RESUMO
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an emerging discipline, which has been applied to drug abuse tracking and infectious disease pathogen surveillance. During the COVID-19 epidemic, WBE has been applied to monitor the epidemic trend and SARS-CoV-2 variants etc. In order to detect hidden COVID-19 cases and prevent transmission in the community, wastewater surveillance system for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RNA was developed in Shenzhen. The sewage sampling sites were set up in key places such as the port areas, urban villages and residential communities of Futian, Nanshan, Luohu and Yantian districts. From July 26 to November 30, 2022, a total of 369 sewage sampling sites were set up, covering 1.93 million people. Continuous sampling was carried out for 3 hours in the peak period of water use every day. Sewage virus enrichment and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection were carried out by polyethylene glycol precipitation method and RT-qPCR, and a positive water sample disposal process was molded. This article aims to introduce the case of source tracing of COVID-19 infected patients based on urban sewage in Shenzhen. The sewage monitoring of Honghu water treatment plant in Luohu District played an early warning role, and the source of infection was traced. In the disposal of positive water samples in Futian South Road, Futian District, the important experience of monitoring point layout was obtained. In the sewage monitoring of Nanshan village, Nanshan District, the existence of occult infection was revealed. Sharing the experience of tracing the source of COVID-19 patients to avoid the spread of COVID-19 in the community based on wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Shenzhen, and summarizing the advantages and application prospects of sewage surveillance can provide new ideas for monitoring emerging or re-emerging pathogens that are known to exhibit gastrointestinal excretion in the future.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Vigilância Epidemiológica Baseada em Águas Residuárias , RNA Viral , Esgotos , Águas ResiduáriasRESUMO
Objective: To characterize the prevalence and genomic epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from acute diarrheal patients in Shenzhen City from 2013 to 2021. Methods: Based on the Shenzhen Infectious Diarrhea Surveillance System, acute diarrheal patients were actively monitored in sentinel hospitals from 2013 to 2021. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates was performed, and the genomic population structure, serotypes, virulence genes and multilocus sequence typing were analyzed. Outbreak clusters from 2019 to 2021 were explored based on single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Results: A total of 48 623 acute diarrhea cases were monitored in 15 sentinel hospitals from 2013 to 2021, and 1 135 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were isolated, with a positive isolation rate of 2.3%. Qualified whole-genome sequencing data of 852 isolates were obtained. Eighty-nine serotypes, 21 known ST types and 5 new ST types were identified by sequence analysis, and 93.2% of strains were detected with toxin profile of tdh+trh-. 8 clonal groups (CGs) were captured, with CG3 as the absolute predominance, followed by CG189. The CG3 group was dominated by O3:K6 serotype and ST3 sequence type, while CG189 group was mainly O4:KUT, O4:K8 serotypes and ST189a and ST189 type. A total of 13 clusters were identified, containing 154 cases. About 30 outbreak clusters with 29 outbreak clusters caused by CG3 strains from 2019 to 2021. Conclusion: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major pathogen of acute infectious diarrhea in Shenzhen City, with diverse population structures. CG3 and CG189 have been prevalent and predominant in Shenzhen City for a long time. Scattered outbreaks and persistent sources of contamination ignored by traditional methods could be captured by WGS analysis. Tracing the source of epidemic clone groups and taking precise prevention and control measures are expected to significantly reduce the burden of diarrhea diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Shenzhen City.
