RESUMO
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified at least 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) risk. Most of these SNPs are common variants with small to moderate effect sizes. Here we assessed the combined genetic effects of these variants on PTC risk by using summarized GWAS results to build polygenic risk score (PRS) models in three PTC study groups from Ohio (1,544 patients and 1,593 controls), Iceland (723 patients and 129,556 controls), and the United Kingdom (534 patients and 407,945 controls). A PRS based on the 10 established PTC SNPs showed a stronger predictive power compared with the clinical factors model, with a minimum increase of area under the receiver-operating curve of 5.4 percentage points (P ≤ 1.0 × 10-9). Adding an extended PRS based on 592,475 common variants did not significantly improve the prediction power compared with the 10-SNP model, suggesting that most of the remaining undiscovered genetic risk in thyroid cancer is due to rare, moderate- to high-penetrance variants rather than to common low-penetrance variants. Based on the 10-SNP PRS, individuals in the top decile group of PRSs have a close to sevenfold greater risk (95% CI, 5.4-8.8) compared with the bottom decile group. In conclusion, PRSs based on a small number of common germline variants emphasize the importance of heritable low-penetrance markers in PTC.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Herança Multifatorial , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Islândia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Genéticos , Penetrância , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , Medição de Risco/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/epidemiologia , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide/patologia , Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Reino Unido/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is critical for normal development and metabolism. To better understand the genetic contribution to TSH levels, we conduct a GWAS meta-analysis at 22.4 million genetic markers in up to 119,715 individuals and identify 74 genome-wide significant loci for TSH, of which 28 are previously unreported. Functional experiments show that the thyroglobulin protein-altering variants P118L and G67S impact thyroglobulin secretion. Phenome-wide association analysis in the UK Biobank demonstrates the pleiotropic effects of TSH-associated variants and a polygenic score for higher TSH levels is associated with a reduced risk of thyroid cancer in the UK Biobank and three other independent studies. Two-sample Mendelian randomization using TSH index variants as instrumental variables suggests a protective effect of higher TSH levels (indicating lower thyroid function) on risk of thyroid cancer and goiter. Our findings highlight the pleiotropic effects of TSH-associated variants on thyroid function and growth of malignant and benign thyroid tumors.
Assuntos
Pleiotropia Genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Tireotropina/genética , Loci Gênicos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Bócio/genética , Humanos , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Herança Multifatorial/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , Fenótipo , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Tireoglobulina/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The great majority of thyroid cancers are of the non-medullary type. Here we report findings from a genome-wide association study of non-medullary thyroid cancer, including in total 3,001 patients and 287,550 controls from five study groups of European descent. Our results yield five novel loci (all with Pcombined<3 × 10-8): 1q42.2 (rs12129938 in PCNXL2), 3q26.2 (rs6793295 a missense mutation in LRCC34 near TERC), 5q22.1 (rs73227498 between NREP and EPB41L4A), 10q24.33 (rs7902587 near OBFC1), and two independently associated variants at 15q22.33 (rs2289261 and rs56062135; both in SMAD3). We also confirm recently published association results from a Chinese study of a variant on 5p15.33 (rs2736100 near the TERT gene) and present a stronger association result for a moderately correlated variant (rs10069690; OR=1.20, P=3.2 × 10-7) based on our study of individuals of European ancestry. In combination, these results raise several opportunities for future studies of the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Loci Gênicos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Adulto , Povo Asiático/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Cromossomos Humanos/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Frequência do Gene/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Variação Estrutural do Genoma , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hormônios Hipofisários/análise , Fatores de Risco , Câncer Papilífero da Tireoide , Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , População Branca/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
To search for sequence variants conferring risk of nonmedullary thyroid cancer, we focused our analysis on 22 SNPs with a P < 5 × 10(-8) in a genome-wide association study on levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in 27,758 Icelanders. Of those, rs965513 has previously been shown to associate with thyroid cancer. The remaining 21 SNPs were genotyped in 561 Icelandic individuals with thyroid cancer (cases) and up to 40,013 controls. Variants suggestively associated with thyroid cancer (P < 0.05) were genotyped in an additional 595 non-Icelandic cases and 2,604 controls. After combining the results, three variants were shown to associate with thyroid cancer: rs966423 on 2q35 (OR = 1.34; P(combined) = 1.3 × 10(-9)), rs2439302 on 8p12 (OR = 1.36; P(combined) = 2.0 × 10(-9)) and rs116909374 on 14q13.3 (OR = 2.09; P(combined) = 4.6 × 10(-11)), a region previously reported to contain an uncorrelated variant conferring risk of thyroid cancer. A strong association (P = 9.1 × 10(-91)) was observed between rs2439302 on 8p12 and expression of NRG1, which encodes the signaling protein neuregulin 1, in blood.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 14/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 2/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 8/genética , Loci Gênicos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Tireotropina/metabolismo , Variação Genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Humanos , Islândia , Neuregulina-1/sangue , Neuregulina-1/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is relatively common and is strongly related to smoking and alcohol consumption but infection by human papillomavirus has also emerged as a risk factor for HNSCC. The treatment of these tumors is complicated and patients are best served by a multidisciplinary team. The therapy now commonly involves a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiation treatment and chemotherapy. Lower stage disease carries a relatively good prognosis. The treatment of metastatic HNSCC remains unsatisfactory and the prognosis of these patients is poor.