at L3 level (mean, -4.4 cm2 [-26.8%] for PMA and -130.4 cm2 × Hounsfield units [-21.6%] for LPMA, respectively; P < .001) and the greatest decline occurred during the first postoperative year after EVAR. Relative PMA change during follow-up (ΔPMA/baseline CT muscle parameter) was independently associated with mortality in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 0.977 for a 1% unit increase; 95% confidence interval, 0.960-0.995; P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The most significant loss of skeletal muscle occurs during the first year after EVAR. The relative change in PMA from baseline is an independent predictor of mortality. For every 10% unit increase in ΔPMA/baseline CT muscle parameter bilaterally, there was a 21% decrease in the probability of death during follow-up. Early detection (from CT studies) and prevention of sarcopenia may potentially improve survival in EVAR-treated patients.

The association between charlson comorbidity index and mortality in acute coronary syndrome - the MADDEC study.

Objectives. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with high mortality. Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was designed over 30 years ago to measure the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on long-term survival of the patient. We wanted to re-evaluate the performance of CCI and its components in modern setting. Design. This is a retrospective study of 1576 consecutive patients undergoing invasive evaluation and treated for ACS in single tertiary center between 2015-2016. Mortality was analyzed in timeframes of 1, 6 and 24 months. CCI-scores were retrieved from written medical records and complimented with data from electronic sources. The performance of CCI and its components was compared to the GRACE-score measuring patients' status upon hospital admission. Results. Population mean age at baseline was 69.3 (SD 11.8) years and 69.1% of the patients were male (n = 1089). Most of the components of CCI associated significantly with mortality at all timeframes despite adjusting for age but only diabetes and congestive heart failure associated with mortality at all time points after adjusting for GRACE-score. CCI associated with mortality [GRACE adjusted HR-values of single unit increase of CCI after 1, 6 and 24-month follow-up: 1.12(95% CI:1.00-1.25), 1.17(1.07-1.29) and 1.24(1.16-1.33)]. CCI performed modestly with its AUC-values ranging between 0.755 and 0.784, with prognostic performance increasing with longer follow-up. Adding components of CCI did not significantly improve risk prediction over GRACE-score. Conclusions. In conclusion, CCI or its individual components measuring the impact of comorbidities on overall mortality does not provide any significant value compared to GRACE-score during up to 2 years of follow-up.

Long-term prognostic significance of the ST level and ST slope in the 12­lead ECG in the general population.

BACKGROUND: Even minor ST depression in the electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with cardiovascular disease and increased mortality. There is limited data on the prognostic significance of ST-level changes in the general population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A random sample of Finnish subjects (n = 6354) aged over 30 years (56.1% women) underwent a health examination including a 12­lead ECG in the Health 2000 survey. The effects of relative ST level as a continuous variable and ST slope (upsloping, horizontal, downsloping) in three different lead groups were analyzed using a multi-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model separately for men and women with total mortality as endpoint. RESULTS: The follow-up lasted for 13.7 (SD 3.3) years for men and 13.9 (SD 3.1) years for women. Lower lateral ST levels were associated with all-cause mortality in multi-adjusted models in both genders (at J + 80 ms hazard ratio [HR] 0.64 for a change of 1.0 mm [95% confidence interval 0.49-0.84, p = 0.002] for men and HR 0.61 [0.48-0.78, p < 0.001] for women). Associated coronary heart disease had no major influence on the results. Exclusion of subjects with ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy from the analyses increased the mortality risk of lower lateral ST levels in men but decreased it in women. For the anterior and inferior lead groups, no statistically significant difference was seen after multivariate adjustment. ST slope was not an independent predictor of mortality after multivariate adjustment. CONCLUSION: Lower ST level in the lateral ECG leads is an independent prognostic factor to predict all-cause mortality in the general population.

Platelet-Related Variants Identified by Exomechip Meta-analysis in 157,293 Individuals.

Platelet production, maintenance, and clearance are tightly controlled processes indicative of platelets' important roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets are common targets for primary and secondary prevention of several conditions. They are monitored clinically by complete blood counts, specifically with measurements of platelet count (PLT) and mean platelet volume (MPV). Identifying genetic effects on PLT and MPV can provide mechanistic insights into platelet biology and their role in disease. Therefore, we formed the Blood Cell Consortium (BCX) to perform a large-scale meta-analysis of Exomechip association results for PLT and MPV in 157,293 and 57,617 individuals, respectively. Using the low-frequency/rare coding variant-enriched Exomechip genotyping array, we sought to identify genetic variants associated with PLT and MPV. In addition to confirming 47 known PLT and 20 known MPV associations, we identified 32 PLT and 18 MPV associations not previously observed in the literature across the allele frequency spectrum, including rare large effect (FCER1A), low-frequency (IQGAP2, MAP1A, LY75), and common (ZMIZ2, SMG6, PEAR1, ARFGAP3/PACSIN2) variants. Several variants associated with PLT/MPV (PEAR1, MRVI1, PTGES3) were also associated with platelet reactivity. In concurrent BCX analyses, there was overlap of platelet-associated variants with red (MAP1A, TMPRSS6, ZMIZ2) and white (PEAR1, ZMIZ2, LY75) blood cell traits, suggesting common regulatory pathways with shared genetic architecture among these hematopoietic lineages. Our large-scale Exomechip analyses identified previously undocumented associations with platelet traits and further indicate that several complex quantitative hematological, lipid, and cardiovascular traits share genetic factors.

Exome Genotyping Identifies Pleiotropic Variants Associated with Red Blood Cell Traits.

Red blood cell (RBC) traits are important heritable clinical biomarkers and modifiers of disease severity. To identify coding genetic variants associated with these traits, we conducted meta-analyses of seven RBC phenotypes in 130,273 multi-ethnic individuals from studies genotyped on an exome array. After conditional analyses and replication in 27,480 independent individuals, we identified 16 new RBC variants. We found low-frequency missense variants in MAP1A (rs55707100, minor allele frequency [MAF] = 3.3%, p = 2 × 10(-10) for hemoglobin [HGB]) and HNF4A (rs1800961, MAF = 2.4%, p < 3 × 10(-8) for hematocrit [HCT] and HGB). In African Americans, we identified a nonsense variant in CD36 associated with higher RBC distribution width (rs3211938, MAF = 8.7%, p = 7 × 10(-11)) and showed that it is associated with lower CD36 expression and strong allelic imbalance in ex vivo differentiated human erythroblasts. We also identified a rare missense variant in ALAS2 (rs201062903, MAF = 0.2%) associated with lower mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p < 8 × 10(-9)). Mendelian mutations in ALAS2 are a cause of sideroblastic anemia and erythropoietic protoporphyria. Gene-based testing highlighted three rare missense variants in PKLR, a gene mutated in Mendelian non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, associated with HGB and HCT (SKAT p < 8 × 10(-7)). These rare, low-frequency, and common RBC variants showed pleiotropy, being also associated with platelet, white blood cell, and lipid traits. Our association results and functional annotation suggest the involvement of new genes in human erythropoiesis. We also confirm that rare and low-frequency variants play a role in the architecture of complex human traits, although their phenotypic effect is generally smaller than originally anticipated.

Pre-Operative Masseter Area is an Independent Predictor of Long-Term Survival after Carotid Endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a predictor of mortality in elderly patients. Masseter area (MA) reflects sarcopenia in trauma patients. It was hypothesised that MA and Masseter density (MD) could be evaluated reliably from pre-operative computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans and that they predict post-operative survival in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) patients. METHODS: This was an observational registry study. Patients (n = 242) were operated on for asymptomatic stenosis (n = 32; 13.2%), amaurosis fugax (n = 41; 16.9%), transient ischaemic attack (n = 85; 35.1%), or ischaemic stroke (n = 84; 34.7%). Internal carotid artery stenoses were graded angiographically. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyse measurement reliability by three independent observers. Cox regression analysis was used to study the effect of MA and MD on survival (hazard ratio [HR]). RESULTS: Median patient age was 71.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 13.0) and follow up time was 68.5 months (range 3-163 months); at the end of follow up (1 October 2017), 104 (43.0%) patients had died according to the National Population Register. The average MA (MAavg, the mean of left and right MA [median 394.0 mm2; IQR 110.1 mm2]) and MD (MDavg, the mean of left and right MD [median 53.5 HU; IQR 16.5 HU]) could be measured with excellent reliability (ICC > 0.865, p < .001 for all). In multivariable analyses only body surface area (BSA) (p < .001) and dental status were associated with MAavg (p = .021). Increased MAavg predicted lower mortality (HR 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.96; p = .023) independent of age (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.07; p = 0.001), female sex, body mass index, renal insufficiency, ipsilateral stenosis, indication category, and presence of teeth. MDavg was not associated with mortality. After further adjustment, BSA (the most significant determinant of MAavg) did not alter the association between MAavg and mortality (0.75, 95% CI 0.58-0.97; p = .031). CONCLUSION: Average MA but not MD measured from the pre-operative CTA scan provides a reliable estimate of post-operative long-term survival in CEA patients independent of other risk factors, anthropometric measurements, and dental status.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone and risk of sudden cardiac death, total mortality and cardiovascular morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Previous data on the association of thyroid function with total mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes and sudden cardiac death (SCD) are conflicting or limited. We investigated associations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with these outcomes in a nationwide population-based prospective cohort study. METHODS: We examined 5211 participants representative of the Finnish population aged ≥30 years in 2000-2001 and followed them for a median of 13.2 years. Using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for baseline age, gender, smoking, diabetes, systolic blood pressure and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, we assessed the associations of continuous baseline TSH and TSH categories (low [<0.4 mU/L], reference range [0.4-3.4 mU/L] and high [>3.4 mU/L]) with incident total mortality, SCD, coronary heart disease events, stroke, CVD, major adverse cardiac events and atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: High TSH at baseline was related to a greater risk of total mortality (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.02-1.76) and SCD (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.13-4.60) compared with TSH within the reference range. High TSH was not associated with the other outcomes (P ≥ .51), whereas low TSH was not associated with any of the outcomes (P ≥ .09). TSH at baseline over the full range did not have a linear relation with any of the outcomes (P ≥ .17). TSH showed a U-shaped association with total mortality after a restricted cubic spline transformation (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid function abnormalities could be linked with higher risks of total mortality and SCD. Large-scale randomized studies are needed for evidence-based recommendations regarding treatment of mild thyroid failure.