Outcomes of adults hospitalised with severe influenza.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting clinical outcomes of adults hospitalised with severe seasonal influenza. METHODS: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted over 24 months (2007-2008) in two acute, general hospitals. Consecutive, hospitalised adult patients were recruited and followed once their laboratory diagnosis of influenza A/B was established (based on viral antigen detection and virus isolation from nasopharyngeal aspirates collected per protocol). Outcomes studied included in-hospital death, length of stay and duration of oxygen therapy. Factors affecting outcomes were analysed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Sequencing analysis on the neuraminidase gene was performed for available H1N1 isolates. RESULTS: 754 patients were studied (influenza A, n=539; >75% H3N2). Their mean age was 70+/-18 years; co-morbidities and serious complications were common (61-77%). Supplemental oxygen and ventilatory support was required in 401 (53.2%) and 41 (5.4%) patients, respectively. 39 (5.2%) patients died; pneumonia, respiratory failure and sepsis were the causes. 395 (52%) patients received antiviral (oseltamivir) treatment. Omission of antiviral treatment was associated with delayed presentation or negative antigen detection results. The mortality rate was 4.56 and 7.42 per 1000 patient-days in the treated and untreated patients, respectively; among those with co-morbidities, it was 5.62 and 11.64 per 1000 patient-days, respectively. In multivariate analysis, antiviral use was associated with reduced risk of death (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.27 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.55); p<0.001). Improved survival was observed with treatment started within 4 days from onset. Earlier hospital discharge (aHR 1.28 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.57); p=0.019) and faster discontinuation of oxygen therapy (aHR 1.30 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.69); p=0.043) was associated with early treatment within 2 days. Few (n=15) H1N1 isolates in this cohort had the H275Y mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Antiviral treatment for severe influenza is associated with reduced mortality and improved clinical outcomes.

Positive association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome are common diseases which may be related. AIM: To examine the association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome in Chinese population in Hong Kong. METHODS: Randomly selected ethnic Chinese were invited to participate in a telephone survey in 1996. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease was defined as subjects having heartburn and/or acid regurgitation once weekly or more. Irritable bowel syndrome was diagnosed according to the Rome I criteria. The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome was calculated using a statistical model which allows the odds ratio to be measured. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred and forty-nine subjects completed the interview (response rate 62%). The population prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome were 5% and 4%, respectively. Thirteen per cent of subjects with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and 11% with irritable bowel syndrome suffered from both gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome. The OR of having gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome together was estimated to be 3 (95% CI: 1.05, 6.27) indicating a positive association between the two diseases. This association occurred predominantly in male subjects [OR = 9.3, (95% CI: 2.3, 26.2)] but not as strong in females [OR = 1.5, (95% CI: 0.3, 4.3)]. Younger subjects were statistically more prone to the two diseases. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome, and their association occurs predominantly in male subjects.

Stability of E-cadherin methylation status in gastric mucosa associated with histology changes.

BACKGROUND: We have previously shown reversal of E-cadherin methylation in gastric mucosa from patients with dyspepsia at week 6 after Helicobacter pylori-eradication therapy. But the long-term methylation status of these patients was unknown. AIM: To investigate the methylation status at E-cadherin at year 3 after H. pylori-eradication therapy. METHODS: 35 patients (25 with and 10 without H. pylori eradicated) enrolled in our previous study were recruited into the present study (year 3 analysis). Methylation at E-cadherin was evaluated by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: There was no difference in age and sex distribution in the two groups. Methylation at E-cadherin in patients with H. pylori eradicated at weeks 0, 6 and year 3 were 52%, 20% and 20%, respectively. Concordant methylation status at week 6 and year 3 was 92%. Methylation at E-cadherin in patients without H. pylori at weeks 0, 6 and year 3 were 50%, 60% and 60%, respectively. Concordant methylation status between week 6 and year 3 was 90%. Stability of E-cadherin methylation status was associated with histological changes. No association between E-cadherin methylation status and age was observed. CONCLUSION: The methylation pattern is stable for a long period, thus suggesting the effect of environment on methylation.

Coexistence between colorectal cancer/adenoma and coronary artery disease: results from 1382 patients.

