Contribution of individual and cumulative social determinants of health underlying gender disparities in periodontitis in a representative US population: A cross-sectional NHANES study.

AIM: To examine the impact of both individual and cumulative social determinants of health (SDoH) on the likelihood of developing periodontitis, while also exploring any gender disparities in this relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of self-reported SDoH domains and sub-items based on Healthy People 2030 were obtained from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 1999 and 2014. Logistic regression models, weighted by survey responses, were used to examine the relationship between SDoH (including eight sub-items and the cumulative number of unfavourable SDoH) and periodontitis. The results were further analysed by gender. RESULTS: A total of 18,075 participants (8867 males and 9208 females) were included in the main analysis, of which 5814 (32.2%) had periodontitis. The study found that certain unfavourable SDoH were individually associated with higher odds of periodontitis, and the cumulative number of unfavourable SDoH was positively linked to the odds of developing periodontitis. Furthermore, males exposed to more unfavourable SDoH appeared to be more susceptible to developing periodontitis than females. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that unfavourable SDoH, especially when they accumulate, are associated with an increased odds of periodontitis and contribute to gender disparities within the U.S.

Outdoor gardening activity with different frequency and duration may be associated with reduction of total and cause-specific mortality risk for general U.S. adults: Findings from the NHANES.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Engaging in recommended levels of physical activity (PA) is associated with reduced overall and cause-specific mortality rates. Our study aims to examine the relationship between gardening-specific PA and all-cause and cause-specific mortality based on representative U.S. adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 13,812 adults representing 663.5 million non-institutionalized U.S. adults were included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Self-reported gardening activity (GA) was assessed by a validated questionnaire, and outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and mortality specific to certain causes. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using survey-multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. During a median follow-up period of 16.8 years (Interquartile range = 14.8-18.7), there were 3,476 deaths. After adjusting for potential covariates, we found that participants exposed to GA were more likely to have a lower risk of total mortality [HR (95% CI): 0.76 (0.68, 0.85), P-value < 0.001], cancer-specific mortality [HR (95% CI): 0.81 (0.67, 0.99), P-value < 0.05], cardiovascular disease mortality [HR (95% CI): 0.65 (0.53, 0.80), P-value < 0.001], and respiratory disease mortality [HR (95% CI): 0.66 (0.45, 0.98), P-value < 0.05], compared to those without GA exposure. Furthermore, engaging in GA more frequently and for longer durations was significantly associated with a lower total mortality risk. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that engaging in GA is associated with a decreased risk of overall and cause-specific mortality. However, further longitudinal or interventional studies are needed to investigate the potential benefits of GA.

Development and validation of a simultaneous method for the analysis of benzothiazoles and organic ultraviolet filters in various environmental matrices by GC-MS/MS.

The presence of benzothiazoles (BTHs) and organic ultraviolet filters (UV filters) in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a significant environmental issue, requiring urgent and efficient determination methods. A new, rapid, and sensitive determination method using gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous extraction and analysis of 10 commonly used BTHs and 10 organic UV filters in surface water, wastewater, sediment, and sludge. For aqueous samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was employed with optimizing of SPE cartridge type, pH, and elution solvent. For solid samples, ultrasonic extraction-solid-phase extraction purification (UE-SPE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) methods were compared. And extraction conditions for ultrasonic extraction method (extraction solvents and extraction times) and PLE method (extraction temperatures and extraction cycles) were optimized. The limits of quantification for the 20 target compounds in surface water and wastewater were 0.01-2.12 ng/L and 0.05-6.14 ng/L, while those for sediment and sludge with UE-SPE method were 0.04-5.88 ng/g and 0.22-6.61 ng/g, respectively. Among the 20 target compounds, the recoveries ranged from 70 to 130% were obtained for 16, 15, 15, and 15 analytes in the matrix-spiked samples of surface water, wastewater, sediment, and sludge with three levels, respectively. And the precision was also acceptable with relative standard deviation (RSD) below 20% for all analytes. The developed methods were applied for the determination and quantification of target compounds in surface water, sediment, wastewater, and sludge samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the Pearl River in Guangzhou, China. BTHs were frequently detected in surface water and wastewater, while UV filters were mainly found in sediment and sludge. Benzotriazole (BT) and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (2-OH-BTH) were the two major BTHs in influent wastewater and surface water, respectively, with concentrations up to 966 and 189 ng/L. As for sediment and sludge, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-octylphenyl)-benzotriazole (UV-329) was a predominant chemical, detected at concentrations of 111 and 151 ng/g, respectively.

