Perinatal Use of Citrulline Rescues Hypertension in Adult Male Offspring Born to Pregnant Uremic Rats.

The growing recognition of the association between maternal chronic kidney disease (CKD) and fetal programming highlights the increased vulnerability of hypertension in offspring. Potential mechanisms involve oxidative stress, dysbiosis in gut microbiota, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Our prior investigation showed that the administration of adenine to pregnant rats resulted in the development of CKD, ultimately causing hypertension in their adult offspring. Citrulline, known for enhancing nitric oxide (NO) production and possessing antioxidant and antihypertensive properties, was explored for its potential to reverse high blood pressure (BP) in offspring born to CKD dams. Male rat offspring, both from normal and adenine-induced CKD models, were randomly assigned to four groups (8 animals each): (1) control, (2) CKD, (3) citrulline-treated control rats, and (4) citrulline-treated CKD rats. Citrulline supplementation successfully reversed elevated BP in male progeny born to uremic mothers. The protective effects of perinatal citrulline supplementation were linked to an enhanced NO pathway, decreased expression of renal (pro)renin receptor, and changes in gut microbiota composition. Citrulline supplementation led to a reduction in the abundance of Monoglobus and Streptococcus genera and an increase in Agothobacterium Butyriciproducens. Citrulline's ability to influence taxa associated with hypertension may be linked to its protective effects against maternal CKD-induced offspring hypertension. In conclusion, perinatal citrulline treatment increased NO availability and mitigated elevated BP in rat offspring from uremic mother rats.

Evaluation of the Feasibility of In Vitro Metabolic Interruption of Trimethylamine with Resveratrol Butyrate Esters and Its Purified Monomers.

Resveratrol (RSV), obtained from dietary sources, has been shown to reduce trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) levels in humans, and much research indicates that TMAO is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of RSV and RSV-butyrate esters (RBE) on the proliferation of co-cultured bacteria and HepG2 cell lines, respectively, and also investigated the changes in trimethylamine (TMA) and TMOA content in the medium and flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) gene expression. This study revealed that 50 µg/mL of RBE could increase the population percentage of Bifidobacterium longum at a rate of 53%, while the rate was 48% for Clostridium asparagiforme. In contrast, co-cultivation of the two bacterial strains effectively reduced TMA levels from 561 ppm to 449 ppm. In addition, regarding TMA-induced HepG2 cell lines, treatment with 50 µM each of RBE, 3,4'-di-O-butanoylresveratrol (ED2), and 3-O-butanoylresveratrol (ED4) significantly reduced FMO3 gene expression from 2.13 to 0.40-1.40, which would also contribute to the reduction of TMAO content. This study demonstrated the potential of RBE, ED2, and ED4 for regulating TMA metabolism in microbial co-cultures and cell line cultures, which also suggests that the resveratrol derivative might be a daily dietary supplement that will be beneficial for health promotion in the future.

Iodomethylcholine Inhibits Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Production and Averts Maternal Chronic Kidney Disease-Programmed Offspring Hypertension.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the global population, including pregnant women. Adverse maternal conditions determine the developmental programming of many diseases later in life. We previously demonstrated that adult rat offspring born to dams with CKD developed hypertension and renal hypertrophy. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a uremic toxin derived from the gut microbiota, has been linked to hypertension. This study assesses the effects of TMAO inhibition by iodomethylcholine (IMC) treatment on offspring hypertension programmed by maternal CKD. Female rats were fed either a control or a 0.5% adenine diet before conception, with or without IMC treatment during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal IMC treatment averted maternal CKD-primed offspring hypertension and renal hypertrophy in 12-week-old offspring. Offspring hypertension is associated with increases in the plasma TMAO concentration and oxidative stress and shifts in gut microbiota. The beneficial effects of IMC are related to a reduction in TMAO; increases in genera Acetatifactor, Bifidobacterium, and Eubacterium; and decreases in genera Phocacecola and Bacteroides. Our findings afford insights into the targeting of the gut microbiota to deplete TMAO production, with therapeutic potential for the prevention of offspring hypertension programmed by maternal CKD, although these results still need further clinical translation.

Development of novel green methods for preparation of lead-free preserved pidan (duck egg).