BACKGROUND: Common risk factors exist in colorectal neoplasia (cancer or adenoma) and coronary artery disease. AIM: To investigate in a retrospective study if there is coexistence of the two events in patients > OR =50 years. METHODS: Computer data on colonoscopies performed on symptomatic patients, the corresponding medical record and colonic histology in 1997-2000 were retrieved. History of coronary artery disease was recorded. To adjust for the factors of age and sex, bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test for coexistence. RESULTS: 1382 patients were recruited. Colorectal neoplasia and history of coronary artery disease were present in 27% (373) and 12% (167) of patients, respectively. The mean age of patients was older in colorectal neoplasia+ (75 +/- 11 vs. 69 +/- 13 years, P < 0.0001) and in coronary artery disease+ (79 +/- 9 vs. 69 +/- 12 years, P < 0.0001) patients. Male was the predominant sex in colorectal neoplasia+: 33% vs. 22% (P < 0.0001), but not in coronary artery disease+ (P = 0.29). Colorectal neoplasia+ patients were more likely to have coronary artery disease+ [21.2% (79/373) vs. 8.8% (89/1098) (P < 0.0001)]. Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed strong association between the two events (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.5, 3.0). CONCLUSION: There is strong coexistence of colorectal neoplasia and coronary artery disease, probably due to exposure to common risk factors.

Comparison between empirical prokinetics, Helicobacter test-and-treat and empirical endoscopy in primary-care patients presenting with dyspepsia: a one-year study.

AIM: To investigate the optimal strategy to treat dyspeptic patients in primary care. METHODS: Dyspeptic patients presenting to primary care outpatient clinics were randomly assigned to: (1) empirical endoscopy, (2) H pylori test-and-treat, and (3) empirical prokinetic treatment with cisapride. Early endoscopy was arranged if patients remained symptomatic after 2 wk. Symptom severity, quality-of-life (SF-36) as well as patient preference and satisfaction were assessed. All patients underwent endoscopy by wk 6. Patients were followed up for one year. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty four patients were recruited (163 female, mean age 49). 46% were H pylori positive. 26% of H pylori tested and 25% of empirical prokinetic patients showed no improvement at wk 2 follow-up and needed early endoscopy. 15% of patients receiving empirical cisapride responded well to treatment but peptic ulcer was the final diagnosis. Symptom resolution and quality-of-life were similar among the groups. Costs for the three strategies were HK dollar 4343, dollar 1771 and dollar 1750 per patient. 66% of the patients preferred to have early endoscopy. CONCLUSION: The three strategies are equally effective. Empirical prokinetic treatment was the least expensive but peptic ulcers may be missed with this treatment. The H pylori test-and-treat was the most cost-effective option.

Validated questionnaire on diagnosis and symptom severity for functional constipation in the Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Functional constipation is a common problem in clinical practice. No validated questionnaire is available in Chinese. AIM: To develop a validated questionnaire for diagnosis and symptom assessment in functional constipation for the Chinese population. METHODS: One hundred and eleven patients with constipation and 110 healthy controls were presented with a 24-item constipation questionnaire in the Chinese language. Quality of life in constipation patients was assessed by Short Form-36. Polyethylene glycol was prescribed, for 4 weeks, to 20 patients with newly diagnosed constipation. The questionnaire was administered before and 4 weeks after treatment. Concept, content, construct, discriminant validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed. RESULTS: Six items were selected by logistic regression to account for most of the differences between controls and constipated patients with a good reproducibility and internal consistency. A cut-off score of > or =5 was determined to discriminate between controls and constipated patients with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 91%. The constipation questionnaire correlated negatively with seven domains of the Short Form-36 and discriminated between constipated patients who reported symptomatic improvement during polyethylene glycol treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese constipation questionnaire could be used in epidemiological studies to assess the frequency and severity of constipation in patient populations and in interventional studies of constipation.

Maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcer: a randomized controlled comparison of seven forms of treatment.

