Outbreak of salmonellosis linked to live poultry from a mail-order hatchery.

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of human salmonella infections are increasingly associated with contact with live poultry, but effective control measures are elusive. In 2005, a cluster of human salmonella Montevideo infections with a rare pattern on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (the outbreak strain) was identified by PulseNet, a national subtyping network. METHODS: In cooperation with public health and animal health agencies, we conducted multistate investigations involving patient interviews, trace-back investigations, and environmental testing at a mail-order hatchery linked to the outbreak in order to identify the source of infections and prevent additional illnesses. A case was defined as an infection with the outbreak strain between 2004 and 2011. RESULTS: From 2004 through 2011, we identified 316 cases in 43 states. The median age of the patient was 4 years. Interviews were completed with 156 patients (or their caretakers) (49%), and 36 of these patients (23%) were hospitalized. Among the 145 patients for whom information was available, 80 (55%) had bloody diarrhea. Information on contact with live young poultry was available for 159 patients, and 122 of these patients (77%) reported having such contact. A mail-order hatchery in the western United States was identified in 81% of the trace-back investigations, and the outbreak strain was isolated from samples collected at the hatchery. After interventions at the hatchery, the number of human infections declined, but transmission continued. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a prolonged multistate outbreak of salmonellosis, predominantly affecting young children and associated with contact with live young poultry from a mail-order hatchery. Interventions performed at the hatchery reduced, but did not eliminate, associated human infections, demonstrating the difficulty of eliminating salmonella transmission from live poultry.

Development of Enantioselective Palladium-Catalyzed Alkene Carboalkoxylation Reactions for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurans.

The Pd-catalyzed coupling of γ-hydroxyalkenes with aryl bromides affords enantiomerically enriched 2-(arylmethyl)tetrahydrofuran derivatives in good yield and up to 96:4 e.r. This transformation was achieved through the development of a new TADDOL/2-arylcyclohexanol-derived chiral phosphite ligand. The transformations are effective with an array of different aryl bromides, and can be used for the preparation of products bearing quaternary stereocenters.

Backyard poultry flocks and salmonellosis: a recurring, yet preventable public health challenge.

Poultry are well recognized as possible carriers of Salmonella species. As part of the local foods movement, backyard poultry flocks have increased in popularity in recent years. Between 1996 and 2012, 45 outbreaks of human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry from mail-order hatcheries were documented. This review examines the history of live poultry-associated salmonellosis in humans in the United States, the current status of the issue, and what can be done to help prevent these illnesses. An integrated One Health approach involving the mail-order hatchery industry, feed stores, healthcare providers, veterinarians, and backyard flock owners is needed to help prevent live poultry-associated salmonellosis.

Synthesis of enantiomerically enriched imidazolidin-2-ones through asymmetric palladium-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions.

Positive water effect: A catalyst composed of [Pd(2)(dba)(3)] (dba=dibenzylideneacetone) and (S)-Siphos-PE is effective for the enantioselective coupling of N-allyl ureas with aryl bromides to afford 4-substituted imidazolidin-2-ones. Added water leads to significantly improved enantioselectivities with electron-poor aryl halide substrates. It is suggested that the C-C bond-forming reductive elimination is the enantiodetermining step in these reactions.

A Metallaphotoredox Method for the Expansion of Benzyl SAR on Electron-Deficient Amines.

A metallaphotoredox reaction is described that allows for the efficient exploration of benzyl structure-activity relationships on electron-deficient amines. Typically, accessing a variety of benzyl groups on these substrates can be difficult due to the limited availability of the prerequisite building blocks, namely benzyl halides. However, the use of aryl bromides in this metallaphotoredox reaction allows for greater diversity in the benzyl piece. The reaction scope is discussed herein, including conditions for product scaleup using flow.

Development of a Platform To Enable Efficient Permeability Evaluation of Novel Organo-Peptide Macrocycles.

As more macrocycle structures are utilized to drug intracellular targets, new platforms are needed to facilitate the discovery of cell permeable compounds in this unique chemical space. Herein, a method is disclosed that allows for the efficient synthesis and permeability evaluation of novel organo-peptide macrocycle libraries. Thoughtful library design allows for the collection of crude permeability data using supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) (EPSA) by mass-encoding the stereochemistry, ring size, and organic linker of the desired macrocycles. Library synthesis was aided via the development of a new on-resin N-arylation reaction. Further insights on the permeation of these organo-peptide macrocycles will be discussed, such as the permeability enhancement when utilizing a 2-substituted phenethyl linker versus a 3-substituted phenethyl linker. Lastly, selected macrocycles were scaled up and tested in the MDCK-II permeability assay, and the results of this assay reiterated the permeability trends from the crude SFC-MS data.

Synthesis of Cyclic Peptidomimetics via a Pd-Catalyzed Macroamination Reaction.

A new method to access cyclic peptidomimetics via a Pd-catalyzed macroamination reaction is presented. Natural amino acid amines are revealed as proficient coupling partners in these transformations. With a commercially available CPhos G3 catalyst system and substrates bearing diverse amino acid and aryl halide backbones, the unique head to side-chain (or side-chain mimic) macrocycles are afforded with ring sizes from 11 to 23 members in yields up to 84%.