Pidan, a pickled duck egg, is a traditional Chinese cuisine and generally produced by soaking in metal ion containing strong alkaline solution such as NaOH solution. However, nowadays consumers possess negative perception for using strong alkali in food processing. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the potential of incinerated eggshell powder and alkaline electrolyzed oxidized (EO) water for pidan production rather than harmful NaOH use. This study aims to obtain the optimal physicochemical and sensory qualities of pidan. Various dosing (1-5%) of the incinerated eggshell powder solution or alkaline EO water was used as a basic pickling solution. Duck eggs were pickled at 25-27 °C for 15-30 days with 3 days of an observation interval. Actual commercial process commonly undergoes for 14 days of ripening, after 25 days of picking process with incinerated eggshell powder or EO water. Results showed that physicochemical and sensory attributes of pidan obtained by incinerated eggshell powder solution and alkaline EO water were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from the commercial product. This study reports a cost-effective and green alternative method for pidan processing by replacing costly NaOH without compromising their physico-chemical and sensory attributes.

Resveratrol butyrate esters inhibit lipid biosynthesis in 3T3-L1 cells by AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.

Resveratrol butyrate esters (RBEs), which are novel resveratrol-synthesized derivatives, exhibit increased biological activity. This study elucidated the effect of RBEs on fat metabolism and their anti-obesity characteristics. Their molecular mechanism was investigated in the 3T3-L1 murine preadipocyte cells and adipocytes. RBE doses of < 2 µM did not induce a significant change in the viability of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. After RBEs treatment, intracellular lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was stimulated by methylisobutylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin-containing medium. However, a significant dose-dependent reduction in intracellular lipid levels was observed. The mRNA levels of two adipogenic transcription factors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR] and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins [C/EBP]) and lipogenic proteins (fatty acid-binding protein 4 [FABP4] and fatty acid synthase [FAS]) were significantly attenuated by RBE treatment in both MDI-stimulated and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) also dramatically increased in the MDI + RBE-treated group compared to that in the MDI + vehicle-treated group. Collectively, our study provides strong evidence that RBEs inhibit adipogenesis by regulating adipogenic protein expression and increasing the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. Future studies will be conducted on animal models to validate the application of RBEs as a functional food ingredient in improving human health. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05436-x.

The relationship among knowledge, attitude, and behavior of workers on food safety in Taiwan's Company A.

In recent years, consumer awareness of food safety has been increasing, and food workers with professional food safety knowledge, attitude, and practical implementation are essential for maintaining the quality of food as well as preventing foodborne diseases. This study evaluates the knowledge, attitude, and implementation of food safety practices among employees in a food company in Taiwan. The employees were both who had received food safety knowledge and training and had yet to receive it. Data collection was carried out through 68 questionnaires, and analysis methods, including descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis, have performed. Before the first stage of education and training, 100% of the employees knew that food factories must conduct regular water quality testing. Still, the error rate for personal hygiene and safety was the highest. The second part has the highest average food safety attitude and the concept of food preservation. The third part of personnel behavior was to avoid cross-contamination. After the second stage of education and training of personnel in food safety knowledge, the attitude and behavior have been greatly improved. The findings of this study can be used as a reference for food suppliers to develop employee education and training.

Investigation of the physicochemical properties of the thin slices of dried pork meat paper mixed with squid.

Globally, the Peruvian squid (Dosidicus gigas) has the highest productivity among squid species. However, due to its high-water content and astringent taste, it has limited fresh food value. This study used Peruvian squid meat as the primary material to prepare thin slices of dried squid meat paper mixed with pork. Here, different proportions (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%, while 0% as the control group) of squid surimi have used to mix with pork for the meat paper preparation and the changes in physicochemical properties, microstructure, and sensory evaluation were analyzed. The results showed that the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) contents increased with the storage period, where 20% squid surimi substitution had the lowest TVB-N content. The 20% squid surimi substitution group had the highest expansion rate, the lowest peroxide value (PV), and moisture content. The food-borne microorganisms (E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella spp.) were within the legal limits or negative. Hardness and crispiness, 20-40% squid surimi substitution were closely similar to the control group. This study has provided an effective investigation of the possibility of expanding the utilization of Peruvian squid resources by combining appropriate squid surimi with minced pork for high-quality thin slices of dried meat paper.

Evaluation of egg white hydrolysates on the hepatoprotective effect in vitro and in vivo.

The small molecule characteristics and nutritional value of egg white hydrolysates have been widely used. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo models were used to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of egg protein hydrolysate (EWH) by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The in vitro experiment results showed that 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL of EWH enhanced antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells by increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The in vivo experiment results showed that EWH (L) (38.5 mg/kg BW) and EWH (H) (385 mg/kg BW) alleviated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats through reduced levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, EWH also ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats by increasing the antioxidant activity of GSH levels with a decrease in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Besides, EWH ameliorates liver tissue injuries by CCl4-induction. EWH has the highest glutamic acid in free amino acid composition, the second highest was aspartic acid, and the third was cystine, 204, 141, and 125 mg/100 g, respectively. These results suggest EWH has hepatoprotective potential through reduced lipid peroxidation products and enhanced antioxidant activity.

