Trend on dental caries status and its risk indicators in children aged 12 years in China: a multilevel analysis based on the repeated national cross-sectional surveys in 2005 and 2015.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the trend and risk indicators for dental caries of children aged 12 years in China based on national oral health survey data in 2005 and 2015. METHODS: Research data were from the two latest national oral health surveys conducted in mainland China, including 30 and 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in 2005 and 2015, respectively. Children aged 12 years were clinically examined for dental caries and dental fluorosis according to the World Health Organization criteria. Sociodemographic characteristics and oral health-related behaviours were collected using questionnaires. Multilevel zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was used to investigate the association between dental caries severity and dental fluorosis, sociodemographic characteristics, and oral health-related behaviours. RESULTS: The final analyses included 12,350 and 27,818 children surveyed in 2005 and 2015, respectively. The standardized prevalence of dental caries increased from 27.05% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.25-28.85) in 2005 to 37.92% (95% CI, 34.94-40.90) in 2015, and the respective standardized mean decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index scores increased from 0.50 (standard deviation [SD], 1.04) to 0.83 (SD, 1.45) (P < 0.001). Fujian province had the highest increase in dental caries, followed by Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hainan, and Yunnan. Results revealed that children who were girls, more frequently experienced dental pain, and had more recent dental visits, had significantly higher DMFT scores after adjusting for the survey year and other variables (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dental caries of 12-year-old children in China deteriorated from 2005 to 2015, particularly in the northeast and southwest regions. Dental caries was associated with sex, dental pain, and dental service utilization.

The relationship between different types of caries and periodontal disease severity in middle-aged and elderly people: findings from the 4th National Oral Health Survey of China.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between dental caries and periodontal disease is still controversial. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between different types of caries and periodontal disease severity in middle-aged and elderly people in China. METHODS: The study population consisted of 4407 middle-aged and 4117 elderly subjects. Caries were divided into the following three types: type A, crown caries; type B, lesions involving both the crown and root, representing mixed-type caries; and type C, root caries. These three types together represent the overall caries situation, which we call type ABC. Caries were quantitated by decayed and filled teeth (DFT index). Periodontitis was evaluated by clinical attachment loss. RESULTS: Middle-aged people with periodontitis had a significant association with DFT type B (OR: 1.21, 95% CI 1.17-1.25) and type C (OR: 1.40, 95% CI 1.24-1.56). Elderly people with periodontitis had a significant association with DFT type C (OR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.21-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: In China, caries types B/C were positively correlated with periodontitis in the middle-aged group, and only caries type C was positively correlated with periodontitis in the elderly group.

Novel hydrazone derivatives containing pyridine amide moiety: Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity.

A series of novel hydrazone derivatives containing pyridine amide moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their insecticidal activity. Bioassays indicated that some of the target compounds exhibited good insecticidal activities against Nilaparvata lugens (N. lugens), Plutella xylostella (P. xylostella), Mythimna separata (M. separata), Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera), Pyrausta nubilalis (P. nubilalis), and Culex pipiens pallens (C. pipiens pallens). In particular, compound 5j revealed excellent insecticidal activity against C. pipiens pallens, with the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and the 95% lethal concentration (LC95) values of 2.44 and 5.76 mg/L, respectively, which were similar to those of chlorpyrifos (3.26 and 6.98 mg/L, respectively), tebufenozide (1.22 and 2.49 mg/L, respectively), and RH-5849 (2.61 and 6.37 mg/L, respectively). These results indicated that hydrazone derivatives containing pyridine amide moiety could be developed as novel and promising insecticides.

Antibacterial activities against rice bacterial leaf blight and tomato bacterial wilt of 2-mercapto-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole derivatives.

In this study, a series of 2-mercapto-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against rice bacterial leaf blight and tomato bacterial wilt caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) via the turbidimeter test in vitro. Antibacterial bioassays indicated that most compounds demonstrated appreciable antibacterial bioactivities against Xoo and R. solanacearum. Among the title compounds, compound 4i demonstrated the best inhibitory effect against Xoo and R. solanacearum with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 14.69 and 15.14µg/mL, respectively, which were even better than those of commercial agents Bismerthiazol and Thiodiazole Copper. In vivo antibacterial activities tests under greenhouse conditions revealed that the control efficiency of compound 4i against rice bacterial leaf blight and tobacco bacterial wilt were better than those of Bismerthiazol and Thiodiazole Copper. Meanwhile, field trials also indicated that compound 4i demonstrated appreciable control efficiency against rice bacterial leaf blight and tomato bacterial wilt.