New insight into the negative impact of imidazolium-based ionic liquid [C10mim]Cl on Hela cells: From membrane damage to biochemical alterations.

As an alternative to volatile organic solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) are known as "green solvents", and widely used in industrial applications. However, due to their high solubility and stability, ILs have tendency to persist in the water environment, thus having potential negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. For assessing the environmental risks of ILs, a fundamental understanding of the toxic effects and mechanisms of ILs is needed. Here we evaluated the cytotoxicity of 1-methyl-3-decylimidazolium chloride ([C10mim]Cl) and elucidated the main toxic mechanism of [C10mim]Cl in human cervical carcinoma (Hela) cells. Microstructural analysis revealed that [C10mim]Cl exposure caused the cell membrane breakage, swollen and vacuolated mitochondria, and spherical cytoskeletal structure. Cytotoxicity assays found that [C10mim]Cl exposure increased ROS production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These results indicated that [C10mim]Cl could induce damage to cellular membrane structure, affect the integrity of cell ultrastructure, cause the oxidative damage and ultimately lead to the inhibition of cell proliferation. Moreover, alterations of biochemical information including the increased ratios of unsaturated fatty acid and carbonyl groups to lipid, and lipid to protein, and the decreased ratios of Amide I to Amide II, and α-helix to ß-sheet were observed in [C10mim]Cl treated cells, suggesting that [C10mim]Cl could affect the structure of membrane lipid alkyl chain and cell membrane fluidity, promote the lipid peroxidation and alter the protein secondary structure. The findings from this work demonstrated that membrane structure is the key target, and membrane damage is involved in [C10mim]Cl induced cytotoxicity.

Dydrogesterone Affects the Transcription of Genes in Innate Immune and Coagulation Cascade in Zebrafish Embryos.

Dydrogesterone (DDG) acts on the reproduction but also affects the functioning of non-reproductive system. So far, the knowledge about other effects of DDG remains limited. Here we investigated the effects of DDG on the transcription of genes in innate immune and coagulation cascade in zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish embryos were exposed to DDG at 49.0, 527 and 5890 ng L- 1 for 144 hour post fertilization (hpf). The results showed that DDG significantly decreased the transcription of marker genes (e.g. tnfa, il8 and cc-chem) involved in the innate immune response at environmental concentrations. Moreover, DDG also down-regulated the transcription of genes in coagulation cascade (e.g. fga, fgb, fgg and f2). These results indicated that DDG had potential effects on the innate immune and coagulation cascade functions in the early life zebrafish, thus further affecting fish growth and health.

Insights into the sediment toxicity of personal care products to freshwater oligochaete worms using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Personal care products (PCPs) are ubiquitous in the environment due to their wide use in daily life. However, there are insufficient sediment toxicity data of PCPs under ecologically relevant conditions. Here we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate the sediment toxicity of triclosan (TCS) and galaxolide (HHCB) to two freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Branchiura sowerbyi, in microcosms containing a diverse biological community. Exposure to 8 µg TCS/g and 100 µg HHCB/g dry weight (dw) sediment induced significant biochemical alterations in the L. hoffmeisteri tissue. 8 µg TCS/g primarily affected proteins and nucleic acid while 100 µg HHCB/g mainly affected proteins and lipids of L. hoffmeisteri. However, 0.8 µg TCS/g and 30 µg HHCB/g did not cause significant subcellular toxicity to L. hoffmeisteri. In contrast, exposure of B. sowerbyi to 30 µg HHCB/g led to significant biochemical changes, including proteins, polysaccharides and lipids. Therefore, B. sowerbyi was more sensitive to sediment-associated HHCB than L. hoffmeisteri. Such effects were significantly enhanced when the HHCB concentration increased to 100 µg/g dw where death of B. sowerbyi occurred. These results demonstrate the application of FTIR spectroscopy to sediment toxicity testing of chemicals to benthic invertebrates with biochemical alterations as endpoints that are more sensitive than standard toxic endpoints (e.g., survival and growth).