Efficient thermal treatment of radish (Raphanus sativus) for enhancing its bioactive compounds.

Old preserved radish (OPR), a traditional pickled-food of Asia, contains the healthy bioactive compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids. To preserve the phenols levels in radish by thermal treatment, which are decreased due to the polyphenol oxidase activity during long storage. Range of thermal processing evaluated to retain the maximum phenols level in the radish while processed at temperatures of 70 °C, 80 °C and 90 °C for 30 days. In this study, the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of thermal processing radish (TPR) were evaluated and compared with commercial products of OPR. Results showed the best condition of thermal processing, 80°C for 30 days, could increase the values of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity that were 2.27, 2.74 and 2.89 times, respectively. When comparing the thermally processed radish or TPR with OPR, TPR has a higher content of phenols and flavonoids, indicating that the thermal processing was effective to increase the content of functional compounds in radish and significantly improved its nutritional values.

Development and shelf life stability of new products for Pacific saury (Cololabis saira).

Pacific saury is a primarily wild-caught fish in Taiwan and contains high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, its consumption is encouraged by Taiwanese government due to its high nutrition values and affordable price. In this study, four products, Minced saury with pork, Minced saury with XO sauce, Crispy dried saury, and Saury roll with roe, were developed. Optimization of the processing and ingredients were determined by a group of expert panelists, then by a large group of regular consumers. Total bacterial count, coliform, Escherichia coli, volatile base nitrogen, water content, and water activity were analyzed for shelf-life stability. In addition, the indexes of oil oxidation such as acid values, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid were determined for the oil quality of products. Compositions of fatty acids and fragrant compounds were also analyzed. All microbial, physicochemical, and oil oxidation indexes of the products complied with the official regulations and industrial standards of Taiwan. Composition of fragrant compounds closely related with sensory characteristics and PUFAs composition were not degraded by the processing and storage. A new brand name, Hsiung-Chou, and the logo were established and the products were contracted to manufacturers for commercial production. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05432-1.

Lemon fermented products prevent obesity in high-fat diet-fed rats by modulating lipid metabolism and gut microbiota.

Citrus limon (lemon) possesses immunoregulatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering effects. Our previous study showed that lemon fermented products (LFP) which were lemon fermented with Lactobacillus OPC1 had the ability to avert obesity. However, the LFP effects on the pathway of lipid metabolism by gut microbiota were still unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the LFP effects on liver lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in a rat model of obesity caused by a high-calorie diet. LFP effectively reduced the total triglyceride (49.7%) and total cholesterol (53.3%) contents of the liver. Additionally, the mRNA levels of genes related to triglyceride metabolism (SREBP-1c, PPARγ, and ACC), cholesterol metabolism (HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, and LCAT), and lipid ß-oxidation (PPARα, and CPT-1) were regulated by LFP. Furthermore, LFP reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and enhanced the ratio of Firmicutes Clostridia. Overall, these findings suggested that LFP might use as a potential dietary supplement for preventing obesity by modulating the lipid metabolism and improving the gut microbiota.

Investigation of the optimal production conditions for egg white hydrolysates and physicochemical characteristics.

This study aimed to investigate the potential of egg white protein hydrolysate (EWH) as a functional food by identifying the optimum production conditions for EWH with response surface methodology (the results of the sensory evaluation were considered as an essential quality indicator). At the same time, its physicochemical and biological activity was also evaluated. The optimal economic production conditions were selected: substrate concentration of 12.5%, enzyme content of 7.5%, and hydrolysis time at 100 min. The degree of hydrolysis (DH %) was 13.51%. In addition, to the better acceptance of the evaluation, it also helps to reduce the production cost of the protein hydrolysate, which is beneficial to future processing and applications. The antioxidant capacity experiments showed that EWH has good antioxidant activity, which presents a dose-dependent relationship. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis for future research and application of EWH for processing applications, including dietary supplementation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05708-0.

Maternal Acetate Supplementation Reverses Blood Pressure Increase in Male Offspring Induced by Exposure to Minocycline during Pregnancy and Lactation.

