RESUMO
The use of stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from feces and breath offers potential as non-destructive tools to assess diets and nutrition. How stable isotope values derived from breath and feces compare with those from commonly used tissues, such as blood fractions and liver, remains uncertain, including understanding the metabolic routing of dietary nutrients. Here, we measured δ13C and δ15N from feces and δ13C of breath from captive Red-necked Stints (Calidris ruficollis) and 26 species of wild-caught migratory shorebirds (n = 259 individuals) and compared them against isotopic values from blood and feathers. For captive birds fed either cereal- or fish-based diets, differences in δ13C between feces and lipid-free diet were small, - 0.2 ± 0.5 and 0.1 ± 0.3, respectively, and differences in δ15N, - 0.7 ± 0.5 and - 0.5 ± 0.5, respectively. Hence, δ13C and δ15N values from feces can serve as proxies for ingested proteinaceous tissues and non-soluble carbohydrates because isotopic discrimination can be considered negligible. Stable isotope values in plasma and feces were strongly correlated in wild-caught shorebirds, indicating feces can be used to infer assimilated macronutrients. Breath δ13C was 1.6 ± 0.8 to 5.6 ± 1.2 lower than bulk food sources, and breath C derived from lipids was estimated at 47.5% (cereal) to 96.1% (fish), likely underlining the importance of dietary lipids for metabolism. The findings validate the use of stable isotope values of feces and breath in isotopic assays to better understand the dietary needs of shorebirds.
Assuntos
Carbono , Dieta , Animais , Carboidratos , Isótopos de Carbono/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Fezes , Peixes/metabolismo , Isótopos de Nitrogênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Food webs are comprised of a network of trophic interactions and are essential to elucidating ecosystem processes and functions. However, the presence of unknown, but critical networks hampers understanding of complex and dynamic food webs in nature. Here, we empirically demonstrate a missing link, both critical and variable, by revealing that direct predator-prey relationships between shorebirds and biofilm are widespread and mediated by multiple ecological and evolutionary determinants. Food source mixing models and energy budget estimates indicate that the strength of the missing linkage is dependent on predator traits (body mass and foraging action rate) and the environment that determines food density. Morphological analyses, showing that smaller bodied species possess more developed feeding apparatus to consume biofilm, suggest that the linkage is also phylogenetically dependent and affords a compelling re-interpretation of niche differentiation. We contend that exploring missing links is a necessity for revealing true network structure and dynamics.
Assuntos
Biofilmes , Charadriiformes/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Cadeia Alimentar , Animais , Bico/anatomia & histologia , Tamanho Corporal , Charadriiformes/classificação , Dieta , Metabolismo Energético , Isótopos/química , Modelos Biológicos , Filogenia , Comportamento Predatório , Língua/anatomia & histologia , Língua/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used nonsteroidal analgesic because it is considered safe. However, APAP is a major cause of acute poisoning because of its easy availability. APAP overdose causes hepatic failure. A previous study reported a case of death occurring 3-4 days after APAP overdose. Serum APAP level is an index for administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). We investigated cases of APAP overdose to determine the correlation between serum APAP level and estimated APAP dosage, NAC medication, hepatic failure, etc. In one case, we found that the use of estimated APAP dosage alone led to inappropriate NAC medication. Moreover, there were cases in which serum APAP level increased 4 hr after APAP overdose. Repeated cases of APAP overdose suggested that the presence of NAC medication caused a difference in liver function test values.
Assuntos
Acetaminofen/sangue , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/sangue , Uso Indevido de Medicamentos sob Prescrição , Acetaminofen/efeitos adversos , Acetaminofen/intoxicação , Acetilcisteína/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/intoxicação , Feminino , Humanos , Falência Hepática Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Falência Hepática Aguda/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The patient was a 57-year-old man who presented with cancer of the esophagogastric junction. He underwent total gastrectomy, lower esophagectomy, distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy with para-aortic lymphnode dissection by the transthoracoabdominal approach. He was given a daily dose of 100 mg of S-1 as adjuvant chemotherapy. About one year after the operation, lung metastasis was recognized by enhanced CT examination. He began weekly paclitaxel as second-line chemotherapy. Paclitaxel was infused once a week. About two weeks after the first infusion therapy, he was admitted to our hospital with fever and dyspnea. A chest enhanced CT revealed remarkable empyema and mediastinal abscess. Chest drainage and mediastinal drainage were performed.After one month of drainage, the empyema and mediastinal abscess had improved. The metastastic tumor of the lung disappeared at the time of discharge. CR has been maintained for more than a year without chemotherapy.This case suggests that remarkable reduction of the tumor induced by chemotherapy may have caused the empyema and mediastinal abscess.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Empiema Pleural/complicações , Neoplasias Esofágicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Empiema Pleural/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirurgia , Esofagectomia , Junção Esofagogástrica/patologia , Gastrectomia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paclitaxel/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
A case of gastric endocrine cell carcinoma successfully treated by FU (5-FU/UFT) +irinotecan (CPT-11) adjuvant therapy against recurrent metastases is reported with some discussion. A 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with severe anemia. He was diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer, T3N1H0P0M0, Stage IIIa. Total gastrectomy with pancreato-splenectomy with D2 lymph node dissection was done for curative resection. The pathological diagnosis was gastric endocrine cell carcinoma because Grimelius and Chromogranin A stained positive histologically. Seven months after operation, recurrent liver metastases with tumor embolism of the portal vein were revealed by enhanced CT examination. FU (5-FU/UFT) +CPT-11 was done as the first-line adjuvant chemotherapy. Metastatic lesion of the liver and portal vein tumor embolism was decreased. Tumor marker CA19-9 level was also decreased and within normal limits. This therapy was evaluated as a partial response (PR) in twelve months and the patient died three years and eight months after operation. Gastric endocrine cell carcinoma is known as a potentially highly malignant tumor. But in our case FU+CPT-11 controlled growth of the recurrent tumor. Based on this finding, we recommend adjuvant chemotherapy by FU+CPT-11 for gastric endocrine cell carcinoma.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Gástricas/terapia , Idoso , Antimetabólitos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/administração & dosagem , Camptotecina/administração & dosagem , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Fluoruracila/administração & dosagem , Gastrectomia , Humanos , Irinotecano , Excisão de Linfonodo , Masculino , Metástase Neoplásica , Tegafur/administração & dosagem , Uracila/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The adsorption characteristics of eight adsorbents, cholestyramine, colestimide, aluminum silicate, sucralfate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium polystyrene sulfonate, carbon sphere and medicinal carbon, on the drugs such as methotrexate, antidepressants, mizoribine and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were investigated in vitro. Medicinal carbon showed an excellent adsorption of all the tested drugs while the carbon spheres showed a high but slow adsorption characteristic. Cholestyramine and colestimide showed a higher adsorption in methotrexate than the other adsorbents. Aluminum silicate and calcium polystyrene sulfonate showed higher adsorption in four antidepressants, clomipramine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, mianserin hydrochloride and trazodone hydrochloride. In mizoribine, there were no adsorbents that showed higher adsorption except for the medicinal carbon. In ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, aluminum preparations and calcium polystyrene sulfonate showed higher adsorption characteristics. It is suggested that several adsorbents are potentially useful treatments for drug overdoses, but that these adsorbents have the possibility of decreasing the effects of the co-administered medicines.