Evidence of peripheral olfactory impairment in the domestic silkworms: insight from the comparative transcriptome and population genetics.

BACKGROUND: The insect olfactory system is a highly specific and sensitive chemical detector, which plays important roles in feeding, mating and finding an appropriate oviposition site. The ecological niche of Bombyx mori has changed greatly since domestication from B. mandarina, and its olfactory response to environmental odorants clearly decreased. However, the mechanisms that result in the olfactory impairment are largely unknown. RESULTS: The antennal transcriptomes were compared between the domestic and wild silkworms. Comparison of the same sex between the domestic and wild silkworms revealed 1410 and 1173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in males and females, respectively. To understand the olfactory impairment, we mainly focused on the olfactory-related genes. In total, 30 olfactory genes and 19 odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) showed differential expression in the two comparisons, in which 19 and 14 were down-regulated in the domestic silkworm, respectively. Based on population genomic data, the down-regulated odorant receptors (ORs) showed a higher ratio of unique non-synonymous polymorphisms to synonymous polymorphisms (N/S ratio) in the domestic populations than that in the wild silkworms. Furthermore, one deleterious mutation was found in OR30 of the domestic population, which was located in transmembrane helix 6 (TM6). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that down-regulation of the olfactory-related genes and relaxed selection might be the major reasons for olfactory impairment of the domestic silkworm reared completely indoor environment. Reversely, wild silkworm may increase expression and remove deleterious polymorphisms of olfactory-related genes to retain sensitive olfaction.

Significance of Anthropogenic Factors to Freely Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater of China.

Assessment of surface water pollution by organic pollutants is a top priority in many parts of the world, as it provides critical information for implementing effective measures to ensure drinking water safety. This is particularly important in China, where insufficient data of national scale have been acquired on the occurrence of any organic pollutants in the country's water bodies. To fill the knowledge gap, we employed passive samplers to survey polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 42 freshwaters throughout the country. The dissolved Σ24PAH concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 538 ng L-1, with the highest and lowest values obtained in Southern Lake in Wuhan and in the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, respectively. Average Σ24PAH concentrations in West, Central, and East China correlated well with the population densities in these regions. The composition profiles of PAHs showed a mixed PAH source of coal combustion, fossil fuel combustion, and oil spills. In addition, all dissolved PAH concentrations were below the water guidelines developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the European Union, and the Canadian government, except for anthracene in Southern Lake. Our results also demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a global network of monitoring organic pollutants in the aquatic environment with passive sampling techniques.

Promiscuous Oxidosqualene Cyclases from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola Catalyzing the Formation of Tetracyclic, Pentacyclic, and Heterocyclic Triterpenes.

Six oxidosqualene cyclases (NiOSC1-NiOSC6) from Neoalsomitra integrifoliola were characterized for the biosynthesis of diverse triterpene scaffolds, including tetracyclic and pentacyclic triterpenes from the 2,3-oxidosqualene (1) and oxacyclic triterpenes from the 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene (2). NiOSC1 showed high efficiency in the production of naturally rare (20R)-epimers of oxacyclic triterpenes. Mutagenesis results revealed that the NiOSC1-F731G mutant significantly increased the yields of (20R)-epimers compared to the wild type. Homology modeling and molecular docking elucidated the origin of the (20R)-configuration in the epoxide addition step.

Exosomal miR-196a-5p enhances radioresistance in lung cancer cells by downregulating NFKBIA.

Radiation therapy is recognized as an effective modality in the treatment of lung cancer, but radioresistance resulting from prolonged treatment reduces the chances of recovery. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in radiotherapy immunity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which miR-196a-5p affects radioresistance in lung cancer. The radioresistant lung cancer cell line A549R26-1 was established by radiation treatment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were observed by microscopy, and the expression levels of CAF-specific marker proteins were detected by immunofluorescence. The shape of the exosomes was observed by electron microscopy. A CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell viability, while clone formation assays were used to detect cell proliferative capacity. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate apoptosis. The binding of miR-196a-5p and NFKBIA was predicted and further verified by the dual luciferase reporter experiment. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect gene mRNA and protein levels. We found that exosomes secreted by CAFs could enhance lung cancer cell radioresistance. Moreover, miR-196a-5p potentially bound to NFKBIA, promoting malignant phenotypes in radioresistant cells. Furthermore, exosomal miR-196a-5p derived from CAFs increased radiotherapy immunity in lung cancer. Exosomal miR-196a-5p derived from CAFs enhanced radioresistance in lung cancer cells by downregulating NFKBIA, providing a new potential target for the treatment of lung cancer.