PURPOSE: We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the efficacy of seven forms of maintenance treatment of duodenal ulcer, including a mealtime regimen of antacids. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We randomized 785 patients with healed duodenal ulcer to receive: (1) no treatment; (2) mealtime antacids with an acid-neutralizing capacity of 80 mmol/day; (3) an antidepressant, trimipramine 25 mg; (4) an anticholinergic, pirenzepine 50 mg; (5) cimetidine 200 mg; (6) cimetidine 400 mg; (7) ranitidine 150 mg; or (8) sucralfate 1 g twice a day. Symptomatology and side effects were assessed every 2 months and endoscopy was performed every 4 months up to 1 year. RESULTS: The patients were comparable in the majority of clinical characteristics before entry. The cumulative percentages of patients with relapse of ulcers at 12 months by life-table analysis were 61% with no treatment, 38% with mealtime antacids, 60% with trimipramine, 52% with pirenzepine, 46% with cimetidine 200 mg, 44% with cimetidine 400 mg, 30% with ranitidine 150 mg, and 40% with sucralfate. Cimetidine 400 mg, antacids, ranitidine 150 mg, and sucralfate were significantly better than no treatment and the other forms of treatment. Ranitidine was significantly better than antacids, cimetidine, and sucralfate in preventing endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer relapse by multiple comparison at 12 months, but not by life-table analysis nor when symptomatic relapses were compared. No significant difference was detected among antacids, cimetidine, and sucralfate. No major side effects occurred with the seven forms of treatment, but those receiving antacids had the highest incidence of minor adverse events (26%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that mealtime antacids are as effective as H2-receptor antagonists and sucralfate in the maintenance treatment of duodenal ulcer disease, but have to be taken three times a day and had the highest incidence of reported minor adverse events. The relapse rate was lower with ranitidine than with cimetidine, sucralfate, and antacids, but the difference was small and may not be clinically important.

Effect of sucralfate and cimetidine on duodenal ulcer-associated antral gastritis and Campylobacter pylori.

The course of gastritis and Campylobacter pylori was studied in a single-blind randomized trial comparing cimetidine 200 mg three times a day and 400 mg at night and sucralfate 1 g four times a day orally for four weeks in 140 patients with proved duodenal ulcer. At least two antral biopsies were performed during endoscopy before entry and at the end of four weeks. The activity and the degree of chronic inflammation, as assessed histologically by the degree of infiltration of, respectively, polymorphs and chronic inflammatory cells, were graded blindly by two pathologists as nil, mild, moderate, or severe. The density of C. pylori, as assessed after Warthin-Starry stain, was similarly graded. Ulcer-healing rates were comparable in the cimetidine (73.2 percent) and sucralfate (79.7 percent) groups. Improvement of the activity of gastritis occurred significantly (p less than 0.05) more frequently in the sucralfate (33.3 percent) than in the cimetidine group (18.3 percent), and remained so (p less than 0.05) when only patients with healed ulcer were compared. The density of C. pylori decreased significantly in the sucralfate group after treatment (p less than 0.01) but not in the cimetidine group. The 12-month ulcer relapse rates were significantly (p less than 0.05) lower by life-table analysis in patients healed with sucralfate than in those healed with cimetidine and were unaffected by either the density of Campylobacter in either group or the improvement of the gastritis. It is concluded that sucralfate improves duodenal ulcer-associated antral gastritis and decreases the density of C. pylori, and that factors other than bacterial density and antral gastritis may be responsible for the advantage of sucralfate over cimetidine in ulcer relapse.

Efficacy of sucralfate in corpus, prepyloric, and duodenal ulcer-associated gastric ulcers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

A 12-week study with two weekly endoscopic assessments was performed in 138 patients to compare the efficacy of sucralfate fine granules (900 mg one-half hour before breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and at bedtime) versus placebo in the healing of gastric ulcers prestratified into corpus, prepyloric, and duodenal ulcer-associated. For corpus and prepyloric ulcers, the respective healing rates achieved by sucralfate at six weeks (69 and 80 percent) and at eight weeks (80 and 93 percent) were significantly (p less than 0.005) better than those obtained with placebo (33 and 25 percent at six weeks, and 41 and 33 percent at eight weeks). The design of the study permitted life-table analysis that further demonstrated the efficacy of sucralfate in these two ulcer types (p less than 0.0001). Symptomatic response was likewise significantly better with sucralfate than with placebo. Similar healing rates and symptomatic responses were observed for patients with duodenal ulcer-associated gastric ulcer but were not significantly better with sucralfate than with placebo. From 38 prospectively obtained clinical, personal, physiologic, and endoscopic characteristics, it was found that ulcer size and a history of pain had significant influence on healing with sucralfate. It is concluded that sucralfate is safe and effective for the treatment of corpus and prepyloric ulcers.

Natural history of Campylobacter pylori in duodenal ulceration treated with an H2-antagonist.

