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BACKGROUND: Patients with solid organ transplant (SOT) are at increased risk of developing aggressive cutaneous malignancies due to their immunosuppression, particularly cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). PURPOSE: There is limited data regarding SOT patients with locally advanced cSCC requiring radical surgery and microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT). Our objectives were to characterize outcomes in SOT patients and compare them with a non-SOT cohort. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing MVFTT for advanced cSCC of the head and neck between January 2016 and May 2020 at a tertiary referral center. Patients who underwent MVFTT as part of curative intent surgery for advanced cSCC during the study were considered for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included distant metastasis, palliative intent treatment, age less than 18 years, and lip primaries. PREDICTOR: The predictor variable was SOT status. A cohort of non-SOT patients was matched to the SOT cohort based on age, smoking status, tumor stage, and defect size. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES: The primary reconstructive outcome was the major surgical complications and secondary outcome measures included major medical complications and minor surgical complications. The primary oncologic outcome was overall survival and the secondary outcome was disease-specific survival. The primary predictor was transplant status. COVARIATES: Covariates included patient comorbidities, prior treatment, tumor stage, type of reconstruction, pathologic findings, and adjuvant therapy. ANALYSIS: Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Student's T test and Fisher's exact test. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences in survival between groups were calculated using the log-rank test. Statistical significance was set a priori at P ≤ .05. RESULTS: Fourteen SOT and 14 matched non-SOT patients met inclusion criteria. There was not a statistically significant difference in the rate of major surgical complications (7 vs 7%, P = .74) between the SOT and non-SOT cohorts. Rates of minor (21 vs 43%, P = .26) wound complications and medical complications (0 vs 14%, P = .24) were also similar between the SOT and non-SOT cohorts. Locoregional recurrences and distant metastasis were more common for SOT patients, though this was not statistically significant. Overall survival was significantly worse for SOT patients (21.7 vs 31.0 months, P = .04), though there was not a significant difference in disease-free survival (9.8 vs 31.0 months, P = .17). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: MVFTT in the management of SOT patients with locally advanced head and neck cSCC demonstrates similar complication rates with non-SOT patients. While survival and oncologic outcomes are worse in the SOT cohort, aggressive surgical intervention with MVFTT can be performed with comparable complication rates to patients without a history of SOT.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Transplante de Órgãos , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Humanos , Adolescente , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgiaRESUMO
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), largely fueled by the human papillomavirus (HPV), has a complex biological and immunologic phenotype. Although HPV/p16 status can be used to stratify OPSCC patients as a function of survival, it remains unclear what drives an improved treatment response in HPV-associated OPSCC and whether targetable biomarkers exist that can inform a precision oncology approach. We analyzed OPSCC patients treated between 2000 and 2016 and correlated locoregional control (LRC), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with conventional clinical parameters, risk parameters generated using deep-learning algorithms trained to quantify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (OP-TIL) and multinucleated tumor cells (MuNI) and targeted transcriptomics. P16 was a dominant determinant of LRC, DFS and OS, but tobacco exposure, OP-TIL and MuNI risk features correlated with clinical outcomes independent of p16 status and the combination of p16, OP-TIL and MuNI generated a better stratification of OPSCC risk compared to individual parameters. Differential gene expression (DEG) analysis demonstrated overlap between MuNI and OP-TIL and identified genes involved in DNA repair, oxidative stress response and tumor immunity as the most prominent correlates with survival. Alteration of inflammatory/immune pathways correlated strongly with all risk features and oncologic outcomes. This suggests that development of OPSCC consists of an intersection between multiple required and permissive oncogenic and immunologic events which may be mechanistically linked. The strong relationship between tumor immunity and oncologic outcomes in OPSCC regardless of HPV status may provide opportunities for further biomarker development and precision oncology approaches incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors for maximal anti-tumor efficacy.