Triclosan-induced transcriptional and biochemical alterations in the freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent widely used in personal care products (PCPs). We investigated the effects of TCS (20µg/L, 100µg/L and 500µg/L) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by measuring the algal growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, and transcription of the antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), plastid terminal oxidase 2 (PTOX) and thioredoxin (TRX)) as well as biochemical alterations. The results showed significant dose-related effects of TCS on the algal species in terms of growth and chlorophyll content. Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased with increasing TCS concentrations and showed significant difference between the treatment of 405.3µg/L TCS and control group. Transcription analysis revealed that the expression of SOD mRNA was most sensitive to TCS among the selected genes. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed time- and concentration-specific biochemical responses in C. reinhardtii when exposed to TCS. The biochemical alterations associated with different doses of TCS were mainly attributed to structural changes associated with lipid, protein, nucleic acid and carbohydrate. The findings from this study reveal that TCS in the aquatic environment may affect algal growth, chlorophyll synthesis, oxidative stress responses and cause biochemical alterations. This study provided important information to achieve a better understanding of the toxic mechanism of triclosan on algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Transcriptional and Biochemical Alterations in Zebrafish Eleuthero-Embryos (Danio rerio) After Exposure to Synthetic Progestogen Dydrogesterone.

Little information has so far been known on the effects of synthetic progestogen dydrogesterone (DDG) in organisms like fish. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DDG on the transcriptional and biochemical alterations in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos. Zebrafish eleuthero-embryos were analyzed for the transcriptional alterations by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and biochemical changes by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FITR) after 144 h exposure to DDG. The results of qPCR analysis showed that DDG exposure significantly suppressed the transcriptions of target genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, while it induced the expression of target genes mRNA belonging to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. In addition, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed that the biochemical alterations of protein, nucleic acid and lipid were observed following DDG treatment. The finding from this study suggests that DDG exposure could have potential multiple effects in fish.

Non-target and target screening and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in textile wastewater and receiving river.

Textile industry uses varieties of chemicals including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFAS are known to be persistent and incompletely removed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). So far, little is known about what types of PFAS are used in the textile industry and their potential risks. Here we investigated PFAS in two WWTPs and a receiving river of a textile industrial park in Guangxi, China, by using both target and non-target analyses over a two-year period. The target analysis identified 11 specific PFAS, while the non-target analysis revealed a list of 648 different PFAS, including both legacy and emerging substances. Notably, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was still the most prevalent compound detected. Of particular concern was the finding that the investigated WWTPs, which employs an A/O (Anaerobic/Aerobic) process, exhibited a poor removal efficiency for PFAS. The average removal rate was only 22.0 %, indicating that the current treatment processes are inadequate in effectively mitigating PFAS contamination. Correlation analysis further highlighted the potential for PFAS to be transported from WWTPs to the receiving river, revealing a significant and strong positive correlation between the PFAS in the WWTP effluent and those of the river. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and two emerging PFAS (DTXSID30240816 and DTXSID90240817) were identified to have high ecological risks in the receiving river. Notably, these two emerging PFAS are homologues, and their presence in WWTPs has been poorly reported. The findings highlight the wide use and persistence of PFAS in current textile WWTPs, indicating potential long term risks to the receiving environment.

Unveiling per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance contamination in Chinese paper products and assessing their exposure risk.

The contamination characteristics, migration patterns and health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were investigated in 66 Chinese paper products by using target and non-target screening methods. Among 57 target PFASs, 5 and 6 PFASs were found in the hygiene paper products (