Application and effect evaluation of multidisciplinary team management model: On central venous access device associated skin impairment based on Delphi method.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a multidisciplinary management model based on Delphi method to guide nursing practice and reduce the incidence of CVAD-associated Skin Impairment (CASI) in tumor patients. METHODS: On the basis of literature review and focus group interview, the initial item pool of CASI management model for cancer patients was determined. The Delphi method was used to conduct two rounds of letter consultation with 36 authoritative and representative experts to determine the content and weight of indicators of CASI multidisciplinary management model for cancer patients. RESULTS: Most of the research group were experts with bachelor degree or above. More than 90% of experts have worked for more than 10 years; Areas of expertise include oncology care, venous therapy, wound stomatology, and dermatology. The recovery rate of the two rounds of expert correspondence questionnaire was 100%. The authority coefficient of experts was 0.898, indicating a good degree of authority. Kendall's harmony coefficients were 0.193 and 0.250, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). After two rounds of expert letter consultation, a multidisciplinary management model of CASI for cancer patients was initially formed, which included 15 first-level prevention indexes and 38 second-level prevention indexes of CASI for cancer patients. There were 9 first-level indexes and 16 second-level indexes of CASI treatment in tumor patients. CONCLUSION: Cancer patients based on Delphi method to construct CASI multidisciplinary management model has high reliability and scientificity, multidisciplinary management model in the management of patients with tumor CASI exploration will provide new methods for central venous catheter nursing and the new way of thinking, will also be intravenous fluids will provide a scientific basis for professional development and quality improvement and practical experience.

Effect of video-assisted education on informed consent and patient education for peripherally inserted central catheters: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a video-assisted education intervention on informed consent and patient education for peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs). METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing the effects on informed consent of video-assisted patient education and traditional face-to-face discussion in a catheter outpatient ward of a cancer centre in Guangzhou, China, in 2018. Participants were 140 patients randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to two groups: video-assisted or traditional intervention. General information, patient retention of PICC-related information, working time spent by nurses on the procedure, and patient and nurse satisfaction with the procedure were assessed. RESULTS: The time used for informed consent was significantly shorter in the experimental group (1.02 ± 0.24 minutes) than in the control group (6.87 ± 1.10 minutes). The time used for PICC-related education was significantly shorter in the experimental group (1.03 ± 0.28 minutes) than in the control group (5.11 ± 0.57 minutes). Nurses' degree of satisfaction with the procedure was significantly higher in the experimental group (4.10 ± 0.57) than in the control group (2.60 ± 0.70). CONCLUSION: The use of video-assisted informed consent and patient education in this cancer centre decreased nurses' working time and improved nurses' satisfaction.Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR1800015664.

Impact of passive sampler protection apparatus on sediment porewater profiles of hydrophobic organic compounds.

Passive sampling techniques have been widely used to determine the dissolved concentration profiles of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment porewater. However, the effects of having a protection for the passive sampler on profiling HOCs concentrations in sediment porewater, especially in deep sediment, have remained unclear. To address this issue, low density polyethylene passive samplers with and without protectors, which consisted of glass fiber filter and porous stainless steel shield, were simultaneously deployed in sediment of the Dongjiang River, South China. The results showed that the protectors retarded the dissipation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) from the sampler by a factor of 2-9. The protectors seemed to exert a negligible effect on the measured concentrations of PAHs, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in surficial sediment porewater (0-14 cm depth) from both samplers. However, the sediment porewater concentration profiles of PAHs and BDE-47 from the sampler with protectors were in agreement with those normalized by dry weight in deep sediment (16-34 cm depth), indicating that a diffusion layer established by the protectors may minimize the probability of local depletion of the target analytes in deep sediment. In addition, the log Koc values of PAHs, BDE-47, and BDE-99 exhibited a slight increasing trend with sediment depth. This finding suggested that in situ passive sampling techniques could be a feasible tool in determining the site-specific log Koc values of HOCs at different sediment depths.

A comprehensive risk assessment of human inhalation exposure to atmospheric halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in an urban zone.

Inhalation exposure to flame retardants used as additives to minimize fire risk and plasticizers is ubiquitous in human daily activities, but has not been adequately assessed. To address this research gap, the present study conducted an assessment of human health risk for four age groups through inhalation exposure to size fractionated particle-bound and gaseous halogenated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs)) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) at indoor and outdoor environments (school, office, and residence) in three districts of a megacity (Guangzhou, China). Results demonstrated that OPEs were the dominant components among all targets. Indoor daily intakes of PBDEs and OPEs were 13-16 times greater than outdoor levels for all age groups. Gaseous OPEs contributed significantly greater than particle-bound compounds to daily intakes of all target compounds. Based on the different life scenarios, hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from adults exposure to PBDEs and OPEs in indoor and outdoor settings were the greatest, followed by adolescents, children, and seniors. The estimated HQ and ILCR for all age groups both indoors and outdoors were lower than the safe level (HQ = 1 and ILCR = 10-6), indicating that the potential health risk for local residents in Guangzhou via inhalation exposure to atmospheric halogenated flame retardants and OPEs was low.

[Analysis of Gene Mutation Types of Thalassemia in Fuzhou Area of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the gene mutation types and spectrum of α, ß-thalassemia in Fuzhou area of China. METHODS: Thalassemia gene screening was performed in the women receiving physical, prenatal, and pre-pregnancy examination, and the patients with suspected thalassemia in our hospital from July 2013 to March 2018.Genotypes of thalassem were detected by Gap-PCR and RDB-PCR. RESULTS: 1042 were positive among 2074 suspected cases with a positive rate of 50.24%; 618 cases were confirmed to be α-thalassemia and with a positive rate of 29.8%; 409 cases were confirmed to be ß-thalassemia with a positive rate of 19.72%. 15 cases were confirmed to be α-ß complex thalassemia with a positive rate of 0.72%. the --SEA/αα(76.54%) was the most common genotype among α-thalassemia, -α3.7/αα(10.03%) and -α4.2/αα(2.91%) in hot pursuit. In addition, IVS-II-55 (T->G) and IVS-II-119 (-G, +CTCGGCCC) were newly found alpha mutations; the IVS-2-654 (C→T) (40.83%) was the most common genotype among ß-thalassemia, CD41-42 (-TCTT) (35.94%) and CD17 (A→T) (9.78%) in hot pursuit. CONCLUSION: The genotype of thalassemia in Fuzhou area is highly heterogenic, --SEA/αα is the most common genotype among α-thalassemia, IVS-2-654 (C→T) is the most common genotype among ß-thalassemia, Meanwhile, two α-mutation sites are found in this study which were not reported in the Database of Human Hemoglobin Variants and Thalassemias.

Assessment of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a megacity of South China: Spatiotemporal variability, indoor-outdoor interplay and potential human health risk.

Although a number of studies have assessed the occurrence of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor environment, few studies have systemically examined the indoor-outdoor interplay of size-dependent particulate PAHs and potential health risk based on daily lifestyles. In the present study, size-dependent particle and gaseous samples were collected both indoors and outdoors within selected schools, offices and residences located in three districts of Guangzhou, China with different urbanization levels during the dry and wet weather seasons. Results from measurements of PAHs showed that higher total PAH concentrations occurred in residential areas than in other settings and in indoor than in outdoor environments. Compositional profiles and size distribution patterns of particle-bound PAHs were similar indoors and outdoors, predominated by 4-and 5-ring PAHs and the 0.56-1.0 µm particle fraction. Statistical analyses indicated that outdoor sources may have contributed to 38-99% and 62-100% of the variations for indoor particle-bound and gaseous PAH concentrations, respectively. Incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from human exposure to indoor and outdoor PAHs based on different lifestyles followed the order of adults > children > adolescents > seniors. All average ILCR values for four age groups were below the lower limit of the Safe Acceptable Range (10-6). In addition, the ILCR value for adults (average: 7.2 × 10-7; 95% CI: 5.4 × 10-8‒2.5 × 10-6), estimated from outdoor air PAH levels with 24-h exposure time, was significantly higher than our assessment results (average: 5.9 × 10-7; 95% CI: 6.3 × 10-8‒1.9 × 10-6), suggesting the significance of assessing human inhalation exposure risks of indoor and outdoor PAHs in urban air based on daily lifestyles.

Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals.

Health risk of residents dwelling around e-waste recycling zones has been a global concern, but has not been adequately examined. The present study was intended to evaluate the potential health risk of residents through inhalation exposure to size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals in a typical e-waste recycling zone, South China. Anthropogenic metals (Zn, Se, Pb, Sb, As, and Cd) were predominantly enriched in fine particles (Dp<1.8µm), whereas the crustal elements (Ti, Fe, and Co) tended to accumulate in coarse particles (Dp>1.8µm). Although the daily inhalation intakes of the target metals were significantly lower than those through food consumption and ingestion of house dust, the hazard quotients of total metals for adults (95% CI: 1.0-5.5) and children (95% CI: 3.0-17) were greater than 1. Moreover, the incremental lifetime cancer risks of five carcinogenic metals (Cr, Co, Ni, As, and Cd) for adults and children were 1.3×10(-3) (95% CI: 4.1×10(-4)-3.0×10(-3)) and 3.9×10(-3) (95% CI: 1.3×10(-3)-8.6×10(-3)), respectively, substantially higher than the acceptable cancer risk range of 10(-6)-10(-4). All these findings suggested that health risks were high for local residents dwelling around the e-waste recycling zone through inhalation exposure to particle-bound heavy metals, for both adults and children.