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Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/análise , Humanos , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/patologia , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus/patologia , Medicina de Precisão , Prognóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e PescoçoRESUMO
PURPOSE: High-risk oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) associated with tobacco exposure remains difficult to treat due to high rates of locoregional recurrence similar to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). Current NCCN guidelines allow for surgical management of this disease, but oncologic and functional data in the modern era remain scarce. We sought to compare and contrast oncologic and functional considerations for surgical management of OPSCC and OCSCC in a cohort of Veterans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients treated at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 2017 and 2020, treated using a homogenous, multi-modality algorithm. RESULTS: OPSCC tumors presented with a higher rate of perineural invasion (p < 0.05) and extranodal extension (p = 0.02) compared to OCSCC tumors. Compliance with NCCN guidelines for adjuvant treatment were lower for OPSCC patients primarily due to a higher rate of previous irradiation; re-irradiation could be delivered in 75% of patients when recommended by NCCN guidelines. Total glossectomy was accompanied by concomitant total laryngectomy in 100% of OPSCC patients and 0% of OCSCC. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection and free flap reconstruction of high-risk OPSCC generates oncologic outcomes comparable to OCSCC with comparable complication rates but a lower overall functional status. Reconstruction focused on rapid healing allows for high-rates of re-irradiation and minimal treatment delays. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: level 4.
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Boca/cirurgia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Otorrinolaringológicos/métodos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Saúde dos Veteranos , Veteranos , Idoso , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Glossectomia , Humanos , Laringectomia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/patologia , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/radioterapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Radioterapia Adjuvante , Estudos Retrospectivos , Risco , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Traditionally, clinical clerkship training in Taiwan does not provide medical students with sufficient patient care responsibilities and often results in inadequate clinical skills. METHODS: We implemented a pilot clerkship program at a comprehensive cancer center that emphasizes core clinical competency through direct patient care and dedicated faculty and mentors. Students were an integral part of the patient care team held accountable for providing coordinated and holistic care. Students' self-assessment of clinical competencies, faculty evaluation, and objective structured clinical examination were compared against their peers trained by traditional clerkship at a main teaching hospital. RESULTS: Fifty medical students completed the clerkship program in the first 3 years. At the end of the clerkship, participants rated themselves significantly higher than their peers in almost all patient care and clinical skill domains. The most significant areas included physical examination, clinical reasoning, developing management plan, holistic approach, handling ethical issues, and time management skills. The students rated their clerkship teachers significantly higher in time spent with students, skills and enthusiasm in teaching, as well as giving students appropriate patient care responsibilities. There was no significant difference in the end-of-clerkship objective structured clinical examination performance, but participants of the program achieved better grades in their subsequent internship. CONCLUSION: This pilot collaborative program presented a successful model for clinical education in the teaching of core clinical competencies through direct patient care responsibilities at the clerkship stage. It is hoped that the project will become a catalyst for medical education reform in Taiwan and regions with similar traditions.
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Estágio Clínico , Competência Clínica/normas , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Assistência ao Paciente/normas , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autoavaliação (Psicologia) , Taiwan , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) performed during total laryngectomy in the primary treatment of laryngeal cancer is the standard method for voice restoration. Following adjuvant radiotherapy, the TEP site can experience complications resulting in a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) with chronic leakage making oral alimentation unsafe due to aspiration. Here, we describe a technique using chimeric ulnar artery perforator forearm free flaps (UAPFF) in the reconstruction of these complex deformities. Four patients underwent chimeric UAPFF reconstruction of TEP site TEFs following primary TL with TEP and adjuvant radiotherapy. No flap failures or surgical complications occurred. Average time from end of radiotherapy to persistent TEF was 66 months (range 4-190 months). All patients had resolution in their TEF with average time to total oral diet achievement of 22 days (14-42 days). Chimeric UAPFF reconstruction is a safe and effective method to reconstruct recalcitrant TEP site TEFs.
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Neoplasias Laríngeas , Laringe Artificial , Fístula Traqueoesofágica , Humanos , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/etiologia , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/cirurgia , Antebraço/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento , Estudos Retrospectivos , Laringectomia/efeitos adversos , Laringectomia/métodos , Neoplasias Laríngeas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirurgia , Punções/métodos , Traqueia/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare functional outcomes of total laryngectomy (TL) with microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) reconstruction in the treatment of dysfunctional larynx (DL) versus salvage therapy for locally recurrent disease in patients with a history of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS: Retrospective review from a tertiary medical center between August 2015 and August 2022. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients underwent TL with MVFTT following primary laryngeal radiation or chemoradiation; 15 (22%) patients underwent functional laryngectomy (FL) and 54 (78%) underwent a salvage laryngectomy (SL). There were no total flap failures. Four (6%) patients developed a pharyngocutaneous fistula; one (7%) FL patient and 3 (6%) in the SL cohort. There was no significant difference in average hospital length of stay (LOS) between the cohorts (8.6 ± 3.0 days vs. 12.8 ± 10.1 days, p = 0.12). All patients (100%) in the FL cohort achieved a total oral diet compared to 41 (76%) in the SL cohort (p = 0.03). Two (13%) and 10 (19%) patients developed pharyngoesophageal stenosis in the FL and SL cohorts, respectively (p = 1.0). Nine (60%) and 23 (43%) patients in the FL and SL cohorts underwent tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) placement, with 89% and 91% achieving fluency, respectively (p = 0.23). CONCLUSION: Although the role of TL for the definitive treatment of laryngeal SCC has decreased over the past 30 years, organ-preservation protocols can impact speech, swallowing, and airway protection with life-threatening consequences. The use of elective FL with MVFTT for the treatment of DL results in similar or better functional outcomes compared to SL for recurrent disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:222-227, 2024.