Emerging evidence supports that hypertension can be programmed or reprogrammed by maternal nutrition. Maternal exposures during pregnancy, such as maternal nutrition or antibiotic use, could alter the offspring's gut microbiota. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Acetate, the most dominant SCFA, has shown its antihypertensive effect. Limited information exists regarding whether maternal acetate supplementation can prevent maternal minocycline-induced hypertension in adult offspring. We exposed pregnant Sprague Dawley rats to normal diet (ND), minocycline (MI, 50 mg/kg/day), magnesium acetate (AC, 200 mmol/L in drinking water), and MI + AC from gestation to lactation period. At 12 weeks of age, four groups (n = 8/group) of male progeny were sacrificed. Maternal acetate supplementation protected adult offspring against minocycline-induced hypertension. Minocycline administration reduced plasma acetic acid level, which maternal acetate supplementation prevented. Additionally, acetate supplementation increased the protein level of SCFA receptor G protein-coupled receptor 41 in the offspring kidneys. Further, minocycline administration and acetate supplementation significantly altered gut microbiota composition. Maternal acetate supplementation protected minocycline-induced hypertension accompanying by the increases in genera Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, and Coprococcus. In sum, our results cast new light on targeting gut microbial metabolites as early interventions to prevent the development of hypertension, which could help alleviate the global burden of hypertension.

Production of Siamenoside I and Mogroside IV from Siraitia grosvenorii Using Immobilized ß-Glucosidase.

Siraitia grosvenorii is a type of fruit used in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown that the conversion of saponins was often carried out by chemical hydrolysis, which can be problematic because of the environmental hazards it may cause and the low yield it produces. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a continuous bioreactor with immobilized enzymes to produce siamenoside I and mogroside IV. The results show that the immobilization process of ß-glucosidase exhibited the best relative activity with a glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration of 1.5%, carrier activation time of 1 h and binding enzyme time of 12 h. After the immobilization through GA linkage, the highest relative activity of ß-glucosidase was recorded through the reaction with the substrate at 60 °C and pH 5. Subsequently, the glass microspheres with immobilized ß-glucosidase were filled into the reactor to maintain the optimal active environment, and the aqueous solution of Siraitia grosvenorii extract was introduced by controlling the flow rate. The highest concentration of siamenoside I and mogroside IV were obtained at a flow rate of 0.3 and 0.2 mL/min, respectively. By developing this immobilized enzyme system, siamenoside I and mogroside IV can be prepared in large quantities for industrial applications.

Effect of D-Limonene Nanoemulsion Edible Film on Banana (Musa sapientum Linn.) Post-Harvest Preservation.

D-limonene (4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene) is an important compound in several citrus essential oils (such as orange, lemon, tangerine, lime, and grapefruit). It has been used as a flavoring agent and as a food preservative agent, with generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. D-limonene has been well-studied for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and antibacterial properties. The antibacterial activity of D-limonene against food-borne pathogens was investigated in this study by preparing a D-limonene nanoemulsion. The D-limonene solution and nanoemulsion have been prepared in six concentrations, 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% (v/v), respectively, and the antibacterial activity was tested against four food-borne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli). The results showed that the D-limonene nanoemulsion had good nanoscale and overall particle size uniformity, and its particle size was about 3~5 nm. It has been found that the D-limonene solution and nanoemulsion have a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.336 mg/mL, and that they could inhibit the growth of microorganisms efficiently. The data indicate that the D-limonene nanoemulsion has more antibacterial ability against microorganisms than the D-limonene essential oil. After bananas are treated with 1.0% and 1.5% D-limonene nanoemulsion coatings, the water loss of the bananas during storage and the percentage of weight loss are reduced, which can inhibit the activity of pectinase. The application of a biocoating provides a good degree of antibacterial activity and air and moisture barrier properties, which help with extending the shelf life of bananas.

Enhancing Bioactive Saponin Content of Raphanus sativus Extract by Thermal Processing at Various Conditions.

Pickled radish (Raphanus sativus) is a traditional Asian ingredient, but the traditional method takes decades to make this product. To optimize such a process, this study compared the saponin content of pickled radishes with different thermal processing and traditional processes (production time of 7 days, 10 years, and 20 years) and evaluated the effects of different thermal processes on the formation of radish saponin through kinetics study and mass spectrometry. The results showed that increasing the pickling time enhanced the formation of saponin in commercial pickled radishes (25 °C, 7 days, 6.50 ± 1.46 mg g-1; 3650 days, 23.11 ± 1.22 mg g-1), but these increases were lower than those induced by thermal processing (70 °C 30 days 24.24 ± 1.01 mg g-1). However, it was found that the pickling time of more than 10 years and the processing temperature of more than 80 °C reduce the saponin content. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that the major saponin in untreated radish was Tupistroside G, whereas treated samples contained Asparagoside A and Timosaponin A1. Moreover, this study elucidated the chemical structure of saponins in TPR. The findings indicated that thermal treatment could induce functional saponin conversion in plants, and such a mechanism can also be used to improve the health efficacy of plant-based crops.