Assuntos
Disenteria , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Vibrioses , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Humanos , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genética , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Sorogrupo , Genômica , Vibrioses/epidemiologia , SorotipagemRESUMO
Laboratory batch sorption experiments were used to investigate variations in the retardation behavior of redox-sensitive radionuclides. Water-rock compositions were designed to simulate subsurface conditions at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), where a suite of radionuclides were deposited as a result of underground nuclear testing. Experimental redox conditions were controlled by varying the oxygen content inside an enclosed glove box and by adding reductants into the testing solutions. Under atmospheric (oxidizing) conditions, radionuclide distribution coefficients varied with the mineralogic composition of the sorbent and the water chemistry. Under reducing conditions, distribution coefficients showed marked increases for 99Tc (from 1.22 at oxidizing to 378 mL/g at mildly reducing conditions) and 237Np (an increase from 4.6 to 930 mL/g) in devitrified tuff, but much smaller variations in alluvium, carbonate rock, and zeolitic tuff. This effect was particularly important for 99Tc, which tends to be mobile under oxidizing conditions. A review of the literature suggests that iodine sorption should decrease under reducing conditions when I- is the predominant species; this was not consistently observed in batch tests. Overall, sorption of U to alluvium, devitrified tuff, and zeolitic tuff under atmospheric conditions was less than in the glove-box tests. However, the mildly reducing conditions achieved here were not likely to result in substantial U(VI) reduction to U(IV). Sorption of Pu was not affected by the decreasing Eh conditions achieved in this study, as the predominant sorbed Pu species in all conditions was expected to be the low-solubility and strongly sorbing Pu(OH)4. Depending on the aquifer lithology, the occurrence of reducing conditions along a groundwater flowpath could potentially contribute to the retardation of redox-sensitive radionuclides 99Tc and 237Np, which are commonly identified as long-term dose contributors in the risk assessment in various radionuclide environmental contamination scenarios. The implications for increased sorption of 99Tc and 237Np to devitrified tuff under reducing conditions are significant as the fractured devitrified tuff serves as important water flow path at the NTS and the horizon for a proposed repository to store high-level nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain.
RESUMO
Many long-lived radionuclides are present in groundwater at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) as a result of 828 underground nuclear weapons tests conducted between 1951 and 1992. In conjunction with a comprehensive geochemical review of radionuclides (3H, 14C, 36Cl, 99Tc and 129I) that are presumably mobile in the subsurface, we synthesized a body of radionuclide activity data measured from groundwater samples collected at 18 monitoring wells, to qualitatively assess their migration at the NTS over distances of hundreds of meters and over timescales of decades. Tritium and 36Cl showed little evidence of retardation, while the transport of 14C may have been retarded by its isotopic exchange with carbonate minerals in the aquifer. Observed local reducing conditions (either natural or test-induced) will impact the mobility of certain redox-sensitive radionuclides (especially 99Tc) that were otherwise soluble and readily transported under oxidizing conditions. Conversely, strongly oxidizing conditions may impact the mobility of 129I which is mobile under reducing conditions. The effect of iodine speciation on its transport deserves further attention. Indication of delayed transport of some "mobile" radionuclides (especially 99Tc) in the groundwater at the NTS suggested the importance of redox conditions of the natural system in controlling the fate and transport of radionuclides, which has implications in the enhanced performance of the potential Yucca Mountain repository, located adjacent to the NTS, to store high-level nuclear wastes as well as management of radionuclide contamination in legacy nuclear operations facilities.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos/análise , Movimentos da Água , Poluentes Radioativos da Água/análise , Radioisótopos de Carbono/análise , Cloro/análise , Água Doce/análise , Radioisótopos do Iodo/análise , Nevada , Tecnécio/análise , Trítio/análiseRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the risk factors on antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV/AIDS positive students in Shenyang. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/AIDS positive students aged between 15 and 30, in an HIV-treatment-designated hospital in Shenyang city, during 2007-2015. Data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression mode to identify the risk factors related to ART. Results: A total of 2 379 HIV/AIDS patients attended the hospital and 6.1% (146/2 379) of them were students, during 2007-2015. All of the HIV/AIDS positive students were males, with homosexual transmission accounted for 93.2% (136/146). The overall rate on delayed diagnosis was 52.7% (77/146), when at diagnosis of CD(4)(+)T lymphocyte counts ≤350 cells/µl. The proportion of ART was 67.1% (98/146). Factors as: year that the HIV diagnosis was made (aOR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.02-1.44), age between 24-30 (compared with age below 18-year-old, aOR=8.15, 95%CI: 1.46-45.52), and delayed diagnosis (aOR=2.22, 95%CI: 1.05-4.71), appeared independently related to ART among HIV/AIDS positive students. Conclusions: Factors as the year that HIV diagnosis was made, age and delayed diagnosis of the patients seemed to be at higher risk for ART among HIV/AIDS positive students.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Estudantes , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Estudos Transversais , Diagnóstico Tardio , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the acceptability and related factors of an "on-demand" pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV transmission among MSM in Shenyang. Methods: MSM recruited by non-probability sampling method and questionnaire survey conducted by investigators to collect information on social and behavioral characteristics, awareness of PrEP, Truvada and the acceptability of two different PrEP-based trials. Multivariate logistic regression was employed for statistical analysis. Results: Among the 292 respondents, 34.2% had heard of PrEP and 58.2% (170/292) reported were interested in participating a PrEP trial- "on-demand" use or 48.3% (141/292) interested on "daily" use (χ(2)=5.785, P=0.02). Factors independently associated with those "on-demand" would include: having more than 2 male sexual partners during the past 6 month (aOR=1.7, 95%CI: 1.1-2.7), concerning on the positive effect of PrEP (vs. side effects) (aOR=6.4, 95%CI:2.2-18.9), having an HIV-infected sexual partners (aOR=8.1, 95%CI: 1.0-63.3) and self-reported high risk for HIV (aOR=2.6, 95%CI: 1.2-6.0). The last two factors were only associated with the "on-demand" group. Conclusions: "On-demand" PrEP (as opposed to daily) seemed a more feasible prevention strategy on HIV and particularly in those having high risk behavior of HIV. For those who could not follow the daily medication or having HIV risk perception, "On-demand" basis PrEP trial should be recommended for them to follow.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , China , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Both soil and plant samples of nine different plant species grown in soils from southeastern China contaminated with uranium mine tailings were analyzed for the plant uptake and translocation of 238U, 226Ra and 232Th. Substantial differences were observed in the soil-plant transfer factor (TF) among these radionuclides and plant species. Lupine (Lupinus albus) exhibited the highest uptake of 238U (TF value of 3.7x10(-2)), while Chinese mustard (Brassica chinensis) had the least (0.5x10(-2)). However, in the case of 226Ra and 232Th, the highest TFs were observed for white clover (Trifolium pratense) (3.4x10(-2)) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (2.1x10(-3)), respectively. 232Th in the tailings/soil mixture was less available for plant uptake than 226Ra or 238U, and this was especially evident for Chinese mustard and corn (Zea mays). The root/shoot (R/S) ratios obtained for different plants and radionuclides shown that Indian mustard had the smallest R/S ratios for both 226Ra (5.3+/-1.2) and 232Th (5.3+/-1.7), while the smallest R/S ratio for 238U was observed in clover (2.8+/-0.9).
Assuntos
Magnoliopsida/metabolismo , Rádio (Elemento)/metabolismo , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/metabolismo , Tório/metabolismo , Urânio/metabolismo , China , Grão Comestível/química , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Magnoliopsida/química , Mineração , Nitrogênio/farmacologia , Fósforo/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/química , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Potássio/farmacologia , Resíduos Radioativos , Rádio (Elemento)/análise , Solo , Poluentes Radioativos do Solo/análise , Tório/análise , Urânio/análise , Verduras/química , Verduras/metabolismoRESUMO
We study electron wave packet propagation and scattering in ZnO nanorods. By solving the time-dependent three-dimensional Schrödinger equation, we were able to describe propagation and dynamics of the scattering process of the wave packet by ionized impurities. Scattering behavior of the wave packet by an attractive/repulsive scattering center is clearly demonstrated.
Assuntos
Eletroquímica/métodos , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Nanotecnologia/métodos , Nanotubos/química , Eletricidade Estática , Óxido de Zinco/química , Simulação por Computador , Condutividade ElétricaRESUMO
The present experiment attempted to evaluate the effect of electrical acupuncture on the cerebral microcirculation in anesthetized rats, using fluorescence videomicroscopy. Changes in the pial arteriolar diameter under acute hemorrhagic hypotension were examined quantitatively. The present results suggest that acupuncture may be effective in improving the cerebral microcirculation in hemorrhagic hypotension.