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Neoplasias Laríngeas , Laringe , Humanos , Laringectomia/efeitos adversos , Laringectomia/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Laríngeas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Laringe/cirurgia , Laringe/patologia , Terapia de Salvação/métodosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Implementing enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols and decreasing length of stay (LOS) have become a priority for major surgeries, including microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) reconstruction of the head and neck. We describe an ERAS protocol with the goal to further reduce length of stay beyond national medians. METHODS: Retrospective chart review between August 2016 and February 2023, including all patients who underwent MVFTT after oral cavity, skull base, salivary gland, and cutaneous ablative surgery. An ERAS protocol was implemented in March 2020. RESULTS: A total of 383 patients were included. Approximately 59.8% underwent oral cavity MVFTT, 34.5% cutaneous and lateral skull base, and 5.8% maxillary and anterior skull base. A total of 209 (54.7%) patients had surgery prior to implementation of the ERAS protocol and 174 (45.3%) after. Median LOS decreased from 9 days (interquartile interval [IQR] 8-11) to 6 (IQR 5-7.5, p < 0.0001) following oral cavity MVFTT. For cutaneous and lateral skull base reconstruction, median LOS decreased from 6 days (IQR 5-8) to 3 (IQR 3-7, p < 0.0001). For anterior skull base and sinonasal MVFTT, median LOS decreased from 8 (IQR 7-9) to 5 days (IQR 4.5-7, p = 0.0005). Rate of discharge to skilled nursing or subacute rehabilitation facilities decreased (24% before ERAS, 9.2% after, p < 0.0001). Thirty-day readmission rate was similar before and after implementation (10.5% vs. 10.3, p = 0.954). Discharge to facility was associated with readmission (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.12-4.89, p = 0.024). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Implementation of the ERAS protocol was associated with decreased LOS. There was no increase in rate of readmission. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A Laryngoscope, 2024.
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PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the factors most associated with early and late complications following microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) after mandibulectomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing MVFTT after segmental mandibulectomy from September 2016 to February 2021 was performed across a single academic institution. Surgical variables were collected, including the location of the resultant mandibular defect (anterior vs posterior) and flap type (osseous or non-osseous). The primary outcome variables included postoperative complications (early, <90 days; and late, >90 days) and the patients' functional status (return to oral intake). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Fischer's exact test, and 2-sample t tests were used to analyze differences among variables. RESULTS: We analyzed a cohort of 114 consecutive patients with mandibular defects, comprising 57 anterior and 57 posterior defects. Bony free flaps with hardware were used to reconstruct 98% of anterior defects compared to 58% of posterior defects (P < .001). All soft tissue only flaps did not utilize any hardware during the reconstruction. Anterior defects demonstrated more late complications requiring additional surgery (30% vs 9%, P = .04). A secondary analysis of posterior mandibular reconstructions compared soft tissue only flaps and bony free flaps with hardware and showed equivalent rates of early (12% vs 13%, P > .99) and late (9% vs 8%, P > .99) complications requiring additional surgery while demonstrating a similar return to full oral competence (55% vs 46%, P = .52) and recovery of a 100% oral diet (67% vs 54%, P = .53). CONCLUSION: Osseous free tissue transfer for segmental mandibular defects remains the gold standard in reconstruction. In our patient cohort, anterior mandibular defects are associated with greater late (>90 day) complications requiring additional surgery. Comparable outcomes may be achieved with soft tissue only versus osseous free flap reconstruction of posterior mandibular defects.