Campylobacter pylori has been associated closely with active antral gastritis and duodenal ulcer but its pathogenetic role remains uncertain. The present longitudinal study examined, prospectively, the endoscopic antral biopsies of 45 patients with duodenal ulceration, taken before and after healing of the duodenal ulcer, during remission and at relapse. The biopsies were examined for the activity and degree of chronic inflammation of the gastritis and for the occurrence and density of C. pylori by Warthin-Starry stain. Before treatment the frequency of chronic active antral gastritis was 100% and the occurrence of C. pylori was 97%. Compared with the pre-treatment state, there was no significant change in either the frequency and severity of antral gastritis, or in the occurrence and density of the bacteria in the antral mucosa at the time the duodenal ulcer healed, during remission, or at relapse. The occurrence of the bacteria was significantly more frequent during remission, than at the time when the ulcer had healed initially (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that the bacterium may not play an important pathogenetic role in ulcer healing and relapse, when patients are managed using an H2-blocker.

Ulcer-healing drugs are required after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastric ulcer but not duodenal ulcer haemorrhage.

AIM: To study the efficacy of a 2-week anti-Helicobacter therapy in the healing of H. pylori-associated bleeding peptic ulcers. METHODS: Omeprazole 20 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and amoxycillin 1 g, twice daily, were given for 2 weeks to 180 patients with H. pylori-associated bleeding peptic ulcers. Endoscopy was repeated 4 weeks after the eradication therapy to assess healing of the peptic ulcers. RESULTS: Repeat endoscopies were performed in 168 patients (42 gastric ulcer and 126 duodenal ulcer) who followed the protocol. Thirty-eight patients with bleeding gastric ulcers and 124 patients with bleeding duodenal ulcers healed 4 weeks after treatment (per protocol analysis; gastric ulcer: 91% vs. duodenal ulcer: 98%; P=0. 035). No patients who were compliant to the study medications suffered from re-bleeding. Stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that small ulcers (< 15 mm) and the presence of duodenal ulcers best predicted healing of the peptic ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Ulcer-healing drugs should be continued after a 2-week course of omeprazole-containing anti-Helicobacter therapy for gastric ulcers and large peptic ulcers that have bled, but can be omitted in most patients with a bleeding duodenal ulcer.

Coping strategies, illness perception, anxiety and depression of patients with idiopathic constipation: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Functional constipation has important psychological elements. AIM: To investigate the prevalence of functional constipation in an Asian population, and the interplay among functional constipation, anxiety/depression, perception and coping strategies. METHODS: An interview of 3282 patients was made by telephone survey. Constipation was diagnosed by Rome II criteria. Coping ability and anxiety/depression were assessed by validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of the interviewees had constipation. Anxiety and depression scores were higher in constipated than in healthy subjects (P < 0.0001 and < 0.0001), and in female than male patients (P = 0.02 and < 0.0001). Patients who were aware of their symptoms perceived greater impact on their lives (P < 0.001). Frequent use of coping strategies associated with lower anxiety scores (P < 0.0001). Female were more frequently aware of the symptoms (P = 0.004), less frequently used coping strategies (P = 0.008). Regression analysis showed that female and high anxiety level were the independent factors for predicting the perception of constipation, whereas anxiety was the only independent factor for predicting the use of coping strategies. CONCLUSION: Constipation associated with anxiety and depression is prevalent in the general Asian population. Female sex and anxiety are important aetiological factors in constipation, affecting perception and the use of coping strategies.

Upper gastrointestinal evaluation of Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain.

AIMS: To test the usefulness of upper gastrointestinal investigations and quality of life assessment in Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain. METHODS: Seventy-eight consecutive patients with non-cardiac chest pain underwent upper endoscopy. Eight patients had upper gastrointestinal pathology (10%). The remaining 70 patients received acid perfusion test, oesophageal manometry and 24-h ambulatory oesophageal pH (n=65)/manometry (n=61), and the results were compared with those of healthy controls (n=20). Symptoms and quality of life (SF-36) were assessed by standard validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant acid reflux symptoms were present in five (5/70, 7%) patients. Abnormal 24-h oesophageal pH, indicating gastro-oesophageal reflux, was found in 19 (19/65, 29%) patients. The percentage of simultaneous contractions was higher and the percentage peristalsis was lower in patients with non-cardiac chest pain when compared with normal subjects by 24-h ambulatory manometry. Patients with non-cardiac chest pain had a lower SF-36 score when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Typical acid reflux symptoms are uncommon in Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain, but abnormal 24-h pH results, indicating gastro-oesophageal reflux, were found in 29% of patients. Ineffective contractions were more frequently found in patients with non-cardiac chest pain by 24-h ambulatory manometry, which may have a bearing on the impaired quality of life in such patients. Upper gastrointestinal investigations are useful for the evaluation of Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain.

Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori on the prevention of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients receiving long-term NSAIDs: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is controversy as to whether Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs interact to cause peptic ulcers. AIM: To study whether the eradication of H. pylori in patients on long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy prevents the development of ulcers. METHODS: Patients infected with H. pylori whilst receiving long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy, but with no ulcers at baseline endoscopy, were randomized to receive either triple antibiotic therapy (metronidazole 300 mg, clarithromycin 250 mg and amoxicillin 500 mg, given four times daily; n = 70) or placebo (n = 70) for 2 weeks. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were continued throughout the study period. Endoscopy was repeated 12 weeks after the end of treatment. The development of ulcers was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Endoscopy at 12 weeks revealed peptic ulcer development in five [7%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2-16] of the patients who received triple therapy and in six (9%; 95% CI, 3-18) of those who received placebo (P = 1.00). No significant difference in the development of ulcers was found between patients with persistent H. pylori infection (7/80; 9%; 95% CI, 4-17) and those with the eradication of H. pylori (4/52; 8%; 95% CI, 2-19) (P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The eradication of H. pylori in patients receiving long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not prevent ulcer development. However, because the rate of ulcer development was low, a study with a larger sample size is required to confirm this finding.

Lansoprazole reduces ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users--a randomized trial.

AIM: To study whether prophylaxis with lansoprazole could prevent relapse of ulcers after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with NSAID-related peptic ulcers. METHODS: Patients who presented with peptic ulcers and were found to be infected with H. pylori while receiving NSAIDs were recruited into the study. They received, twice daily, lansoprazole 30 mg, amoxicillin 1 g and clarithromycin 500 mg for 1 week, followed by lansoprazole 30 mg daily for 4 weeks. Patients with healed ulcers and H. pylori eradicated were given naproxen 750 mg daily, and randomly assigned to receive lansoprazole 30 mg daily or no treatment for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the cumulative recurrence of symptomatic and complicated ulcers. RESULTS: At the end of the 8-week treatment period, significantly fewer patients (1/22, 4.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0-23) in the lansoprazole group compared with the group that received H. pylori eradication alone (9/21, 42.9%, 95% CI 22-66) developed recurrence of symptomatic and complicated ulcers (log rank test P=0.0025). CONCLUSIONS: Lansoprazole significantly reduced the cumulative relapse of symptomatic and complicated ulcers in patients requiring NSAIDs after eradication of H. pylori.

High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection with dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: Metronidazole resistance is a common problem in most Asian countries, and clarithromycin has been widely used in Hong Kong. AIM: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori strains resistant to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Hong Kong and to assess the effect on eradication rates. Also to determine the genetic mutation in relation to phenotypic divergence in clarithromycin-resistant strains. METHODS: H. pylori were cultured from gastric biopsies obtained from 87 patients during upper endoscopy. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of metronidazole and clarithromycin were determined by Etest and agar dilution methods. Mutations in clarithromycin-resistant strains were identified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed on clarithromycin-resistant and susceptible isolates. RESULTS: The prevalences of H. pylori strains resistant to metronidazole and clarithromycin were 49.4% and 10.8%, respectively, in Hong Kong. Dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin were found in 7. 2% of patients. The agreement between E-test and agar dilution methods was determined by error-rate bound analysis as 95.4% for metronidazole and 100% for clarithromycin. Dual resistant strains reduced the eradication rate to 66.7%. Among clarithromycin-resistant strains tested, all were due to A2144G point mutation in 23S rRNA gene. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting suggested various phenotypically mixed populations. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metronidazole-resistant H. pylori strains remained static whilst the prevalence of clarithromycin-resistant strains was not rare in Hong Kong. An alarming 7.2% of patients were resistant to both the antimicrobials, which had a definite impact on treatment success. All cases of resistance to clarithromycin were due to A2144G mutation in 23S rRNA of H. pylori.

High prevalence of mixed infections by Helicobacter pylori in Hong Kong: metronidazole sensitivity and overall genotype.

