Local excision followed by early radical surgery in rectal cancer: long-term outcome.

BACKGROUND: In rectal cancers, radical surgery should follow local excisions, in cases of unexpected, unfavorable tumor characteristics. The oncological results of this completion surgery are inconsistent. This retrospective cohort study assessed the clinical and long-term oncological outcomes of patients that underwent completion surgery to clarify whether a local excision compromised the results of radical surgery. METHODS: Forty-six patients were included, and the reasons for completion surgery, intraoperative complications, residual tumors, local recurrences (LRs), distant metastases, and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were assessed. The results were compared to 583 patients that underwent primary surgery without adjuvant therapy, treated with a curative intention during the same time period. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 14.6 years. The reasons for undergoing completion surgery were positive resection margins (24%), high-risk cancer (30%), or both (46%). Intraoperative perforations occurred in 10/46 (22%) cases. Residual tumor in the rectal wall or lymph node involvement occurred in 12/46 (26%) cases. The risk of intraoperative perforation and residual tumor increased with the pT category. Intraoperative perforations did not increase postoperative complications, but they increased the risk of LRs in cases of intramural residual tumors (p = 0.003). LRs occurred in 2.6% of pT1/2 and 29% of pT3 tumors. Both the 5- and 10-year CSS rates were 88.8% (95% CI 80.0-98.6). Moreover, the LRs of patients with pT1/2 cancers were lower in patients with completion surgery than in patients with primary surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal wall perforations at the local excision site and residual cancer were the main risks for poor oncological outcomes associated with completion surgery. Local excisions followed by early radical surgery did not appear to compromise outcomes compared to patients with primary surgery for pT1/2 rectal cancer. Improvements in clinical staging should allow more appropriate selection of patients that are eligible for a local excision of rectal cancer.

Analysis of local recurrences after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for low risk rectal carcinoma.

AIM: Rates of local recurrence (LR) after transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for rectal carcinoma vary; the reasons remain unclear. We analyzed LR after TEM for low-risk pT1 (G1/2/X, L0/X) rectal carcinoma to investigate the influence of completeness of resection and occult lymph node metastasis on risk of LR. METHOD: LR location and stage, completeness of resection of primary carcinoma (minimal distance between tumor and resection line ≤1 mm vs >1 mm), and incidence of involved lymph nodes in resected LR specimens were collected, and tumor characteristics of LR were compared with primary carcinoma. Distant metastasis and overall and cancer-specific survival were determined. RESULTS: LR developed in 14 patients; in 2/4 with R1/X resection, in 3/8 (38%) with clear margins (R0) but a minimal distance of ≤1 mm, and in 9/88 (10%) with formally complete resection. Six of nine patients with formally complete resection underwent radical surgery for LR; in five out of these six, lymph nodes were not involved. In 5/14 patients, LR was poorly differentiated compared to primary carcinoma. Main LR causes were incomplete tumor resection or tumor persistence after formally complete resection. Overall (p = 0.008) and cancer-specific (p < 0.001) survival was lower in LR patients compared to non-LR patients, even if lymph nodes were uninvolved. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that most LRs after TEM for low-risk rectal cancer were caused by residual tumor at the previous excision site and not by undetected lymph node metastases. By improved standardization of surgical techniques to ensure complete resection of carcinomas and thorough pathological assessments, most LRs seem to be avoidable.

Long-term Oncologic Outcome After Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery for Rectal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is superior to other methods of local excision of rectal cancer, but few studies report long-term follow-up data. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the use of transanal endoscopic microsurgery alone as curative and compromise therapy based on long-term disease recurrence and mortality. DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a tertiary care university medical center. PATIENTS: The study included 133 patients treated between 1985 and 2007. There were 3 groups, including transanal endoscopic microsurgery in curative intent (low-risk rectal carcinoma, including pT1, G1/2, L0, and LX with clear margins and a minimal distance between tumor and resection margin of >1 mm (N = 64) or clear margins only (N = 18 ))) and as compromise therapy (high-risk or incompletely resected rectal carcinoma; N = 51). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Log-rank tests were used to compare overall and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 8.6 years (range, 0.2-25.1 years), and a total of 131 of 133 patients (98.5%) were followed >5 years or until death. The preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma was not associated with belonging into 1 of the 3 categories. In patients with low-risk completely (>1 mm) resected carcinoma, the 5- and 10-year local recurrence rates were 6.6% and 11.6%. In patients with high-risk or incompletely resected carcinoma, the rates were 32.5% and 35.0% (p = 0.006). The 5- and 10-year cancer-specific survival rates for low-risk patients were 98.0% and 91.0% and 84.3% and 74.3% for high-risk patients (p = 0.05). LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its retrospective design and small subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The high cancer-specific survival justifies transanal endoscopic microsurgery alone as curative treatment in low-risk rectal carcinoma. Complete resection is essential to lower the risk of local recurrence. The high local recurrence rate in patients with high-risk rectal carcinoma restricts the use of TEM alone as compromise therapy.

Anamnestic risk factor questionnaire as reliable diagnostic instrument for osteoporosis (reduced bone morphogenic density).

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a major health problem worldwide, and is included in the WHO list of the top 10 major diseases. However, it is often undiagnosed until the first fracture occurs, due to inadequate patient education and lack of insurance coverage for screening tests. Anamnestic risk factors like positive family anamnesis or early menopause are assumed to correlate with reduced BMD. METHODS: In our study of 78 patients with metaphyseal long bone fractures, we searched for a correlation between anamnestic risk factors, bone specific laboratory values, and the bone morphogenic density (BMD). Each indicator was examined as a possible diagnostic instrument for osteoporosis. The secondary aim of this study was to demonstrate the high prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with metaphyseal fractures. RESULTS: 76.9% of our fracture patients had decreased bone density and 43.6% showed manifest osteoporosis in DXA (densitometry) measurements. Our questionnaire, identifying anamnestic risk factors, correlated highly significantly (p = 0.01) with reduced BMD, whereas seven bone-specific laboratory values (p = 0.046) correlated significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Anamnestic risk factors correlate with pathological BMD. The medical questionnaire used in this study would therefore function as a cost-effective primary diagnostic instrument for identification of osteoporosis patients.

Influence of Local Recurrence and Distant Metastasis on Prognosis After Local Excision of Rectal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Influence of local recurrence (LR) on prognosis after a local excision (LE) for rectal cancer is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 152 patients were retrospectively assigned to one of three groups: Groups 1 and 2: complete and incomplete resection respectively, for low-risk carcinoma; group 3: high-risk carcinoma. We evaluated LR, distant metastasis (DM), overall survival, and cancer-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: LR rates were 10.4%, 43% and 29% for groups 1-3, respectively (p=0.002). In all three groups, DM incidence was low in patients without LR, but high in patients with LR (p<0.0001). Prior LR was an important risk factor for DM (hazard ratio: 14.1, 95% confidence interval=4.3-45.8, p<0.0001). DM significantly reduced CSS. CONCLUSION: There is a strong association between LR and DM independently in the cause of LR. Avoiding LE for high-risk carcinoma and complete LE of low-risk carcinoma are essential to reduce LR and DM.