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Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Osteotomia Mandibular , Reconstrução Mandibular , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteotomia Mandibular/métodos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Reconstrução Mandibular/métodos , Adulto , Neoplasias Mandibulares/cirurgia , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodosRESUMO
Virtual surgical planning is a revolutionary tool for the head and neck reconstructive surgeon. As with any tool, there are strengths and weaknesses. The strengths include shorter operative time, shorter ischemic time, streamlined dental rehabilitation, facilitation of complex reconstruction, non-inferior and possibly superior accuracy, and increased durability. The weaknesses are increased up-front costs, potential delays to operative management, limited flexibility on the day of surgery, and loss of familiarity with conventionally planned surgery.
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Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Reconstrução Mandibular , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Cirurgia Assistida por Computador , Humanos , Cabeça , Pescoço/cirurgia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgiaRESUMO
Objectives: We aimed to operationalize a head and neck microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) program at a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital with the emphasis on initiating radiotherapy within 6 weeks of surgery for cancer patients and minimizing readmissions. Study Design: Case series. Setting: Tertiary care VA hospital. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive head and neck MVFTT patients from May 1, 2017 and April 30, 2022. Demographics, patient and disease characteristics, per-operative data and postoperative outcomes were recorded from the electronic medical record. We sought to compare our rate of 30-day readmissions with those published in the literature. Results: One hundred and forty-one procedures were performed in the queried timeframe. Eighty-four percent (119) were performed after oncologic resections and 16% (22) were for nononcologic procedures. The rate of total flap loss was <1% and the rate of partial flap loss was 3.5%. For mucosal defects, the fistula rate was 2.3%. The rate of return to the OR for any reason within 30 days was 7.8%. The 30-day readmission rate was 6.4% while the rates reported in the literature range from 13% to 20%. One hundred and four patients required postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and 76% started PORT within 42 days of surgery. Conclusion: Operationalizing a head and neck MVFTT program with a VA hospital is safe and allows for the successful delivery of multimodality treatment to cancer patients. These resources can be expanded for the care of head and neck cancer treatment sequelae, such as osteoradionecrosis, and other nononcologic patient needs.
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Objective: Cisplatin forms the backbone of systemic chemotherapy treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). The ideal cisplatin dosing regimen remains yet to be fully defined for achieving optimal efficacy and toxicity profiles in patients with comorbidity. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed oncologic and toxicity data for patients with OPSCC treated at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 2000 and 2020 who initiated curative intent, definitive chemo-radiation with one of three single agent regimens: high dose (HD) cisplatin, low dose (LD) cisplatin or cetuximab. Results: Patients with HPV-associated tumors and nonsmokers demonstrated improved overall and disease-free survival along with locoregional and distant metastatic control regardless of chemotherapy regimen. Regardless of regimen selection, patients which received a cumulative cisplatin dose ≥200 mg/m2 had a lower rate of distant metastasis. The HD regimen resulted in a greater fraction (75% vs. 50%) of patients receiving a cumulative cisplatin dose ≥200 mg/m2 and a comparable measured toxicity burden compared to the LD regimen. Conclusions: Both HD and LD cisplatin regimens can be safely delivered to a Veteran OPSCC patient population which should allow for straightforward application of conclusions drawn from completed and active clinical trials testing cisplatin regimens. Level of Evidence: 4.
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INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects the vascular system, subjecting patients to a hypercoagulable state. This is of particular concern for the success of microvascular free flap reconstruction. This study aims to report head and neck free flap complications in patients with COVID-19 during the perioperative period. We believe these patients are more likely to experience flap complications given the hypercoagulable state. METHODS: This is a multi-institutional retrospective case series of patients infected with COVID-19 during the perioperative period for head and neck free flap reconstruction from March 2020 to January 2022. RESULTS: Data was collected on 40 patients from 14 institutions. Twenty-one patients (52.5%) had a positive COVID-19 test within 10 days before surgery and 7 days after surgery. The remaining patients had a positive test earlier than 10 days before surgery. A positive test caused a delay in surgery for 16 patients (40.0%) with an average delay of 44.7 days (9-198 days). Two free flap complications (5.0%) occurred with no free flap deaths. Four patients (10.0%) had surgical complications and 10 patients had medical complications (25.0%). Five patients (12.5%) suffered from postoperative COVID-19 pneumonia. Three deaths were COVID-19-related and one from cancer recurrence during the study period. CONCLUSION: Despite the heightened risk of coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients, head and neck free flap reconstructions in patients with COVID-19 are not at higher risk for free flap complications. However, these patients are at increased risk of medical complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 2023.
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BACKGROUND: Patients on chronic pharmacologic immunosuppressive therapy are at increased risk of wound infection and complications after surgery. There is a paucity of data examining perioperative complications after microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) reconstruction of the head and neck in this patient population. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study performed at two tertiary referral centers between August 2016 and May 2020. RESULTS: Nine hundred and seventy-nine patients underwent MVFTT during the study period; of these 47 (5%) patients were taking chronic immunosuppressive medications. The most common indications for immunosuppression were solid organ transplant and autoimmune disease. Fourteen (30%) patients had surgical complications within 30 days of surgery: 8 (17%) wound dehiscences, 6 (12%) hematomas, and 2 (4%) surgical site infections. There was one total and one partial flap failure with a 30-day reoperation rate of 4%. CONCLUSIONS: MVFTT of the head and neck appears to be safe in patients on chronic pharmacologic immunosuppression.
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Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/complicações , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Humanos , Terapia de Imunossupressão/efeitos adversos , Pescoço/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/efeitos adversos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Map regional lymph node metastases for lateralized oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) and evaluate factors associated with regional metastases and recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 715 patients with lateralized OCSCC surgically treated in 1997-2011. Analysis was performed using log-rank, Kaplan-Meier, and multivariable logistic and Cox regression. RESULTS: Regional metastases were identified in ipsilateral levels IIA (24%), IB (18%), III (13%), V (9%), IV (7%), IA (2%) and IIB (1%) and the contralateral neck (3%). Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (Hazard Ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.2-3.9) and T category (T3 vs. T1: HR 4.1, 95% CI 1.9-9.3; T4 vs. T1: HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.3) were associated with regional metastases. Most (71%) isolated regional metastatic recurrences were in undissected levels of the neck, including 58% in levels IV and V. Tumors of the hard palate (HR 4.3, 95% CI 1.2-16.1), upper alveolus (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.7) or with LVI (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.9) were associated with isolated regional recurrence. For upper alveolar/hard palate tumors, depth of invasion (DOI) ≥4 mm (P = .003) and LVI (P = .04) were associated with regional metastases. CONCLUSIONS: For lateralized OCSCC, elective neck dissection of level IIB or the contralateral neck may rarely be needed, but additional surgical or radiation treatment of levels IV and V may be considered based on patient risk factors, including T category 3-4 or LVI. For upper alveolar/hard palate tumors, DOI ≥4 mm is an appropriate threshold for elective neck dissection.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/cirurgia , Esvaziamento Cervical , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgiaRESUMO
Introduction Standardized reconstruction protocols for large open anterior skull base defects with dural resection are not well described. Here we report the outcomes and technique of a multilayered reconstructive algorithm utilizing local tissue, dural graft matrix, and microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) for reconstruction of these deformities. Design This study is a retrospective review. Results Eleven patients (82% males) met inclusion criteria, with five (45%) having concurrent orbital exenteration and eight (73%) requiring maxillectomy. All patients required dural resection with or without intracranial tumor resection, with the average dural defect being 36.0 ± 25.9 cm 2 . Dural graft matrices and pericranial flaps were used for primary reconstruction of the dural defects, which were then reinforced with free fascia or muscle overlay by means of MVFTT. Eight (73%) patients underwent anterolateral thigh MVFTT, with the radial forearm, fibula, and vastus lateralis comprising the remainder. Average total surgical time of tumor resection and reconstruction was 14.9 ± 3.8 hours, with median length of hospitalization being 10 days (IQR: 9.5, 14). Continuous cerebrospinal fluid drainage through a lumber drain was utilized in 10 (91%) patients perioperatively, with an average length of indwelling drain of 5 days. Postoperative complications occurred in two (18%) patients who developed asymptomatic pneumocephalus that resolved with high-flow oxygen therapy. Conclusion A standardized multilayered closure technique of dural graft matrix, pericranial flap, and MVFTT overlay in the reconstruction of large open anterior craniofacial dural defects can assist the reconstructive team in approaching these complex deformities and may help prevent postoperative complications.