Design, synthesis, and antibacterial activity against rice bacterial leaf blight and leaf streak of 2,5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole sulfone derivative.

A series of 2,5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole sulfone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against rice bacterial leaf blight and leaf streak caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicolaby via the turbidimeter test in vitro. Antibacterial bioassay results indicated that most compounds demonstrated good inhibitory effect antibacterial bioactivities against rice bacterial leaf blight and leaf streak. Among the title compounds, compound 6c demonstrated the best inhibitory effect against rice bacterial leaf blight and leaf streak with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 1.07 and 7.14 µg/mL, respectively, which were even better than those of commercial agents such as Bismerthiazol and Thiediazole Copper. In vivo antibacterial activities tests at greenhouse conditions demonstrated that the controlling effect of compounds 6c (43.5%) and 6g (42.4%) against rice bacterial leaf blight were better than those of Bismerthiazol (25.5%) and Thiediazole Copper (37.5%).

Chemical constituents of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston.

The current study targets the chemical constituents of Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston and investigates the bioactivities of the isolated compounds. Fourteen known compounds were isolated using column chromatography, and structural identification was performed by physical and spectral analyses. The biological activities of the compounds were also evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2,2-diphenlyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Emodin (6), baicalein (9), and apigenin (12) displayed antitumor activities against the MGC-803 cell line, while quercetin (2), rutin (5), baicalein (9), and epicatechin (13) showed stronger DPPH scavenging activities compared with ascorbic acid. Andrographolide (1), quercetin (2), bergenin (4), rutin (5), emodin (6), betulin (7), baicalein (9), polydatin (10), salicin (11), and apigenin (12), were obtained from C. decapetala (Roth) Alston for the first time.

The poor oral health status of former heroin users treated with methadone in a Chinese city.

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies conducted on the oral health status of illegal drug users in China, affecting the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present study was to investigate and analyze the oral health status of former heroin users treated with methadone in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. MATERIAL/METHODS: The presence of caries (decayed tooth and root), missing teeth, residual roots, dental prosthetic restoration and periodontal health were investigated in 445 former heroin users treated with methadone (317 males and 128 females). Their ages ranged from 20 to 59 years old. RESULTS: Among the study subjects, the prevalence of decayed/filled teeth was 64.72%, and the mean of decayed/filled teeth score was 2.92. The prevalence of decayed/filled roots was 21.80%, and the mean of decayed/filled roots score was 0.62. The prevalence of missing teeth was 31.46%, and the mean missing teeth score was 0.62. The prevalence of residual roots was 42.02%, with a mean score of 1.06. The rates of gingival bleeding, calculus, shallow pockets periodontal pocket, and deep periodontal pocket were 99.55%, 96.63%, 30.34%, and 2.70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The oral health status among the studied former heroin users in Chengdu was poorer than the general population. Better dental care for the former heroin users is needed to promote their oral health.

Determining the factors associated with oral health-related quality of life in Chinese elders: Findings from the fourth national survey.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between the self-reported oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of older Chinese people and their socio-economic status and oral health using data collected in the 4th National Oral Health Survey. METHODS: After multistage stratified cluster sampling, 4332 adults aged 65-74 years participated in the study. After a clinical examination, the participants completed a structured questionnaire. A Mandarin version of the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was included in the questionnaire. Clinical examinations were carried out using the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the associations of the clinical and socio-demographic variables with the GOHAI scores of the participants. RESULTS: The weighted mean (SE) GOHAI score was 51.6 (0.0). Female sex and having more than 10 missing teeth, unrestored tooth spaces, more than 10 decayed teeth and a periodontal pocket ≥6 mm were negatively associated with the GOHAI score, while having a higher education level and living in the Eastern region of China were positively associated with the GOHAI score. CONCLUSION: After adjustment for confounders, the OHRQoL of older Chinese individuals was mainly affected by untreated dental caries and the loss of teeth. Older Chinese individuals who were male, had a higher education level, were from the Eastern region, had no unrestored tooth spaces or deep periodontal pockets and had fewer decayed or missing teeth had higher GOHAI scores, indicating better OHRQoL.

A Sensitive SERS Method for Determination of Pymetrozine in Apple and Cabbage Based on an Easily Prepared Substrate.