BACKGROUND: Diversity in metronidazole susceptibility and genotypes of Helicobacter pylori have been reported with varying results in different areas. AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of multiple strain infection in a symptomatic Chinese population and to determine the metronidazole susceptibility pattern and genotypic characteristics of these infecting strains. METHODS: Gastric biopsies from antrum, body and cardia were taken during upper endoscopy in symptomatic patients referred to our department. Pooled cultures and single colony isolates were obtained and tested for metronidazole susceptibility and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint patterns. RESULTS: A total of 461 isolates were successfully cultured from 46 patients. Fifty-seven per cent of subjects had metronidazole-resistant strains. Among them, 77% carried a mixture of sensitive and resistant strains, non-uniformly distributed in the gastric mucosa. Mixed genotypes were found by RAPD typing in 24% of subjects. These did not correlate with the metronidazole susceptibility/resistance pattern. CONCLUSION: H. pylori infections with mixed metronidazole sensitive/resistant strains and mixed genotypes are common in Hong Kong. This makes it prudent to use bacterial strains from several biopsy sites when testing for traits such as drug resistance or virulence in relation to disease.

Anxiety but not depression determines health care-seeking behaviour in Chinese patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study.

AIMS: To study the prevalence of dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome and the effects of co-existing anxiety and depression on health care utilization by a population survey in Chinese. METHODS: Ethnic Chinese households were invited to participate in a telephone survey using a validated bowel symptom questionnaire and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Gastrointestinal symptoms were classified as dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome according to the Rome I criteria and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease by the presence of weekly heartburn or acid regurgitation. The anxiety and depression scores were compared between patients who sought medical attention and those who did not, using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: One thousand, six hundred and forty-nine subjects completed the interview (response rate, 62%). The population prevalences of dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease were 18.4%, 4.1% and 4.8%, respectively. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome were associated with anxiety, depression, medical consultation, sick leave and adverse effects on social life. The degree of anxiety was an independent factor associated with health care-seeking behaviour in both dyspeptics (P = 0.003) and irritable bowel syndrome patients (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia are associated with anxiety, depression, significant social morbidity, health care utilization and days off work. Anxiety is an independent factor in determining health care utilization in patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome.

Onset and disappearance of reflux symptoms in a Chinese population: a 1-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: The natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Asian population has not been studied before. AIM: To study the onset and disappearances of reflux symptoms over a 1-year period in the Chinese population. METHODS: A population-based telephone survey was performed in 2002 and repeated 1 year later. The change in prevalence rate, onset and disappearance of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and the change in diagnoses were assessed. Factors associated with the onset and disappearance of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease were studied. RESULTS: A total of 712 subjects completed the first and second survey. The annual, monthly and weekly prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease were 34.1%, 10.1% and 2.7% respectively. The onset rate (per 1000 person-year) and disappearance rate of any gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and frequent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (> or = monthly symptoms) were 209, 40; and 395, 243 respectively. Forty-four percentage of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease subjects changed their diagnoses in 2003. By multiple logistic regression analysis, high anxiety score (OR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1-1.2) and higher educational level (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3-6.3) were associated with the onset of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; while the frequency of acid regurgitation (OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.17-0.70) and use of antisecretory therapy (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28-0.89) were associated with the disappearance of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is stable over 1 year. Higher anxiety score and higher educational level were associated with the onset of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, while lower frequency of reflux symptoms and infrequent use of antisecretory therapy were associated with the disappearance of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in a Chinese population.

Symptomatic response to lansoprazole predicts abnormal acid reflux in endoscopy-negative patients with non-cardiac chest pain.

AIM: To determine whether symptomatic response to lansoprazole predicts abnormal acid reflux in endoscopy-negative patients with non-cardiac chest pain. METHODS: Patients who complained of chest pain, but had normal coronary angiography, were asked to undergo upper endoscopy. Those without gastric and oesophageal lesions were recruited for 24-h ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring, and were randomly given lansoprazole 30 mg or placebo, both daily for 4 weeks. Chest pain symptoms were recorded before and 1 month after treatment on a locally validated questionnaire. The symptom score was calculated by multiplying the severity and frequency of the symptom, and symptom improvement was defined as > 50% reduction in symptom score. RESULTS: Overall, 68 patients, 36 on lansoprazole and 32 on placebo, completed the trial. The symptom score was reduced significantly in both groups (P < 0.001). In the lansoprazole group, more patients with than without abnormal reflux showed symptom improvement (92% vs. 33%; odds ratio = 22; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-201.8; chi2 = 10.9; P = 0.001), giving a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of 92%, 67%, 58%, 94% and 75%, respectively. In the placebo group, the rates of symptom improvement were similar between those with and without abnormal reflux (33% vs. 35%, P = N.S.). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with lansoprazole is a useful test in diagnosing endoscopy-negative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain.