Correction to: Synergistic effect of a cobalt fluoroporphyrin and graphene oxide on the simultaneous voltammetric determination of catechol and hydroquinone.

The published version of this article, unfortunately, contains error. The author found out that Chart 1 image was wrongly incorporated in the online paper.

Synergistic effect of a cobalt fluoroporphyrin and graphene oxide on the simultaneous voltammetric determination of catechol and hydroquinone.

Graphene oxide (GO) was modified with the cobalt(II) and zinc(II) complexes (CoTFPP and ZnTFPP) of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin in order to improve the electrocatalytic activity of GO towards catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ). It is found that the CoTFPP-modified GO on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) displays the highest electrocatalytic activity. The response to CC (at 0.14 V vs. SCE) is linear in the 1-220 µM concentration range. The response to HQ (at 0.04 V vs. SCE) extends from 1 µM to 200 µM. The sensitivity and detection limits are 10.40 µA∙µM-1∙cm-2 and 0.17 µM for CC, and 8.40 µA∙µM-1∙cm-2 and 0.21 µM for HQ. Experimental results indicate that the Co(II) and Zn(II) ions in the porphyrins positively affect the electron transfer rate in the hybrid materials. The GCE modified with CoTFPP/GO was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of CC and HQ in spiked samples of tap and lake water. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of a voltammetric method for simultaneous determination of catechol (CC) and hydroquinone (HQ). It is based on the use of a cobalt (II) fluoroporphyrin (CoTFPP) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) hybrid.

[Study on Panax notoginseng and its processed products by FTIR spectroscopy].

The chemical differences of panax notoginseng before and after processing were analyzed by Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with two-dimensionalcorrelation spectroscopy (2D-IR). Compared with conventional IR spectra of the samples, the FTIR spectra of panax notoginseng and its processed products were similar in the range of 1 200-400 cm(-1). The difference was that prepared panax notoginseng had strong and characteristic peaks at 2 925, 2 855, 1 746, 1 460, 1 376 and 1 158 cm(-1), which all arose from the characteristic vibration of peanut oil. This was because there was some peanut oil left in the panax notoginseng, when panax notoginseng after processing. Obvious differences were observed between 2D-IR spectra of them, in the range of 1 400-1 700 cm(-1), there was only one auto peaks at 1 650 cm(-1) in the spectra of panax notoginseng, but there were auto peaks at 1 469 and 1 640 cm(-1) in the spectra of prepared panax notoginseng. In the range of 1 400-1 700 cm(-1), the 2D-IR spectra of panax notoginseng and its processed product present characterstic peaks at 1 139 (1 137), 1 194 (1 196), 1 121 (1 221)cm(-1) respectively, but the relative intensities of auto peaks were changed. For example, auto peak around 1 139 cm(-1) was enhanced, but auto peak around 1 194 cm(-1) was weakened. The results of 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy indicated the decomposition of flavonoids, saccharides and saponins. This method can track dynamically the processing procedure of panax notoginseng and reveal the main tansformations, so it can explain the pharmacology of panax notoginseng and its processed product by FTIR and 2D-IR.

[Study on infrared spectrum change of Ganoderma lucidum and its extracts].

From the determination of the infrared spectra of four substances (original ganoderma lucidum and ganoderma lucidum water extract, 95% ethanol extract and petroleum ether extract), it was found that the infrared spectrum can carry systematic chemical information and basically reflects the distribution of each component of the analyte. Ganoderma lucidum and its extracts can be distinguished according to the absorption peak area ratio of 3 416-3 279, 1 541 and 723 cm(-1) to 2 935-2 852 cm(-1). A method of calculating the information entropy of the sample set with Euclidean distance was proposed, the relationship between the information entropy and the amount of chemical information carried by the sample set was discussed, and the authors come to a conclusion that sample set of original ganoderma lucidum carry the most abundant chemical information. The infrared spectrum set of original ganoderma lucidum has better clustering effect on ganoderma atrum, Cyan ganoderma, ganoderma multiplicatum and ganoderma lucidum when making hierarchical cluster analysis of 4 sample set. The results show that infrared spectrum carries the chemical information of the material structure and closely relates to the chemical composition of the system. The higher the value of information entropy, the much richer the chemical information and the more the benefit for pattern recognition. This study has a guidance function to the construction of the sample set in pattern recognition.

[Infrared spectroscopic analysis of Guilin watermelon frost products].

The objective of the present study is to analyze different products of Guilin watermelon frost by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR) under thermal perturbation. The structural information of the samples indicates that samples from the same factory but of different brands had some dissimilarities in the IR spectra, and the type and content of accessories of them were different compared with conventional IR spectra of samples, peaks at 638 and 616 cm(-1) all arise from anhydrous sodium sulfate in watermelon frost spray and watermelon frost capsule; the characteristic absorption peaks of the sucrose, dextrin or other accessories can be seen clearly in the spectra of watermelon frost throat-clearing buccal tablets, watermelon frost throat tablets and watermelon frost lozenge. And the IR spectra of watermelon frost lozenge is very similar to the IR spectra of sucrose, so it can be easily proved that the content of sucrose in watermelon frost lozenge is high. In the 2D-IR correlation spectra, the samples presented the differences in the position, number and relative intensity of autopeaks and correlation peak clusters. Consequently, the macroscopical fingerprint characters of FTIR, second derivative infrared spectra and 2D-IR spectra can not only provide the information about main chemical constituents in medical materials, but also analyze and identify the type and content of accessories in Guilin watermelon frost. In conclusion, the multi-steps IR macro-fingerprint method is rapid, effective, visual and accurate for pharmaceutical research.