Residual pesticides are one of the major food safety concerns around the world. There is a demand for simple and reliable methods to monitor pesticide residues in foods. In this study, a sensitive method for determination of pymetrozine in apple and cabbage samples using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on decanethiol functionalized silver nanoparticles was established. The proposed method performed satisfactorily with the linear detection range of 0.01-1.00 mg/L and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 mg/L in methanol. In addition, it was successfully used to detect pymetrozine in apple and cabbage samples, the LOD was 0.02 and 0.03 mg/L, respectively, and the recoveries of spiked cabbage and apple ranged 70.40-104.00%, with relative standard deviations below 12.18% and 10.33% for intra-day and inter-day tests. Moreover, the results of the correlation test with real cabbage samples of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed that they were highly correlated (slope = 0.9895, R2 = 0.9953). This study provides a sensitive approach for detection of pymetrozine in apple and cabbage, which has great potential for determination of pymetrozine residues in food products.

Associated Factors of Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents Aged 12-15 Years.

adolescents aged 12 to 15 years based on the 4th National Oral Health Survey and to explore its associated factors. METHODS: Students aged 12 to 15 years were recruited using to a multistage stratified random sampling method. All the subjects received oral examination and completed a questionnaire. Information relating to OHRQoL was collected through a Mandarin version of the child oral impacts on daily performances (Child-OIDP) questionnaire. The relationship between the Child-OIDP scores and independent variables was assessed using a Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test and a multivariate Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 89,582 subjects were included in the analysis, of whom 76.6% reported oral impacts in the last 6 months. Eating was the most affected daily performance. The results of the regression analysis showed that factors associated with adolescents' OHRQoL included sex, location of residence, region, only child status, parents' level of education, frequency of sugar consumption, self-perception of general/oral health, dental appointments in the past 12 months, oral health knowledge status, age, decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index and number of teeth with gingival bleeding. CONCLUSION: Oral impacts were common among Chinese adolescents, although most were not so severe. Eating was the most commonly affected performance. Sex, location of residence, region, only child status, parents' level of education, frequency of sugar consumption, selfperception of general/oral health status, dental appointments in the previous 12 months, oral health knowledge status, age, DMFT index and number of teeth with gingival bleeding were found to be associated with OHRQoL.

Synthesis and antiviral activity of 5­(4­chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole sulfonamides.

Starting from 4-chlorobenzoic acid, 10 new 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-substituted-N-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized in six-steps. Esterification of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with methanol and subsequent hydrazination, salt formation and cyclization afforded 5-(4-chlorophen-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (5). Conversion of this intermediate into sulfonyl chloride 6, followed by nucleophilic attack of the amines gave the title sulfonamides 7a-7j whose structures were confirmed by NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The bioassay tests showed that compounds 7b and 7i possessed certain anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity.

Asymmetric synthesis of alpha-aminophosphonates using the inexpensive chiral catalyst 1,1'-binaphthol phosphate.

Asymmetric addition under mild conditions of dialkyl phosphites on aldimines derived from cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by the inexpensive chiral organocatalyst (R)-3,3'-[4-fluorophenyl](2)-1,1'-binaphthol phosphate has been found effective to give new alpha-amino-phosphonates 9 in moderate yields (30-65%) and enantiomeric excess (8.4%-61.9%).

Studies on the chemical constituents and anticancer activity of Saxifraga stolonifera (L) Meeb.

Saxifraga stolonifera, an evergreen dicotyledon, has been identified as an important resource in Chinese medicine due to its anticancer activity. In the present report, chemical components of S. stolonifera (L) Meeb which is found in Guizhou province were investigated. Ten compounds were isolated from ethanol extracts of S. stolonifera plant and were identified as n-C(31)H(64) (1), (n-C(17)H(35))(2)CO (2), beta-sitosterol (3), n-C(29)H(60) (4), Bergenin (5), Protocatechuic acid (6), Gallic acid (7), Quercitrin 3-O-alpha-l-rhamnoside (8), Quercetin (9), and Quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (10). Among them, n-C(31)H(64) (1), (n-C(17)H(35))(2)CO (2), beta-sitosterol (3), and n-C(29)H(60) (4) were isolated from this plant for the first time. The anticancer activities of S. stolonifera constituents on human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823 were evaluated by MTT assay and microscopic observation, DNA fragmentation, and flow cytometry analysis assay. It was found that quercetin could inhibit cell viability after 72 h of exposure. Furthermore, DNA ladder assay revealed that quercetin could induce DNA strand break in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Flow cytometric analysis shows that quercetin can induce 11.82% BGC-823 cell apoptosis in 48 h. These data reveal that quercetin is a potential agent capable of inducing apoptosis in BGC-823 cells.

Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel sulfoxide derivatives containing trimethoxyphenyl substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety.

Selective oxidation of sulfides 7 or 8 to sulfoxides 9 or 10 is achieved by mCPBA. The structures of the compounds 9 or 10 are confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, and (1)H NMR. The bioassay results showed that title compound 10a possess high antifungal activities with EC(50) values ranging from 19.91 to 63.97 microg/mL. The mechanism of action of 10a against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was studied. After treating with compound 10a at 100 microg/mL for 12 h, the mycelial reducing sugar, D-GlcNAc, soluble protein and pyruvate content, chitinase activity showed declining tendency.

Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel pyrazole derivatives containing oxime esters group.

Fourteen title compounds, 1-substituted-5-substitutedphenylthio-4-pyrazolaldoxime ester derivatives 4a-4n, were synthesized from the starting material 1-substitutedphenyl-3-methyl-5-substitutedphenylthio-4-pyrazolaldoximes 3 by treatment with acyl chloride. The synthesized compounds were characterized by physical constants, and the structures of the title compounds were further confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The bioassay results showed that title compounds possessed weak to good anti-TMV bioactivity with 4l showing significant enhancement of disease resistance in tobacco leaves with high affinity for TMV CP.

Synthesis and antiviral activities of amide derivatives containing the alpha-aminophosphonate moiety.

Starting from (substituted-)benzaldehydes, the title compounds 6 were synthesized through five step reactions. Benzaldehydes were treated with ammonium hydroxide, followed by dialkyl phosphite, to give dialkyl N-(arylmethylene)-1-amino-1-aryl methylphosphonates ( 3). Phosphonates 3 were then easily hydrolyzed to give dialkyl 1-amino-1-aryl-methylphosphonates 5. Target compounds 6 were then obtained by the reaction of 5 and substituted benzoic or cinnamic acid. Their structures were clearly verified by spectroscopic data (IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR, and elemental analysis). These compounds were shown to be antivirally active in the bioassay. It was found that title compounds 6g, 6l, and 6n had the same inactivation effect of TMV (EC 50 = 54.8, 60.0, and 65.2 microg/mL, respectively) as commercial product Ningnanmycin (EC50 = 55.6 microg/mL). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis and antiviral activity of amide derivatives containing an alpha-aminophosphonate moiety.

The Prevalence and Associated Factors of Periodontal Disease among 35 to 44-year-old Chinese Adults in the 4th National Oral Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the current periodontal status of 35 to 44-year-olds from the Chinese population and to analyse potential influence factors on periodontal disease. METHODS: The data of subjects were collected from both urban and rural areas of all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of the mainland of China, as part of the 4th National Oral Health Survey. All subjects were aged 35 to 44 years old. In total, 4,410 subjects were enrolled in the present study. Each subject was asked to undergo a professional oral examination and to fill in a questionnaire. Periodontal health status was evaluated by probe bleeding, calculus, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. The data were analysed using the chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of probe bleeding and calculus was 87.4% and 96.7% respectively among the 35 to 44-year-old population. Prevalence of shallow pockets (4 mm ≤ PD < 6 mm) and deep pockets (PD ≥ 6 mm) was 45.8% and 6.9% respectively among 35 to 44-year-old people. In addition, prevalence of clinical attachment loss (CAL > 3 mm) was 33.2%. Gender, educational level, smoking, teeth brushing frequency, dental floss and toothpick use were found relevant to periodontal condition. CONCLUSION: Periodontal disease was highly prevalent among 35 to 44-year-old Chinese adults. Gender, educational level, smoking, teeth brushing frequency, toothpick and dental floss use could be potential influence factors of periodontal health status.

Factors Impacting the Oral Health-related Quality of Life in Chinese Adults: Results from the 4th National Oral Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and socio-demographic factors influencing oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of Chinese adults in the 4th National Oral Health Survey. METHODS: Multistage stratified cluster sampling and PPS method were used in sampling and 4720 adults aged 35 to 44 years were recruited. The study subjects completed a structured questionnaire in an interview and underwent a clinical examination. The questionnaire was a Putonghua version of the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) and was completed by the interviewer on the site of the 4th National Oral Health Survey. Clinical examination was performed using the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS: The mean GOHAI score of the subjects was 54.42 (SD 6.01). Result of Poisson regression showed that subjects with a higher household income per capita, had lower DMFT, fewer missing teeth, had no unrepaired missing teeth, or not wearing a partial denture had higher GOHAI scores indicating better OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: The OHRQoL of the adults in China was fair and was mainly influenced by dental caries, integrity of dentition and restoration of lost teeth. With limited resources and dental manpower in China, higher priority should be given to the prevention and treatment of the main cause leading to losing teeth.

Report of the National Investigation of Resources for Oral Health in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status and distribution of resources for oral health in China, by means of analysing national data from the National Investigation of Resources for Oral Health. METHODS: The National Investigation of Resources for Oral Health in China was performed in 2015, in parallel with the 4th National Oral Health Survey of China (2015 to 2016). A structured questionnaire on resources for oral health was used to collect the data of professional institutions and stomatological/dental workforce in each province. For each province, the local Investigation Group was responsible to summarise the status and distribution of institutions with stomatological/dental departments and stomatological/dental workforce. Descriptive analysis of resources for oral health was performed to learn about the number and percentage of each category both for each province and nationally. The ratio of number of stomatological/dental workforce to population was also calculated and compared with the criteria of the World Health Organisation (WHO). RESULTS: There were totally 75,399 stomatological/dental departments nationally in all professional institutions in the mainland of China, most of which were set in institutions of primary health care services. Institutions of private sectors accounted for a higher proportion (69.8%) which was over two-fold compared to that of public ones (30.2%). General hospitals were the major part of hospitals with stomatological/dental departments compared with stomatological/dental specialised hospitals. Stomatological/dental clinics were the majority of institutions of primary health care services, compared to community health care service centres/stations and township health care services. Amongst all professional institutions of public health with stomatological/dental departments, 35.0% were maternal and child health care services and 11.2% were institutions for prevention and control of oral diseases. The total number of stomatological/dental workforce in the country was 314,347, among whom 171,587 (54.6%) were stomatologists/dentists. The ratio of number of stomatologists/dentists to population was 1:7,768 nationally, which was lower than the WHO standard of 1:5,000. CONCLUSION: The National Investigation of Resources for Oral Health in China exhibited the current status and distribution of resources for oral health over the country, whereas insufficiencies of stomatological/dental workforce and institutions and inequalities of their distribution were found nationally. This could provide some policy suggestions for the health authorities in China to promote oral health in the Chinese population in the future.

Status of Tooth Loss and Denture Restoration in Chinese Adult Population: Findings from the 4th National Oral Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of tooth loss and denture restoration in Chinese adults, analyse the changing trend and provide fundamental data for oral health policy. METHODS: According to the protocol of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a multistage stratified random cluster-sampling method was used to enrol adult subjects aged 35 to 44, 55 to 64 and 65 to 74 years in all 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of the mainland of China. The status of tooth loss and denture restoration was investigated. SPSS20.0 software was used for statistics analysis. RESULTS: Among the 13,464 subjects investigated, 13.8% had complete dentition, 84.4% had dentition defects, and 1.8% was edentulous. Urban subjects showed a significantly higher proportion of complete dentition than those in rural (P = 0.02), and males showed the statistically higher proportion of complete dentition than females (P = 0.01). The mean of remaining teeth was 26.1 ± 6.90, which in urban areas was significantly higher than in rural areas (P < 0.01). The means of remaining teeth were 29.6 ± 2.3, 26.3 ± 6.1, and 22.5 ± 8.7 in the 35 to 44, 55 to 64 and 65 to 74 age groups, respectively. The detection rate of fixed partial dentures (FPD) was statistically higher in urban than in rural areas and in males than that in females (P < 0.01). The detection rate of removable partial dentures (RPD) was statistically higher in urban areas than in rural locations (P < 0.01). However, the detection rates of irregular denture and unrepair of tooth loss were both significantly lower in urban than in rural areas (P < 0.01). The rate of restoration of tooth loss was 41.6% in Chinese adults. CONCLUSION: Although the tooth loss and denture restoration status recorded in the survey was improved compared with the results of 10 years ago, more efforts need to be made on strengthening oral health promotion, particularly for elderly people and those living in rural areas.