Pulsed electric field-assisted drying: A review of its underlying mechanisms, applications, and role in fresh produce plant-based food preservation.

Drying is a key processing step for plant-based foods. The quality of dried products, including the physical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory attributes, is influenced by the drying method used. Conventional drying technologies have low efficiency and can negatively affect product quality. Recently, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted techniques are being explored as a novel pretreatment for drying. This review focuses on the application of PEF as pretreatment for drying plant-based products, the preservation effects of this pretreatment, and its underlying mechanisms. A literature search revealed that PEF-assisted drying is beneficial for maintaining the physicochemical properties of the dried products and preserving their color and constituent chemical compounds. PEF-assisted drying promotes rehydration and improves the kinetics of drying. Unlike conventional technologies, PEF-assisted drying enables selective cell disintegration while maintaining product quality. Before the drying process, PEF pretreatment inactivates microbes and enzymes and controls respiratory activity, which may further contribute to preservation. Despite numerous advantages, the efficiency and applicably of PEF-assisted drying can be improved in the future.

Metformin ameliorates maternal high-fat diet-induced maternal dysbiosis and fetal liver apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: The deleterious effect of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) on the fetal rat liver may cause later development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal HFD-induced maternal hepatic steatosis and dysbiosis on the fetal liver and intestines, and the effect of prenatal metformin in a rat model. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three groups (N = 6 in each group). Before mating, the rats were randomly assigned to HFD or normal-chow diet (NCD) group for 7 weeks. After mating, the HFD group rats were continued with high-fat diet during pregnancy and some of the HFD group rats were co-treated with metformin (HFMf) via drinking water during pregnancy. All maternal rats and their fetuses were sacrificed on gestational day 21. The liver and intestinal tissues of both maternal and fetal rats were analyzed. In addition, microbial deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from the maternal fecal samples was analyzed. RESULTS: HFD resulted in maternal weight gain during pregnancy, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and change in the serum short-chain fatty acid profile, intestinal tight junctions, and dysbiosis in maternal rats. The effect of HFD on maternal rats was alleviated by prenatal metformin, which also ameliorated inflammation and apoptosis in the fetal liver and intestines. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of prenatal metformin on maternal liver steatosis, focusing on the gut-liver axis. In addition, the present study indicates that prenatal metformin could ameliorate maternal HFD-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the fetal liver and intestines. This beneficial effect of in-utero exposure of metformin on fetal liver and intestines has not been reported. This study supports the use of prenatal metformin for pregnant obese women.

Preventive Aspects of Early Resveratrol Supplementation in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease of Developmental Origins.

The increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and kidney disease has stimulated research for strategies that could prevent, rather than just treat, both interconnected disorders. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound with pleiotropic biofunctions, has shown health benefits. Emerging epidemiological data supports that early life environmental insults are regarded as increased risks of developing CVDs and kidney disease in adulthood. Conversely, both disorders could be reversed or postponed by shifting interventions from adulthood to earlier stage by so-called reprogramming. The purpose of this review is first to highlight current epidemiological studies linking cardiovascular and renal programming to resulting CVD and kidney disease of developmental origins. This will be followed by a summary of how resveratrol could exert a positive influence on CVDs and kidney disease. This review also presents an overview of the evidence documenting resveratrol as a reprogramming agent to protect against CVD and kidney disease of developmental origins from animal studies and to outline the advances in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Overall, this review reveals the need for future research to further clarify the reprogramming effects of resveratrol before clinical translation.

Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Preventive Aspects.

One of the leading global public-health burdens is metabolic syndrome (MetS), despite the many advances in pharmacotherapies. MetS, now known as "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD), can have its origins in early life. Offspring MetS can be programmed by various adverse early-life conditions, such as nutrition imbalance, maternal conditions or diseases, maternal chemical exposure, and medication use. Conversely, early interventions have shown potential to revoke programming processes to prevent MetS of developmental origins, namely reprogramming. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about adverse environmental insults implicated in MetS of developmental origins, including the fundamental underlying mechanisms. We also describe animal models that have been developed to study the developmental programming of MetS. This review extends previous research reviews by addressing implementation of reprogramming strategies to prevent the programming of MetS. These mechanism-targeted strategies include antioxidants, melatonin, resveratrol, probiotics/prebiotics, and amino acids. Much work remains to be accomplished to determine the insults that could induce MetS, to identify the mechanisms behind MetS programming, and to develop potential reprogramming strategies for clinical translation.