Discovering transformation products of pharmaceuticals in domestic wastewaters and receiving rivers by using non-target screening and machine learning approaches.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are an important source of pharmaceuticals in surface water, but information about their transformation products (TPs) is very limited. Here, we investigated occurrence and transformation of pharmaceuticals and TPs in WWTPs and receiving rivers by using suspect and non-target analysis as well as target analysis. Results showed identification of 113 pharmaceuticals and 399 TPs, including mammalian metabolites (n = 100), environmental microbial degradation products (n = 250), photodegradation products (n = 44) and hydrolysis products (n = 5). The predominant parent pharmaceuticals (n = 37) and transformation products (n = 68) were mainly derived from antimicrobials, accounting for 32.7 % and 17.0 %, respectively. The identified compounds were found in the influent (387-428) and effluent (227-400) of WWTPs, as well as upstream (290-451) and downstream (322-416) of receiving rivers, most predominantly from antimicrobials, followed by analgesic and antipyretic drugs. A total of 399 identified TPs were transformed by 110 pathways, of which the oxidation reaction was predominant (27.0 %), followed by photodegradation reaction (10.7 %). Of the 399 TPs, 49 (with lower PNECs) were predicted to be more toxic than their parents. Compounds with potential high risks (hazard quotient >1 and risk index (RI) > 0.1) were found in the WWTP influent (126), effluent (53) and river (61), and the majority were from the antimicrobial and antihypertensive classes. In particular, the potential risks (RI) of TPs from roxithromycin and irbesartan were found higher than those for their corresponding parents. The findings from this study highlight the need to monitor TPs from pharmaceuticals in the environment.

[Contamination Characteristics and Ecological Risk of Antibiotics in Contaminated Sites of Typical Pharmaceutical Factories in China].

To understand the contamination characteristics and ecological risk of antibiotics in contaminated fields of pharmaceutical plants， samples of the surface soil， soil column， wastewater treatment process water， ground water， and residue dregs were collected from two typical antibiotic pharmaceutical plants in South and North China. A total of 87 commonly used antibiotics were quantified using ultrasound extraction-solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that a total of 31 antibiotics of five classes were detected in all types of samples， and the maximum concentrations at each sampling point in the surface soil， soil column， residue dregs， wastewater treatment process water， and groundwater were 420 ng·g-1， 595 ng·g-1， 139 ng·g-1， 1 151 ng·L-1， and 6.65 ng·L-1， respectively. Most of the antibiotics were found in the surface soil， showing a decreasing trend with the depth of the soil column. The ecological risk assessment indicated that sulfamethazine， sulfaquinoxaline， tetracycline， chlorotetracycline， and D-sorbitol were at higher risk. Improving the efficiency of antibiotic removal from pharmaceutical wastewater and preventing production shop leaks are effective measures of controlling antibiotic contamination into and around fields in pharmaceutical plants.

Non-target discovery and risk prediction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and transformation products in wastewater treatment systems.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as the main destination of many wastes containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Here, we investigated the occurrence and transformation of PFAS and their transformation products (TPs) in wastewater treatment systems using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based target, suspect, and non-target screening approaches. The results revealed the presence of 896 PFAS and TPs in aqueous and sludge phases, of which 687 were assigned confidence levels 1-3 (46 PFAS and 641 TPs). Cyp450 metabolism and environmental microbial degradation were found to be the primary metabolic transformation pathways for PFAS within WWTPs. An estimated 52.3 %, 89.5 %, and 13.6 % of TPs were believed to exhibit persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity effects, respectively, with a substantial number of TPs posing potential health risks. Notably, the length of the fluorinated carbon chain in PFAS and TPs was likely associated with increased hazard, primarily due to the influence of biodegradability. Ultimately, two high riskcompounds were identified in the effluent, including one PFAS (Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid) and one enzymatically metabolized TP (23-(Perfluorobutyl)tricosanoic acid@BTM0024_cyp450). It is noteworthy that the toxicity of some TPs exceeded that of their parent compounds. The results from this study underscores the importance of PFAS TPs and associated environmental risks.

Sexual orientation disparities in the prevalence of suicidal ideation among U.S adults aged 20 to 59 years: Results from NHANES 2005-2016.

Existing studies have been limited in providing nationally representative data on the relationship between sexual orientation and suicidal ideation (SI) among adults in the U.S. particularly in terms of gender and racial differences. To fill this research gap, we conducted a study using data from the NHANES conducted between 2005 and 2016. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between sexual orientation and SI risk. Additionally, we performed further analysis by stratifying the data based on demographic variables and performed sensitivity analysis to ensure the reliability of our findings. This study included a weighted sample of 16,564 adults, representing a noninstitutionalized U.S population of 840.1 million. The overall age-adjusted prevalence of SI was found to be 3.5 %. After adjusting for relevant covariates, the study revealed that individuals who identified as something else, homosexual, and bisexual had a higher prevalence risk of suicidal ideation (SI) compared to heterosexual participants. Additionally, the study found that heterosexual participants were 74.4 % less likely to experience SI compared to bisexual individuals. These findings highlight the urgent requirement for inclusive and supportive prevention strategies to effectively address SI among adult sexual minorities in the U.S.

Cumulative inequality in social determinants of health in relation to depression symptom: An analysis of nationwide cross-sectional data from U.S. NHANES 2005-2018.

Social determinants of health (SDoH) have been linked to a higher likelihood of experiencing mental health problems. This study aimed to investigate whether the accumulation of unfavorable SDoH is associated with depression symptom. Data was gathered from a representative population participating in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning from 2005 to 2018. Self-reported SDoH were operationalized according to the criteria outlined in Healthy People 2030, with a cumulative measure of unfavorable SDoH calculated for analysis. The presence of depression symptom was identified using the Patient Health Questionnaire in a representative sample of 30,762 participants (49.2 % males) representing 1,392 million non-institutionalized U.S. adults, with 2,675 (8.7 %) participants showing depression symptom. Unfavorable SDoH were found to be significantly and independently associated with depression symptom. Individuals facing multiple unfavorable SDoHs were more likely to experience depression symptom (P for trend < 0.001). For instance, a positive association was observed in participants exposed to six or more unfavorable SDoHs with depression symptom (AOR = 3.537, 95 % CI: 1.781, 7.075, P-value < 0.001). The findings emphasize that the likelihood of developing depression symptom significantly increases when multiple SDoHs are present, compared to just a single SDoH.

Screening of structural and functional alterations in duckweed (Lemna minor) induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with FTIR spectroscopy.

As a class of common emerging pollutants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their alternatives have been widely detected in various environmental matrices, exhibiting a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. Nevertheless, changes in biomolecular structure and function of duckweed caused by PFASs and their alternatives remain unknown thus far. Herein, the effects of four PFASs, including two common legacy PFASs (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)) and two PFASs alternatives (perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) and 1H,1H,2H, 2H-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (6:2 FTS)) on duckweed (Lemna minor) at biochemical level were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Although no obvious inhibitions were observed in the growth of L. minor with PFASs exposure at three levels of 1 µg L-1, 100 µg L-1, and 10 mg L-1, significant structural and functional alterations were induced at the biochemical level. In response to PFASs exposure, lipid peroxidation, proteins aggregation and α-helix to ß-sheet transformation of the protein conformation, as well as changes of DNA conformations were detected. Moreover, alterations in lipid, protein, and DNA were proved to be concentration-related and compound-specific. Compared to the two legacy PFASs (PFOS and PFOA), alternative ones exhibited greater effects on the biological macromolecules of L. minor. The findings of this study firstly reveal structural and functional alterations in L. minor induced by PFASs exposure, providing further understanding of their toxicity effects.

Dydrogesterone disrupts lipid metabolism in zebrafish brain: A study based on metabolomics and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Brain is a potential target for neuroprogestogens and/or peripheral progestogens. Previous studies reported that expression of genes about steroidogenesis, reproduction, cell cycle, and circadian rhythm in zebrafish brain could be affected by progestogens. However, there are limited information from metabolites or biomacromolecules aspects, leaving an enormous gap in understanding toxic effects of progestogens on fish brain. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to 2.8, 27.6, and 289.8 ng/L dydrogesterone (DDG, a synthetic progestogen) until sexual maturity (140 days). LC-MS and GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were then performed to investigate the metabolic profiles and macromolecular changes of brain of these zebrafish. The results from multivariate statistical analysis of metabolite features showed a clear separation between different treatment groups of both female and male zebrafish brains. DDG exposure increased the levels of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and nucleoside monophosphates, but decreased the contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), lysophosphatides, and nucleosides in dose-dependent manner. FTIR results indicated that DDG exposure led to accumulation of saturated lipids, reduction of nucleic acids and carbohydrates, and alteration of protein secondary structures. The findings from this study demonstrated that DDG could affect contents of metabolites and biomacromolecules of zebrafish brain, which may finally lead to brain dysfunctions.

Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system.