Assuntos
Circulação Cerebrovascular , Eletroacupuntura , Hipotensão/terapia , Pia-Máter/irrigação sanguínea , Choque Hemorrágico/terapia , Vasodilatação , Anestesia Geral , Animais , Arteríolas , Hipotensão/etiologia , Hipotensão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Microcirculação , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Microscopia de Vídeo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Choque Hemorrágico/complicações , Choque Hemorrágico/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
In situ expression of ICAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA on the lung tissue of asthmatic rats was studied by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization, respectively. The results showed that in normal rats ICAM-1 expression was rare on the endothelium of pulmonary artery and vein, and on the bronchial and alveolar epithelium. The distribution of ICAM-1 expression on the different part of lung tissue of asthmatic rats was similar to that of normal rats, but the level of ICAM-1 expression was significantly increased on the endothelium of pulmonary artery (EPA) and vein (EPV), bronchial epithelium (BEP) and alveolar epithelium (AEP) compared with those of normal and sensitized controls. The distribution and expression of ICAM-1 mRNA on the different part of lung tissue of normal and asthmatic rats were similar to that of ICAM-1 expression. In asthmatic rats, the expression of ICAM-1 mRNA on AEP and EPV was increased significantly compared with those of normal and sensitized controls. It is concluded that the increase of ICAM-1 expression on endothelium of pulmonary vessels, epithelium of broncheoli and alveoli may play an important role of inflammatory cell infiltration in asthmatic rats, and the increased expression of ICAM-1 in asthmatic rats was caused by the increase of expression of ICAM-1 mRNA.
Assuntos
Asma/genética , Asma/metabolismo , Hibridização In Situ , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/biossíntese , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/genética , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/metabolismo , Pulmão/química , Pulmão/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Animais , Brônquios/química , Brônquios/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/química , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Células Epiteliais/química , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/análise , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Contagem de Leucócitos , Alvéolos Pulmonares/química , Alvéolos Pulmonares/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Using side-by-side compartment diffusion cell and rat skin, the in vitro percutaneous penetration of naproxen by electroporation and iontophoresis with different energy was investigated and compared. Both electroporation and iontophoresis could obviously increase the penetration of naproxen through rat skin. The enhancing effect of electroporation was not always better than that of iontophoresis. The enhancing effect was dependent on the energy of the electrical field.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacocinética , Eletroporação , Iontoforese , Naproxeno/farmacocinética , Absorção Cutânea/fisiologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Difusão , Técnicas In Vitro , Naproxeno/administração & dosagem , RatosRESUMO
Cationic liposomes modified by different Pluronic block copolymers were prepared. The influence of Pluronic on the cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) based on cationic 3beta[N-(N', N'-dimethylaminoethan)-carbamoyl] cholesterol (DC-Chol) liposomes was studied by flow cytometric analysis. It showed that DC-Chol liposomes containing Pluronic gave 1.7-2.3 times higher capacity of cellular uptake of ODN, despite the diminution of ODN loading efficiency. The level of improvement by Pluronic is related to the hydrophobic propylene oxide (PO) units Pluronic contains as well as the lipophile/hydrophile value of the molecule. This preliminary study indicated that modifying liposomes with another excipient is a useful pharmaceutical technique to improve ODN delivery.