[Similar spectrum of infrared spectrum and its application in identification of Chinese herbs].

In the present paper, the similar spectra of 18 samples, which include Astragalus, red-blue Astragalus and Codonopsis, were obtained in the range of 1600-700 cm(-1). The result showed that all kinds of herbs have their own characteristic similar spectra, and 18 samples can be identified according to the characteristic similar spectra. Furthermore, three correlation coefficients of 93 ganoderma samples were calculated which is in the range of 1560-1502, 1460-1421 and 1319-1260 cm(-1) according to the information of similar spectrum of infrared spectrum of ganoderma. Without priori knowledge of the classification of these samples, the K-means cluster analysis can successfully divide them into four classes, i.e., Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinensis, Ganoderma atrum, Ganoderma aoshiba, Ganoderma multiplicatum. This result is consistent with the result of morphological classification.

[Study on the identification of ganoderma by multi-steps infrared macro-fingerprint method].

Ganoderma lucidum, ganoderma atrum, ganderma tsugae Murr. and ganoderma lipsiense can be discriminated and identified by using multi-steps infrared macro-fingerprint method. The 1D-1R spectra, based on the peaks intensity at 1153 and 1078 cm(-1), which are the fingerprint characteristic peaks of glucoside compounds, show that the content of glucoside compounds of them was in the order of: ganoderma lucidum>ganoderma atrum>ganderma tsugae Murr. >ganoderma lipsiense. Generally, the second derivative IR spectra can clearly enhance the spectra resolution. In the range of 1600-1720 cm(-1), the position and sharpness of characteristics peaks were very different, and it's proved that amino acid peptide compounds of them were different. In the 2D-IR spectra, four of them have the same autopeak at 1100 cm(-1), which is the autopeaks of glucoside, but the number of autopeaks of ganoderma lucidum was 4 and its strongest autopeak was 1040 cm(-1), while 5 autopeaks, 4 autopeaks and 5 autopeaks were for ganoderma atrum, ganderma tsugae Murr. and ganoderma lipsiense respectively, and their strongest autopeaks were 1040, 1139, 1140 and 1134 cm(-1) respectively. The multi-steps infrared maro-fingerprint identification testified that the contents of glucoside compounds and amino acid peptide compounds in these four kinds of ganoderma are different. It's proved that multi-steps infrared maro-fingerprint method can be used to analyze and distinguish ganoderma lucidum, ganoderma atrum, ganderma tsugae Murr. and ganoderma lipsiense.

[Analysis and identification of Huangqi and its counterfeit ciguogancao by two dimensional corrlation infrared spectroscopy].

Standard Huangqi (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. Var. monghlicus (Bge.) Hsiao) and its counterfeit Ciguogancao (Glychrrhiza pallidiflora Maxim.) can be discriminated and identified by using multi-steps infrared maro--fingerprint method. In the 1D-IR spectra, the peak intensity at 1 737 cm(-1) for Ciguogancao, which is the stretching vibration peak of C==O, is much stronger than that of Huangqi. It's proved that the organic ester compounds in Ciguogancao are much more than Huangqi. In the secondary derivative spectra, it's easy to find the fingerprint characteristic peaks of CaC2O4 in the infrared spectra of Ciguogancao, but not in that of Huangqi. Besides, both secondary derivative spectra also have main characteristic peaks, which are the skeletal stretching of aromatic, round 1463, 1511 and 1596 cm(-1), but Ciguogancao aslo has one shoulder peak at 1 453 cm(-1). In the 2D-IR spectra, both have three auto-peaks at 1070, 1095 and 1140 cm(-1), which are the autopeaks of glucoside, but the strongest auto-peak of Huangqi is at 1140 cm(-1) and that of Ciguogancao's is at 1 090 cm(-1). The spectra testified that the organic ester compounds, aromatic compounds and glucoside compounds in Huangqi and its counterfeit Ciguogancao were different. The method not only can identify standard Huangqi and its counterfeit Ciguogancao rapidly, but also provides useful information about the differences in organic ester compounds, aromatic compounds and glucoside between Huangqi and its counterfeit Ciguogancao. It's proved that multi-steps infrared maro-fingerprint method can be used to analyze and distinguish Huangqi and its counterfeit Ciguogancao.

[Transgenic 4-1-BB ligand therapy induces tumor specific immune response in oral squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the activation and cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood T lymphocyte induced in vitro by human 4-1-BB ligand (4-1-BBL) gene transfected into tumor Tca8113 cells. METHODS: The eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-h4-1-BBL was transfected into human oral carcinoma cell line Tca8113 by Lipofectamine 2000. The transfected cells were then selected in medium containing G-418, cloned by limited dilution and named as Tca8113-4-1-BBL. Human 4-1-BBL mRNA and protein expression of transfected cells was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting respectively. The tumor cell vaccines (TCV) were obtained by treatment with mitomycin (MMC). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were prepared from lymphoprep, and then stimulated with anti-CD-3 mAb and incubated with non-transfected or transfected TCV-Tca8113 cells, respectively. The proliferation of T cells was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion; the CCK-8 was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of T lymphocytes. Meanwhile, the secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-2 in culture supernatant was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The Tca8113 cells transfected by pEGFP-h4-1-BBL could express human 4-1-BBL efficiently. As compared with wild type Tca8113 cells, the transfected Tca8113 cells could markedly promote proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The transfection of human 4-1-BBL gene in Tca8113 cells is effective in enhancing its immunogenicity and inducing antitumor immune response in vitro.