Tire wear particles (TWPs) enter road surface with the friction between tires and road surfaces. Under the volatilization, leaching, and transformation action on TWPs by sunlight and rain, tire additives are released into urban water systems, such as surface rainfall runoff, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), receiving surface waters, and drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in the urban water system of the Pearl River Delta region, South China. Nineteen target compounds were detected in the surface runoff, with 1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) showing highest maximum concentration of 58780 ng/L. Benzothiazole and its transformation products are detected at the frequency of 100 % with the total concentrations of 480-42160 ng/L. The antioxidant derivative N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) was also detected up to 1562 ng/L, which was considerably higher than that of the parent compound 6PPD (the maximum concentration of 7.52 ng/L). Eleven and 8 compounds were detected in WWTPs influents and effluents, respectively, with removal rates of - 62-100 %. Seventeen compounds were detected in the receiving Zhujiang and Dongjiang rivers, while 9 compounds were detected in drinking water sources and DWTP samples. Road runoff, with total concentrations of target compounds up to 79200 ng/L, is suggested as the main non-point source for receiving rivers, while WWTPs effluents are the point sources due to incomplete removal of target compounds after accepting the initial runoff. 6PPD-Q and other 10 compounds displayed median to high ecological risks in surface waters, and the human daily intake of tire additives was estimated to be 2.63 × 10-8-3.16 × 10-5 mg/(kg d) via drinking water. This is the first report of the 6PPD-Q and 1,3-Diphenylurea levels in surface waters in China.

Screening and prioritization of organic chemicals in a large river basin by suspect and non-target analysis.

Many organic chemicals are present in aquatic environments, but how to screen and prioritize these chemicals has always been a difficult task. Here we investigated organic chemicals in the West River Basin by using a developed non-target identification workflow. A total of 957 chemicals were tentatively identified, with 96 assigned as high confidence levels by matching with reference standards, MassBank spectral library, and using CompTox Chemistry Dashboard database as the compound library for MetFrag. More pesticides and their transformation products (e.g., metolachlor ESA, acetochlor ESA, deethylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine) were detected in the wet season due to the increasing usage. High detection of pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products in the tributaries was linked to rural farming and human activities. Irbesartan that is used to treat high blood pressure was recognized in the river and positive correlations between some detected chemicals and irbesartan were observed, indicating a domestic wastewater source. Ecological risks of the identified chemicals were calculated by toxicological prioritization ranking schemes, and 24 chemicals showed high ToxPi scores in the river. The results from this study show the presence of a large number of emerging organic chemicals in our waterways, and demonstrated conceptual schemes for integrating risk assessment into a non-target screening workflow.

Comprehensive discovery and migration evaluation of antimicrobial drugs and their transformation products in a swine farm by target, suspect, and nontarget screening.

Swine farms contaminated the surrounding environment through manure application and biogas slurry irrigation, hence causing the wide residual of multiple antimicrobial drugs (ADs) and their transformation products (TPs). This study performed target, suspect, and nontarget screening methods to comprehensively investigate the pollution profiles of ADs in a typical swine farm, and characterize the potential transformed pathway of TPs and distinguish specific reactions of different catalog of ADs. Samples of fresh feces, compost, biogas slurry, topsoil, column soil, groundwater and plants were analyzed using the database containing 98 target analytes, 679 suspected parent ADs, and âˆ¼ 107 TPs. In total, 29 ADs were quantitively detected, and tetracyclines (TCs) were mostly frequently detected ADs with the concentrations up to 4251 ng/g in topsoil. Soil column investigation revealed that doxycycline (DOX) and tetracycline (TC) in soil could migrate to depths of approximately 1 m in soil. Suspect screening identified 75 parent ADs, with 10 being reported for the first time in environmental media. Semi-quantification of ADs revealed that one of the less-concerned ADs, clinafloxacin, was detected to exceed 5000 ng/L in biogas slurry, suggesting that significant attentions should be paid to these less-concerned ADs. Moreover, 314 TPs was identified, and most of them were found to undergo microbial/enzymatic metabolism pathways. Overall, our study displays a comprehensive overview of ADs and their TPs in swine farming environments, and provides an inventory of crucial list that worthy of concern. The results emphasize the need to quantify the levels and distribution of previously overlooked ADs and their TPs in livestock farms.