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BACKGROUND: Optimizing treatment through microarray-based molecular subtyping is a promising method to address the problem of heterogeneity in breast cancer; however, current application is restricted to prediction of distant recurrence risk. This study investigated whether breast cancer molecular subtyping according to its global intrinsic biology could be used for treatment customization. METHODS: Gene expression profiling was conducted on fresh frozen breast cancer tissue collected from 327 patients in conjunction with thoroughly documented clinical data. A method of molecular subtyping based on 783 probe-sets was established and validated. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate molecular subtypes with survival outcome and adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Heterogeneity of molecular subtypes within groups sharing the same distant recurrence risk predicted by genes of the Oncotype and MammaPrint predictors was studied. RESULTS: We identified six molecular subtypes of breast cancer demonstrating distinctive molecular and clinical characteristics. These six subtypes showed similarities and significant differences from the Perou-Sørlie intrinsic types. Subtype I breast cancer was in concordance with chemosensitive basal-like intrinsic type. Adjuvant chemotherapy of lower intensity with CMF yielded survival outcome similar to those of CAF in this subtype. Subtype IV breast cancer was positive for ER with a full-range expression of HER2, responding poorly to CMF; however, this subtype showed excellent survival when treated with CAF. Reduced expression of a gene associated with methotrexate sensitivity in subtype IV was the likely reason for poor response to methotrexate. All subtype V breast cancer was positive for ER and had excellent long-term survival with hormonal therapy alone following surgery and/or radiation therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not provide any survival benefit in early stages of subtype V patients. Subtype V was consistent with a unique subset of luminal A intrinsic type. When molecular subtypes were correlated with recurrence risk predicted by genes of Oncotype and MammaPrint predictors, a significant degree of heterogeneity within the same risk group was noted. This heterogeneity was distributed over several subtypes, suggesting that patients in the same risk groups require different treatment approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the molecular subtypes established in this study can be utilized for customization of breast cancer treatment.
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Neoplasias da Mama/classificação , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Análise em Microsséries , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Feminino , Seguimentos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Medicina de Precisão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Scapula tip free flaps (STFFs) have become an increasingly popular option for head and neck reconstruction. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the STFF in a horizontal orientation to take advantage of the anatomy of the scapular tip bone to re-create a mandibular symphysis. Eight patients underwent oromandibular reconstruction with a horizontally oriented STFF between October 2016 and June 2020. Virtual surgical planning was used to design the bony reconstruction in 6 cases. Primary outcomes, including flap survival, complications, and return to oral diet, were collected. Cephalometric measurements were obtained to compare preoperative and postoperative mandibular projection and width. All flaps survived without compromise, and no fistulas developed postoperatively. Seven patients returned to taking an oral diet. Cephalometric analysis revealed comparable measurements between preoperative and postoperative mandibles and reconstructed mandibles, respectively. STFFs may be oriented horizontally to reconstruct large anterior mandibular defects with satisfactory results.
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Cefalometria , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Reconstrução Mandibular/métodos , Escápula/transplante , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recuperação de Função FisiológicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fibula free flap (FFF) is the preferred osteocutaneous flap for reconstruction of large head and neck composite defects. There is a paucity of data whether FFF can be performed safely in patients with knee replacement (total knee arthroplasty [TKA]). METHODS: Multi-institutional review of outcomes following FFF in patients who had prior TKA. RESULTS: Ten surgeons reported successful FFF in 53 patients with prior TKA. The most common preoperative imaging was a CT angiogram of the bilateral lower extremities. There was no evidence of intraoperative vascular abnormality. Physical therapy began between postoperative day 1 to postoperative day 3. At 1 month postoperatively, 40% of patients were using a cane or walker to ambulate, but by 3 months all had returned to baseline ambulatory status. At >1 year, there were no gait complications. CONCLUSION: FFF appears safe in patients with prior knee replacement without an increased risk of complications compared to baseline.