Assuntos
Lipossomos , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/química , Poloxâmero/química , Cátions , Portadores de Fármacos , Citometria de Fluxo , Fluoresceínas/química , Corantes Fluorescentes , Células HeLa , Humanos , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
Effect of ATP on cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in single porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell was studied. Using a dual-wavelength excitation fluorescence spectrophotometer, it was found that ATP evoked a rapid rise in [Ca2+]i followed by a slightly maintained increase. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ abolished the maintained increase without obvious effect on the initial transient. These results suggest that ATP stimulates both calcium release from intracellular calcium pool (s) and calcium influx across the plasma membrane.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/farmacologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Artéria Pulmonar/citologia , Animais , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , SuínosRESUMO
It was previously found that a phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ETASODN) significantly inhibits production of endothelin-1 (ET-1). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether intracerebroventricular injection of ETASODN targeted to prepro-ET-1 is capable of exerting the same preventing effect on the aorta narrowing of experimentally modeled hypertensive rats. Radioimmunoassay showed that ET-1 level in the brain stem of hypertensive rats was significantly elevated. In addition to down-regulating the ET-1 level, astisense could also reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and LVSP in model rats. The antisense also down-regulated the ET-1 level in hypothalamus and brain stem, reducing MAP in normal control rats. After treatment with the antisense, the value of delta MAP was markedly lowered in experimental hypertensive rats as compared to the control ones. Thus it appears that (1) ET-1 might play an important role in central cardiovascular regulation in rats and (2) antisense ETASODN might be used in treatment of hypertension via inhibiting ET-1 production.
Assuntos
Endotelina-1/farmacologia , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Endotelina-1/genética , Endotelina-1/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The result of the experiment indicated that Kang Ai-bao II ([symbol: see text] II) had a destructive effect on DNA and RNA of cancer cells. Our study provided the basis for the clinical practice. The effect of Kang Ai-bao II on U14 cancer cell in C57 BL mice was investigated with confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Animais , Dano ao DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/efeitos dos fármacos , Alho , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microscopia Confocal , Neoplasias Experimentais/genética , Plantas Medicinais , RNA Neoplásico/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
In order to produce specific monoclonal antibodies for immunodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis in hydatid disease, a monoclonal antibody cell line NIA2 secreting specific antibodies was established, through fusion of myeloma cells SP2/0 and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with hydatid fluid from a local (Ningxia) patient and repeated screenings and clonings. The specificity was assayed via ELISA, immunoprecipitating and ultramicroscopy. Antibody titer of 1:2,560 was obtained in the supernatant of the culture medium by ELISA and a high titer of 1:163,840 in seeded ascitic fluid of mice of the same isolate. Immunoglobulin subclass of the NIA2 secreting antibody was determined to be IgG1 which showed no cross reaction to Cysticercus cellulosae. Cloned cell lines from the hybridomas were found consistent in secreting anti-Echinococcus granulosus antibody through serial passage in tissue culture for ten months.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Echinococcus/imunologia , Hibridomas/metabolismo , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Equinococose/diagnóstico , Humanos , Hibridomas/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
UNLABELLED: A novel nano-packing material with lower relative humidity, oxygen transmission rate and high longitudinal strength was synthesized by blending polyethylene with nano-powder (nano-Ag, kaolin, anatase TiO(2), rutile TiO(2)), and its effect on preservation quality of strawberry fruits (Fragaria ananassa Duch. cv Fengxiang) was investigated during storage at 4 degrees C. Results showed that nano-packaging was able to maintain the sensory, physicochemical, and physiological quality of strawberry fruits at a higher level compared with the normal packing (polyethylene bags). After a 12-d storage, decreases in the contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid of nano-packing were significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, decay rate, anthocyanin, and malondialdehyde contents were decreased to 16.7%, 26.3 mg/100g, 66.3 micromol/g for nano-packing and 26.8%, 31.9 mg/100g, 75.4 micromol/g for normal packing; polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and pyrogallol peroxidase (POD) activities were significantly lower in nano-packing than the control. These data indicated that the nano-packaging might provide an attractive alternative to improve preservation quality of the strawberry fruits during extended storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nano-packing exhibited identified quality benefits applicable to the preservation of fresh strawberry. Furthermore, nano-packing has the advantages of simple processing and feasibility to be industrialized in contrast with other storages. Thus, the utilization of nano-packing will likely assist commercial producers and retailers in extending the shelf life of products over a broader range in the future.