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Artroplastia do Joelho , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Fíbula/cirurgia , Humanos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) rates and functional outcomes following microvascular free tissue transfer (MVFTT) reconstruction of salvage total laryngectomy (STL) with a review of two different flap inset techniques and a review of the literature. METHODS: Retrospective review. RESULTS: Review of the literature revealed 887 patients who underwent STL MVFTT from 14 references. Ninety-six STL MVFTTs were performed by the authors, with 36 (38%) patients undergoing multilayer fascial underlay (MLFU) closure and 60 (62%) a standard single layer closure (SLC). One (3%) PCF occurred in the MLFU group compared to 12 (20%) in the SLC cohort (P = .03). Postoperative gastrostomy (G)-tube dependence was lower following MLFU closure compared to SLC (25% vs. 57%, P < .01), whereas pharyngoesophageal stricture (PES) (28% vs. 38%), tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) placement (42% vs. 42%), and TEP usage (87% vs. 88%) did not significantly differ (P > .05). Compared to pooled rates from the literature, patients who underwent a MLFU MVFTT inset technique demonstrated significantly lower PCF incidence (3% vs. 23%, P < .01) without significant differences in PES (28% vs 23%, P = .55), G-tube dependence (25% vs. 23%, P = .25), or TEP placement (42% vs. 59%, P = .09). CONCLUSION: Despite MVFTT reconstruction after STL, G-tube dependence, PCF formation, and limitations of speaking rehabilitation (TEP) remain a significant issue. Modification of MVFTT inset may provide an opportunity to reduce PCF incidence without affecting other functional outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E875-E881, 2021.
Assuntos
Fístula Cutânea/prevenção & controle , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Neoplasias Laríngeas/cirurgia , Laringectomia/efeitos adversos , Doenças Faríngeas/prevenção & controle , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Fístula Cutânea/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Laríngeas/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Faríngeas/epidemiologia , Faringectomia/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Importance: Body image-related distress (BID) is common among head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors and associated with significant morbidity. Risk factors for HNC-related BID remain poorly characterized because prior research has used outcome measures that fail to fully capture BID as experienced by HNC survivors. Objective: To assess the association of demographic and oncologic characteristics with HNC-related BID using the Inventory to Measure and Assess imaGe disturbancE-Head & Neck (IMAGE-HN), a validated, multidomain, patient-reported outcome measure of HNC-related BID. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study assessed 301 adult survivors of surgically managed HNC at 4 academic medical centers. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measure was IMAGE-HN scores, for which higher scores reflect more severe HNC-related BID. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of patient characteristics with IMAGE-HN global and 4 subdomain (other-oriented appearance concerns, personal dissatisfaction with appearance, distress with functional impairments, and social avoidance) scores. Results: Of the 301 participants (212 [70.4%] male; mean [SD] age, 65.3 [11.7] years), 181 (60.1%) underwent free flap reconstruction. Graduation from college (ß = -9.6; 95% CI, -17.5 to -1.7) or graduate school (ß = -12.6; 95% CI, -21.2 to -3.8) was associated with lower IMAGE-HN social avoidance scores compared with less than a high school education. Compared with paid work, unemployment was associated with higher IMAGE-HN other-oriented appearance (ß = 10.7; 95% CI, 2.0-19.3), personal dissatisfaction with appearance (ß = 12.5; 95% CI, 1.2-23.7), and global (ß = 8.0; 95% CI, 0.6-15.4) scores. Compared with no reconstruction, free flap reconstruction was associated with higher IMAGE-HN global scores (ß = 11.5; 95% CI, 7.9-15.0) and all subdomain scores (other-oriented appearance: ß = 13.1; 95% CI, 8.6-17.6; personal dissatisfaction with appearance: ß = 15.4; 95% CI, 10.0-20.7; distress with functional impairment: ß = 12.8; 95% CI, 8.1-17.4; and social avoidance and isolation: ß = 10.2; 95% CI, 5.8-14.6). Higher IMAGE-HN distress with functional impairment scores were found in those who received surgery and adjuvant radiation (ß = 7.8; 95% CI, 2.9-12.7) or chemoradiotherapy (ß = 6.5; 95% CI, 1.8-11.3) compared with surgery alone. The multivariable regression model accounted for a modest proportion of variance in IMAGE-HN global (R2 = 0.18) and subdomain scores (R2 = 0.20 for other-oriented appearance, 0.14 for personal dissatisfaction with appearance, 0.21 for distress with functional impairment, and 0.13 for social avoidance and isolation). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, factors associated with risk of HNC-related BID included free flap reconstruction, lower educational attainment, unemployment, and multiple treatment modalities. These characteristics explain a modest proportion of variance in IMAGE-HN scores, suggesting that other characteristics may be the major risk factors for HNC-related BID and should be explored in future studies.